Hawking Stephen

Hawking Stephen

Biography

Stephen Hawking was born in 1942. In 1962 he graduated from the University of Oxford and began occupations with theoretical physics. Then at Hawking signs of a side amyotrophic sclerosis which led to paralysis began to be shown. In 1965 married on Jane Wilde, later they gave birth to the daughter and two sons. In 1974 Hawking became the member of the London Royal society. After throat operation in 1985 he lost capability to speak. Friends presented it speech synthesizer which was set on its wheelchair. Some mobility was saved only by a forefinger on the right hand of Hawking. Afterwards the mobility remained only in a mimic muscle of a cheek opposite to which the sensor is fixed. With its help the physicist manages the computer allowing it to communicate with people around.

Stephen's relations with Jane gradually worsened, and in 1991 they began to live separately, and divorced later. In 1995 Hawking married the nurse, Elayn Mason with whom he lived 11 years. In October, 2006 they filed for a divorce.

Despite a serious illness, it conducts active life. On April 26, 2007 he made flight in zero gravity (by the special airplane), and flight in space was planned for 2009. About himself Hawking said that, being professor of mathematics, he never got any mathematical education since high school. In the first year of the teaching in Oxford, Hawking read the textbook, being ahead of own students for two weeks.

Search of the assistant

The famous British physicist Stephen William Hawking looks for the assistant for development and service of an electronic speech system which helps it to communicate with people around. Information on a vacancy is posted on the official website of the physicist.

Among requirements to the candidate computer literacy, readiness for travel and capability to repair electronic devices "without any manuals and technical support" are specified.

Stephen Hawking is sick several decades amyotrophic scleroses owing to what and also throat operation in 1985, he is completely paralyzed and also lost an opportunity to speak. Hawking using the speech synthesizer connected to the computer and interpreting the movements of mimic face muscles communicates.

Besides, Hawking can be connected to the Internet through a cellular network, and the universal infrared control panel allows it to turn on the light, the TV and also to open and close doors in the house and office. As it appears from the declaration, it is complex systems of individual development which need support.

At the end of the declaration the photo of the back back of the wheelchair of Hawking wound by wires and loaded with electronic instruments is placed, with the signature "You will be able to support it?". The salary - $38.5 thousand a year is offered.

Outlook

Hawking considers that the person is not a wreath of evolution and should be improved using scientific and technical means (a kiborgization, a gene therapy, etc.)

Professor Hawking never directly spoke about the religious views, in the books he often uses the word "God" for descriptive reasons of the stated material. The ex-wife of Hawking Jane claimed during divorce proceedings that Hawking is the convinced atheist. In 2010 Hawking, comparing religion and science, said: "There is a fundamental difference between the religion based on dogmas and the science based on observations and logic. The science will win because it works".

In the latest book "The Grand Design" Hawking claims that for creation of the Universe "creator" was not necessary: "As there is such force as gravitation, the Universe could and created itself from nothing. Spontaneous creation — the reason of why there is a Universe why there are we. There is no need for God in order that "light' fire and force the Universe to work". In the educational film of Discovery channel "Curiosity?" Stephen Hawking tries to prove impossibility of existence of god from the scientific point of view.

Opinion on influence of AI on a human civilization

Stephen Hawking often speaks development of the artificial intelligence (AI) as about the real reason of possible extermination of the human race. As the scientist in the interview to the Wired edition at the end of November, 2017 told, he is afraid of the fact that AI can replace people in general.

Stephen Hawking

According to Hawking, people can create too powerful artificial intelligence which will be extremely good in achievement of the purposes. And if these purposes do not match human, then people will have problems, the scientist considers.

Great number of other outstanding scientists and specialists in the field of technologies share Stephen Hawking's concerns. For example, the founder of Tesla Elon Musk is also anxious with the destructive potential of AI. In comparison with Hawking's position, Musk sees a situation a little more quietly though he also said that AI poses a big potential threat, than North Korea. According to him, it is necessary to be focused more on regulation of development of the AI systems which, as well as everything, potentially posing a threat for society, deserves at least correct judgment from the authorities.

Hawking believes that "a certain form of the world government" should control development of technologies for confidence that machines will not rise against their creators, like their prototypes in art scenarios.

Stephen Hawking also expressed opinion on threat of artificial intelligence the video conference course in Beijing which took place within the Global conference of the mobile Internet in April, 2017.

Development of artificial intelligence can become as the most positive, and the most terrible factor for mankind. We should realize danger which it represents — he noted.[1]

According to Hawking, the latest technologies can lead to degradation of the person, make him absolutely helpless in the face of the nature. He added that in the conditions of natural evolution and fight for survival it means a certain death.

At the same time the scientist noted that at skillful approach the artificial intelligence is capable to solve the majority of problems which exist in the world.

However, I consider that it at all not necessarily will occur — Hawking summarized.

The founder of Starmind and the president of an initiative of development of synthetic intelligence of Mindfire Foundation Pascal Kaufmann denies the probability of transformation of AI into this threat, but does not exclude danger completely:

There are dangers following from creation of so powerful and all-knowing technology as they always are in connection with something powerful. It does not mean that we should assume the worst and make potentially unprofitable decisions based on this fear — Kauffman said.[2]

Scientific activity

The main area of researches of Hawking — cosmology and quantum gravitation.

