Computer science
Informatics is a science and educational discipline related to the issues, methods and principles of information processing, accumulation and transfer to computers and using computers and computer networks. Informatics as a science and educational discipline is studied in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, France and Germany.
Informatics as a scientific discipline in Russia was outlined in the fundamental monograph of Academician V. Glushkov "Paperless Informatics" in 1978 . Academician Glushkov wrote: "In the KhKh1 century, most of the information will be stored in the memory of computers."
The first encyclopedic publication "Informatics" edited by Academician RAEN Pospedovaa D.A. was published in 1994 and contained a large number of materials related to computer science, information systems, information technology and research in the field of artificial intelligence.
Informatics as a teaching discipline in Russia appeared in schools in 1985 simultaneously with the first textbook of the A.P. Yershova "Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Engineering." The first textbook of informatics of V.A. Kaymina and Piterkin V.M. for university students also appeared in 1985 .
The concept of information
Information is a basic concept in computer science as a scientific and educational discipline, as well as in philosophy, jurisprudence, information and telecommunication technologies, in connection, in the life of human society.
Information - according to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Information and Information Protection," this is information about people things, facts, events and processes. Broadly speaking, it is an abstract concept that has many meanings, depending on the context. In the narrow sense of the word - information (messages, data) regardless of the form of their presentation.
Informatics in the very first scientific monographs, as well as school and university textbooks by Yershova, Kaymin, Kushnirenko, was defined as the science of accumulating and transferring information to computers, using computers and in computer networks.
The concept of information was considered by ancient philosophers. Until the beginning of the industrial revolution, determining the essence of information remained the prerogative of mainly philosophers.
After the mass introduction of personal computers and the global Internet, information became the main object - a new science at that time - computer science - as a scientific and educational discipline in universities and schools.
Unified State Exam - unified exams in computer science and ICT
Since 2009, informatics and ICT - unified final and entrance exams in universities and schools of the Russian Federation. In 2009 more than 50 thousand schoolchildren passed the Unified State Exam in computer science and ICT and became university students on the basis of USE certificates.
The Unified State Exam in Computer Science and ICT is a single state exam on the basis of which applicants are enrolled in universities for computer, mathematical and engineering specialties. In 2009, the competition for computer specialties in universities Moscow reached 10 people per place.
The USE exams in computer science test knowledge on algorithmization, logic, databases, the Internet, Basic or Pascal languages, the ability to solve problems on computers and the analysis of the correctness of algorithms and programs on computers without computers.
- HAC Prof., Doc.Comp.Science 12:20, August 29, 2009 (UTC)
Experience in computer science in schools and universities
The effectiveness of training processes is determined by the final and intermediate results - the results of tests, exams, the performance of control and homework, course and diploma projects.
In computer science and programming - results are considered to be tests and exams, as well as solving problems on computers and performing course projects and works.
Effective programming is the effective development of application algorithms and programs on computers that fully solve the assigned application problems.
Significant results in computer science are coursework and projects carried out on computers on the Internet - sites, blogs, programs, spreadsheets, databases, etc., etc.
The tests and exams in computer science consist of three parts:
- solving problems on the computer,
- work with office packages,
- coursework projects on the Internet (in the computer network).
The most striking results are coursework Internet projects that are visible to all participants - students, parents, teachers, administration and the public.
The simplest results are the preparation of texts, essays, drawings, illustrations, spreadsheets, databases and presentations in office packages.
The most significant results are the development of algorithms, programs and solving problems on computers with checking the correctness of results, algorithms and programs.
The development of algorithms and programs requires knowledge of algorithmization and the ability to analyze the correctness of algorithms and check programs on computers.
Many years of learning experience show that all students and schoolchildren can be taught computer science and programming with proper computer workshops and the organization of the educational process.
Since 1985, training in computer science and programming at MIEM, MATI and other Moscow universities has shown that with good computer practice and the use of textbooks by Kaymin, Nechaev, Peterkin, almost all students receive "excellent" and "good" grades in exams, performing credit and coursework on computers.
experience in computer science for schoolchildren from 120 Moscow schools at MATI from 1983 to 1998. showed that almost all schoolchildren successfully passed entrance exams in computer science, successfully solved examination problems on computer on computer textbooks of computer science Kaymina, Piterkin, Titov.
Informatics and Russian
Computer science in schools is a powerful tool for deepening the study of Russian, national and foreign languages using Internet technologies.
Internet technologies in universities and schools are primarily the creation of sites, blogs, electronic newspapers and magazines, as well as electronic libraries and encyclopedic materials.
Publications on the Internet - for students and schoolchildren are visible not only to their authors, but also to their teachers, comrades, family and friends - to all interested parties.
Everyone wants their publications on sites, blogs, to arouse lively interest and positive complaints about their ideas, pipes and compositions - everything is created for people.
Computer science exams must necessarily include the creation of sites and blogs and the publication of personal works on the Internet.
An open encyclopedia of innovations in computer science and ICT is a model for mastering Internet technologies for preparing scientific publications on the Internet.
Computer Science and Computer Science in Universities
Informatics of universities of the Russian Federation has been studied since 1991 on the basis of computer classes and computer centers, which are equipped with all universities in Russia. The first computer science textbooks for university students appeared in our country in 1985 simultaneously with the advent of the first school computer science textbooks.
