CERN

The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is an international organization founded in 1954, engaged in research in the field of particle physics, located in Switzerland. The first particle accelerator was built at CERN - the synchrocyclotron, the Large Electron-Positron Collider and the Large Hadron Collider (BAC) - the largest and most powerful accelerator of simple particles in the world.

Scientists at the center made a number of major discoveries in the field of particle physics: they discovered W- and Z-bosons, for the first time received an anti-hydrogen atom. And in 2013, as a result of a series of experiments on the BAC, the Higgs boson was discovered at CERN - an elementary particle, due to which, according to the Standard Model, the entire mass of the Universe is actually created.

In addition to discoveries in the field of physics, CERN became famous for the fact that a hypertext project of the World Wide Web was proposed within its walls. The English scientist Tim Berners-Lee and the Belgian scientist Robert Kayo, working independently, proposed in 1989 a project for linking documents through hypertext links to facilitate the exchange of information between groups of researchers engaged in large experiments on the LEP collider.

Initially, the project was used only in the CERN internal network. In 1991, Berners-Lee created the world's first web server, site and browser. However, the World Wide Web only becomes truly worldwide when URI, HTTP, and HTML specifications have been written and published.

On April 30, 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free for all users.

CERN is part of the large Grid project EGEE (Enabling Grids for E-sciencE) and develops its own Grid services. This is done by a special department associated with the collider - LHC Computing Grid.

CERN is one of the two Internet traffic exchange points in Switzerland CINP (CERN Internet Exchange Point).

CERN collects and uses its own distribution of the Linux operating system - Scientific Linux.

2019

Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation with NITU "MISiS"

In April 2019, an agreement was signed on scientific and technical cooperation in the field of high-energy physics and other areas of mutual interest between the Government of the Russian Federation and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). One of the first significant events in the framework of this cooperation will be the presentation of diplomas to graduates of the unique joint educational program of NITU "MISiS" and CERN "Promising solutions, technologies, methods and materials for the search for new physical effects." The best graduates will receive an invitation to graduate school of NITU "MISiS" and to an internship at CERN with the possibility of further employment.

The work of NITU "MISiS" in the projects of the European Organization for Nuclear Research began back in 2015, and in 2017 a cooperation agreement was signed between the university and CERN. Currently, the university is an active member of the LHCb collaboration on the Large Hadron Collider (BAC), as well as the SHiP collaboration on the SPS accelerator.

In 2018, the MISiS Research Institute launched a joint interdisciplinary educational program with CERN at the crossroads of high-energy physics, materials science and data sciences. The main goal of the course is to train young specialists to develop promising technologies and materials for the search for new physical effects in CERN experiments. Scientists of the European Organization for Nuclear Research and partner universities were invited to conduct classes: the University of Zurich, the University of Naples, the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Imperial College London, etc. Some of the students have already begun joint scientific work with them outside the course.

2016

Russian scientists began to design the most massive part of the new CERN experiment

The group of engineers of NITU "MISiS" began the development of the design of the most massive part of the new experimental installation SHiP (Search for Hidden Particles) - decay vessel at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN, Geneva). The purpose of the new SHiP experiment is to find an explanation for phenomena that the Standard Model of Particle Physics does not describe: the existence of dark matter and the absence of antimatter in the Universe^[1].

The European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN, Geneva) is preparing a new experiment - SHiP (Search for Hidden Particles, from the English "search for hidden particles"). The goal of the new experiment is to find three possible fundamental particles - heavy neutral leptons (Heavy Neutral Leptons, HNL), also called Mayoran neutrinos. The introduction of these particles into the Standard Model of Particle Physics will describe the existence of dark matter, as well as the absence of antimatter in the Universe.

The task of the engineers of NITU "MISiS" is to create and calculate the optimal model of the decay chamber. In addition, they will need to work out several versions of the decay chamber, differing both in design and materials, and in the amount of pressure inside the chamber.

According to Alevtina Chernikova, rector of NITU "MISiS," an international team of 41 scientific organizations from 16 countries is working on the new experimental installation. NITU "MISiS" joined the project SHiP in 2015 as an expert on superconducting magnets and various types of alloys and steels used in the construction of the SHiP system, as well as one of the main participants in the design and implementation of the engineering part of the project. "

The decay chamber is a conical tube with inner and outer skins. The structure of the chamber shell consists of several hundred cells, each of which has 6 internal surfaces. Engineers of NITU "MISiS" carried out a series of calculations and simulations of the design and load conditions, according to the results of which a certain grade of steel and aluminum alloy was chosen as a material, as well as optimal dimensions and geometry of the structural elements of the experimental installation.