Its main achievements:

• application of thermodynamics to the description of black holes;
• development in 1975 of the theory that black holes "evaporate" at the expense of the phenomenon which received the name Hawking radiation;

On July 21, 2004 Hawking submitted the report in which he stated the point of view on permission of a paradox of disappearance of information in a black hole.

In 1974 between Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne concluded a playful bet (an annual subscription for the Pentkhauz magazine in case of Thorn's victory against a four-year subscription for the Private eye magazine in case of Hawking's victory concerning the object nature Lebed of X-1 and the nature of its radiation. Hawking, in opposition of the theory based just on existence of black holes put on the fact that Lebed of X-1 is not a black hole (as he told: "even if I will appear not the rights, then though I will win a subscription for the magazine"). He recognized defeat in 1990 when data of observations strengthened confidence available of gravitational singularity in a system.

In 1997 Hawking already together with Kip Thorne concluded a bet (on the unabridged edition of the British encyclopedia) with John Preskill, professor of California Institute of Technology and the director of Institute of quantum information, concerning preserving of information on matter which is earlier taken by a black hole and afterwards radiated by it. Professor Preskill believed that the radiation of a black hole bears information, but we cannot decrypt it. Professor Hawking considered, according to the theory of 1975 that this information in principle cannot be detected because it gemmates in the parallel Universe, is absolute to us unavailable and absolutely incognizable.

In August, 2004, at the International conference on the general relativity theory and cosmology in Dublin, professor Hawking submitted the revolutionary theory of black holes and in parallel said that professor Preskill is right, and he and Thorn were mistaken. Follows from the report that the black hole distorts the swallowed information, but nevertheless does not destroy it completely. Eventually, in the course of evaporation of a black hole information after all escapes from its embraces. As usual, trying to intrigue the listeners not ready to perception of quantum knowledge, Hawking advised fans of science fiction to leave a dream that immersion in a black hole can become a throw to other Universe. However, professor Preskill noticed that he so up to the end also did not understand Hawking's arguments though, of course, I am glad to the prize and the encyclopedia of signs. The third disputing party, professor Thorn, said that he does not agree with Hawking.

The published books

Hawking actively is engaged in promoting of science. In April, 1988 there was a book "Short History of Time" which became the best-seller. Thanks to this book Hawking became famous for the whole world. He wrote in the preface:

I was told that each formula included in the book twice will reduce number of buyers. Then I decided to do without formulas in general. However, at the end I after all wrote one equation — the well-known equation of Einstein of E=mc ².

Then there were books "Black Holes and Young Universes" (1993) and "The world in a nut skorlupka" (2001). In 2005 there was a new edition "Short history …" — "The shortest history of time", written in collaboration with Leonard Mlodinov. In 2006 together with the daughter Lucie Hawking George and the mysteries of the Universe" wrote the book for children ".

True furor was caused by Stephen Hawking's lecture in March, 1998 in the White House when it by the invitation of the president Clinton gave the scientific forecast for the next millennium (in general the forecast was optimistic). Hawking gave the last interview to the English press in 2003, and here he already seemed the gloomy pessimist. According to the scientist, people should move somewhat quicker on other planets, otherwise on Earth he will die from viruses.

Hawking was a one of signed the declaration of Stivov Project in support of the theory of evolution and for prevention of teaching creationism at public schools of the USA.

On television there were educational films with Hawking's participation: six-serial "Stephen Hawking's Universe" (1997) and three-serial "Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking" (2010).

Hawking in works of art

• In 2004 BBC shot the television film "Hawking" with B. Cumberbatch in a leading role devoted to a beginning of the career of Hawking at the Cambridge university.
• Hawking sounded himself in cartoon serials of Simpsona and "Futurama".
• Offscreen voice of science-fiction series "Chronicles of the Future".
• Appears in the short music video of Discovery channel under the name "I Love The World".
• The digital voice of Hawking is present at an album of the The Division Bell (1994) Pink Floyd group at composition of "Keep Talking" and also at the comic version of a song of Michael Jackson of "The Girl Is Mine" performed by Richard Chiz on an album "Aperitif For Destruction" (2005).
• Hawking is often mentioned in books ("Terribly loudly and incredibly close" Johnathan Safran Foyer, "The sacred book by the werewolf" Victor Pelevin and also in the novel by Ya. Vishnevsky "Loneliness in network"), TV series ("The third planet from the Sun", Programmers, "The theory of a Big Bang", is available a hint in "A star gate: Universe").
• Besides, the character "the ingenious physicist in a wheelchair" appears in a cartoon serial of Griffina (episodes of "April in Quahog" and "The Splendid Source"), in series "Star Trek: The next generation" (the 6th season, the 26th series), "Lexx", in the animation movie "All of the Khan!" (Disaster!) (2005) in the comedy by Craig Mazin Superheroic cinema, in the novel by Thomas Harris Hannibal.
• In 1993 Jean Michel Jarre wrote the album Chronologie devoted to Stephen Hawking and his of "Short history of time".

Links

Official site.

Notes