Peru

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• South America

Population

Population

2022:34 million people

Migration

2022: Large-scale population immigration from Venezuela amid crisis

2021: Net population inflow in 4 years

Mortality

Traffic safety

Economy

GDP

2022: GDP size - $0.24 trillion

National debt

2023: State debt - 31% of GDP

2017: State debt - 23% of GDP

Inflation

2022: Inflation in November - 8.3%

Key rate

2021: Rate increase to 0.5%

In August 2021, the Central Bank of Peru raised the interest rate (to 0.5%) for the first time in five years after inflation accelerated faster than expected and political instability brought down the currency.

Peru is grappling with domestic market volatility, joining a growing list of CBAs tightening ultra-low monetary policy.

Foreign trade

2022

China is the largest export destination

LNG exports

2020: Main export item - copper

Unemployment

2020: Unemployment rate - 12.5%

Incomes of the population

2023: Minimum wage - $233

2022: Share of citizens with a budget of less than $5.5 per day

Minerals

Oil production

Copper mining

Silver mining

Agriculture

2021: Share of farmland - 19%

2019: Low use of pesticides in agriculture

Tourism

Real estate

2020: 10.3% rise in property prices

Alcohol market

Minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages

R&D

2020: R&D expenses - $406 million

Power

2020: Energy consumption per capita

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Consumption

Meat

2023: Poultry meat is the most consumed type of meat

Health care

2021: Maternity leave

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2020

Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave 6 months or more

Part of the population defecates on the street

2008: US tests drugs on Peruvian citizens who can't read

Since the early South America 2000s, the number of drug trials intended for sale in and has increased sharply in Central USA. Britain

Peru became the leader in the total number of clinical trials (13 thousand official participants in 2008) - while a very unpleasant detail was revealed: the American Food and Drug Administration did not deign to send a single inspector to these trials.

The studies concerned drugs for patients with HIV/AIDS, oncology and diseases of the female genitourinary system. It was later revealed that some trials did not receive any approval from Peruvian health authorities and did not involve fixation of side effects. Moreover, the majority of respondents turned out to be patients of social hospitals and could not even read and write, signing consent to fingerprint trials.

Crime

Prisons

2021: Number of prisoners - 89,760

2019: The minimum age for children to be jailed is 14

2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens

History

2022

Peruvian president announces dissolution of parliament, imposes state of emergency and finds himself arrested

Pedro Castillo is a teacher and trade union activist from the central areas of the country. He was a member of peasant patrols that helped law enforcement to keep order. Huge inequality and poverty, as well as a large proportion of the rural population, became fertile ground for the growing popularity of socialists in general and teacher Castillo in particular.

Castillo made concessions to the interests of the oligarchy and multinational companies, removing the people's favorite managers from their posts and replacing them with corrupt proxies.

In early December 2022, Peruvian President Pedro Castillo faced the third impeachment attempt in his term. Without waiting for the next, the president announced the dissolution of parliament on December 7 and imposed a curfew. This decision is a violation of the Constitution, since before dissolution, Congress must at least twice express no confidence in the government.

The head of Congress called on citizens not to obey the president, the Foreign Minister called Castillo's actions a coup and called on the international community to help "restore democracy." Many ministers began to leave their posts in protest, and Congress refused to disperse and impeached Castillo. His hasty decision caused the loss of some of his supporters. Many believe the president panicked as he rushed to announce the dissolution of Congress, causing even his party, Peru Libre, to refuse to support him.

The president realized that the situation was not in his favor and called his Mexican counterpart Obrador to request political asylum. However, on the way to the embassy Mexico , he was detained by the special services.

Vice President Dina Boluarte, who had previously publicly promised to step down if Castillo was removed, took power into her own hands. However, she made a mistake. In her team, she appointed ministers who had already managed to discredit themselves in the eyes of the population when working in the government.

Since December 7, 2022, there have been massive protests by supporters of President Pedro Castillo in Peruvian cities after parliament impeached him. The protesters called the incident a coup d'etat, demanded the release of Castillo and the holding of new elections. Therefore, one of the most popular slogans at the protests was "Dina is a traitor."