"In the designed decay chamber, the main" events "of the experiment will take place, which will need to be traced - the potential occurrence of new particles. The camera is a very massive object - 45 meters long and 10 meters high in maximum section, "said Sergey Albul, head of the working group of NITU MISiS. - The specifics of the experiment SHiP imposes a number of criteria and restrictions. The main difficulty is that, in addition to ensuring sufficient strength, rigidity and vibration resistance of such a responsible structure, it is necessary to minimize the amount of chamber material as much as possible in order to reduce disturbances when detecting occurring particles, taking into account, of course, the cost of the material. "

Ministry of Education and Science: Russia will not become an associate member of CERN until 2017

Russia will not be able to become an associate member of the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN, CERN) until 2017, since the conditions for cooperation between the two parties need to be finalized, Sergey Salikhov, director of the Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, told TASS in April 2016.

"By the end of the year, definitely not. I think that this is a question of next year, "he answered a question from journalists about the timing of Russia's admission to associate members of CERN. "Now, while negotiations are underway with the Foreign Ministry with CERN regarding the conditions that our foreign ministry considers necessary, the changes that need to be made to this agreement."

So, additional approval requires the amount of contributions that Russia will contribute to the CERN budget, becoming its associate member. At the same time, Salikhov noted that the country is already making a "significant contribution" to the experiments conducted by the center.

The representative of the international relations department of CERN, Rdiger Voss, explained to reporters that associate membership in the European Center for Nuclear Research entails certain privileges and duties, which are mainly financial. At the same time, the country will take part in the management of the center and will be able to participate in tenders.

"We will be able to conduct business directly with Russian industry, especially such industries as hi-tech and areas that we are especially interested in, for example, the electric industry, electronics, computers," Voss emphasized.

Russia applied to join the CERN associate members in December 2012, although the history of bilateral relations began during the USSR. Today, Russia is an observer country of CERN, which gives its representatives the right to attend meetings of the center.

The participants of CERN are 21 States whose contributions form the basis of the center's budget. Serbia, Turkey and Pakistan were associate members and paid only a fraction of the full contribution.

Cyprus admitted to CERN

The Republic of Cyprus became an associate member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) on 1 April. Associate membership at the preliminary stage allows the Republic of Cyprus to participate in meetings of the CERN Council, gives the right to Cypriot scientists to become CERN staff, and Cypriot industry to participate in tenders for CERN contracts, which opens up opportunities for industrial cooperation in the field of advanced technologies. CERN also notes that Cypriot scientists took part in experiments on the Large Electron Positron Collider (LEP).

Siberian physicists created a generator for CERN of 1 million euros

At the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics (IJF), SB RAS developed and manufactured a superconducting synchrotron radiation generator - a wiggler - worth a million euros. According to Novosibirsk News^[2], the device was created by scientists for colleagues from the German Institute of Technology Karlsruhe and the famous Swiss CERN, where the Large Hadron Collider is located.

"Now Novosibirsk development is installed at the ANKA acceleration complex in Germany. Here, with its help, experiments with biological objects will be carried out, and for researchers from CERN, the wiggler will become a testing ground for testing technologies for the linear collider being developed, "the press service of the IJF quotes the publication

When creating a unique wiggler, Novosibirsk used niobium as a superconducting material. When cooled to cryogenic temperatures, this titanium alloy acquires the properties of a powerful superconductor. In such devices, superconducting magnets are immersed in a liquid helium vessel to maintain the desired temperatures. Siberian physicists have proposed a qualitatively new system, which is based on special cryoreferators.

"For heat insulation of the magnet, a special device is used - cryostat, into which liquid helium is usually poured, in order to maintain a low temperature. Usually, if something breaks inside such a cryostat, you have to completely cut the sealed vessel, deliver the magnet, and then use welding again, "explains Vitaly Shkaruba, candidate of technical sciences, senior researcher at the IYF SB RAS.

Now the device can be maintained in a certain state for a long time.

"In our case, you just need to press the button, and after a few days the magnet, having cooled to the desired temperature, will be able to work in this mode for years," says Shkaruba.

In Germany, the Siberian device will be used in an X-ray microscope, which will help answer many questions posed to researchers by the natural sciences. At CERN, Novosibirsk development is used in the linear accelerator being created, in size it will surpass the Large Hadron Collider.

2005: Participation in touchscreen technology refinement

The inventor of the touch screen, an engineer named E. A. Johnson, carried out the necessary research during his work at the Research Institute of Radar, a materially named institution of the British government. This work was developed at CERN. Subsequently, multi-sensory technology was monetized by Wayne Westerman and John Elias from the University of Delaware in the United States. They sold their company to Apple. And even at the last stage, the state played a role. Westerman's research grant was paid by the US National Science Foundation, as well as the CIA.

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