The main object of hatred among the people and the electorate of Castillo is the Peruvian oligarchy, which dominates not only in Congress, but also in the judiciary, the media and the country's economy. This group is considered one of the oldest in Latin America, and has the support of major TNKs and the United States. Modern clans, established under the dictator Alberto Fujimori, declared war on Castillo from his first day in office, blocking any offer.

Since 2016, the efforts of Congress, which controls Fujimori's daughter, have already replaced 6 presidents in Peru.

The protests number thousands of demonstrators in different cities in Peru. The situation is most acute in the city of Andauailas, where two protesters have already died and dozens have been injured. At the same time, there are no signals that the protests are coordinated by someone. Without proper organization, popular indignation will soon decline.

Some of the protesters, despite their hatred of the Fujimorists, are no longer ready to support Castillo, who, by his actions, brought the oligarchy to power, and then tried to escape.

In response to the demonstrations, Boluarte agreed to postpone the next election from 2026 to 2024.

Apparently, the elite again uses the remaining time to select a suitable managed candidate for the presidency in order to avoid a repetition of the unpleasant situation with Castillo, the Rybar channel predicted.

On December 17, mass demonstrations, strikes and clashes with police continued in Peru. Disgruntled Peruvians block roads, storm airports and administrative buildings. To disperse the actions, the police and the army use live ammunition. Demonstrators respond by making improvised explosives and firing firearms. By December 17, more than 30 people had died and hundreds were injured. Most of the victims are in the province of Ayacucho, where 7 residents of the country were killed.

Louis Defense Minister Alberto Otarola declared a national emergency for 30 days. A curfew has been imposed in 15 provinces. The measures provide not only for the suspension of free movement throughout the country on the eve of the Christmas holidays, but also give the police the right to search houses without permission or a court order.

The decisions made led to a natural tightening of the protesters' demands. Now among them are:

• the release of Pedro Castillo and his return to the presidency;
• convening a Constituent Assembly and a new constitution;
• dissolution of Congress.

The new president, Dina Boluarte, tried to appease the demonstrators with promises of early elections: first they planned to postpone them from 2026 to 2024, and then to 2023. However, the Peruvian Congress rejected the corresponding bill.

The governments of Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia and Colombia issued a joint statement condemning the detention of President Pedro Castillo. They also convicted Boluarte and her supporters of "undemocratic pressure" on the arrested former head of state. In response, the Peruvian Foreign Ministry recalled ambassadors from all four countries.

At the same time, the US, EU and UN have expressed support for Dina Boluarte's new government. It is unprincipled for Americans and Europeans who specifically rule in Peru: the only real condition is not to interfere with the work and plans of transnational corporations operating in the country.

Spill of 11 thousand barrels of oil into the ocean from the Spanish Repsol pipeline

An oil spill near Peru's shores on January 15, 2022, affected directly or indirectly more than 700,000 Peruvians, severely damaged the environment and polluted several of the country's beaches.

An examination conducted on the damage to the Repsol pipeline in Mar de Ventanilla, which led to an oil spill into the ocean, found that the cause of the disaster was a production failure.

According to the examination, the pipeline was not built in accordance with the 2013 production drawings that Repsol submitted to prosecutor Ariel Tapia, who is responsible for investigating the spill of 11 thousand barrels of oil that occurred on January 15, 2021.

"Production drawings issued by Relapasa (Repsol) in 2013 indicated that the nozzles should be welded to the pipeline by butt welding with preparation of a V-joint to ensure full penetration, which did not happen," said an expert report by Aldo Valera Morales, commissioned by the Repsol watchdog.

The malfunction stemmed from its parts failing to withstand the pressure caused by the abrupt movement of the Italian vessel Mare Doricum while unloading oil on January 15.

"In this state, when tensile and bending loads are applied by the displacement of the vessel, the forces created were mainly directed to the welding seams, which represented the smallest strong section of the pipeline, causing the destruction of the welded joint on both nozzles," the expert report specifies.

2020

Social distance in the bank queue in Peru in April 2020 during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Sport

2022: The most popular sport is football

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