The teaching of computer science in Russian universities from the very beginning is carried out on the basis of computer classes with computer practices, tests and exams in algorithmization and programming, office packages of programs, as well as Internet technologies.
Exams and tests in computer science and programming in universities of the Russian Federation have been conducted since the very beginning of the introduction of these disciplines in computer, and then technical, economic and mathematical special areas of higher education.
In 1998 , a competition of university textbooks was held in the Russian Federation under the auspices of the Ministry of Image of the Russian Federation. The best computer science textbooks were declared the V.A. Kaymina Computer Science Textbook and the Makarova Computer Science Textbook N.V., to which the stamp "Recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for Students Challenge" was awarded.
For the textbooks of informatics Kaymina V. A., together with B. Kasaev, a workshop was created on COMPUTER the basis Windows distribution kits of and with open packages on ON informatics and information technologies on the basis. Linux
The main requirement for the content of university computer science textbooks was the recommendation to reflect in textbooks the modern state of computer science, as well as information and communication technologies (ICT).
Since 2000, in the university textbooks of computer science, due to these requirements for the content of the computer science course, sections related to the Internet and Internet technologies have appeared, as well as workshops on the creation of Internet sites and interactive programs for the Internet based on the Javascrit language.
Since the mid-80s, laboratories, departments and faculties of informatics have appeared in many universities in Russia, where specialists in the field of informatics, computer technology and information technology are trained.
Computer specialties in universities
The introduction of informatics in universities as an educational subject and fundamental science led to the discovery of a large number of areas and specializations in the field of informatics, information systems, technologies, information security and information protection in computers and computer networks.
- PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
- Math. Computer Science
- Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
- Information Technology
- Math and Information Systems Administration
- EDUCATION AND PEDAGOGY
- INFORMATION SECURITY
- Cryptography
- Computer Security
- Organization and technology of information protection
- Comprehensive protection of informatization objects
- Information security telecommunication systems
- Countering Technical Intelligence
- INFORMATICS AND COMPUTING
- Informatics and Computing
- Computers, complexes, systems and networks
- Automated information processing and control systems
- Computer-aided design systems
- "'Computer and Automated Systems Software
- Information Systems
- Information systems and technologies
- Information Technology in Education
- Information Technology in Design
- Information technology in the media industry
- Simulate and investigate transactions in organizational and technical systems.
Informatics and ICT in schools
Computer science in schools appeared in 1985 simultaneously with the appearance of the first school textbook of computer science by Academician A.P. Yershov, who took a personal part in writing the textbook "Fundamentals of Computer Science and Computer Technology."
The minimum computer science task in schools was defined as teaching computer literacy - the ability to work on computers with text editors, spreadsheets, databases, as well as the ability to work and search for information on the Internet (IT literacy).
Since 2007, all schools of the Russian Federation have been equipped with computers, access to the Internet and packages of programs on informatics and information technologies based on licensed commercial software (based on Windows) and open domestic software (based on Linux).
In schools in Russia Since 2004, Unified exams of the Unified State Exam in computer science have been introduced, which are passed at the choice of students. In 2009, more than 50 thousand schoolchildren successfully passed the Unified State Exam in computer science and received the right to enter universities of the Russian Federation for computer, mathematical, technical and engineering specialties.
The content of the Unified State Exam in computer science includes knowledge of the basics of logic, algorithmization, the Basic and Pascal languages, office packages of programs, as well as the ability to analyze the correctness of algorithms and programs in the Basic and Pascal languages.
All schools in Russia are provided with qualified teachers and computer science teachers familiar with Windows and Linux operating systems, office software packages and Basik and Pascal programming languages.
However, many current computer science textbooks (Makarova, Semakin, Shifrin, etc.) do not meet the requirements of the Unified State Exam in computer science - they lack logic, algorithmization, as well as the Basik and Pascal languages used in the tasks and tasks of the Unified State Exam.
The textbooks of Kaymin, Ugrinovich and Shautsukova, which set out not only work with office packages in Windows, but also algorithmization and the languages Basik and Pascal, correspond to the requirements of the Unified State Exam in computer science.
At the end of January 2021, it became known about the introduction in the Russian elementary school of teaching the basics of artificial intelligence. A new discipline within the framework of computer science lessons will appear on September 1, and the first educational materials are planned to be prepared by the end of May.
2023
Yandex launches an all-Russian educational program for computer science teachers
Yandex launches a program for computer science teachers and students of pedagogical faculties called "Personnel Reserve." Representatives of the company reported this to TAdviser on August 28, 2023. As part of this educational program, which is part of Yandex Textbook, Yandex has combined all its activities for teachers in one project, and also added new formats. More on this here.
Russia lacks 3,600 school teachers of informatics
More than 3.6 thousand computer science teachers are missing in Russian schools. This was announced on April 17, 2023 by the head of the State Duma Committee on Education Olga Kazakova.
 | We have 40 thousand schools in our country, all schools should have computer science teachers. Today we record a deficit in this profession - this is 3,603 people. These are the teachers, the places that we still need to take, "she said at a parliamentary hearing on April 17, 2023 (quoted by Interfax). |  |
The State Duma and the Ministry of Education are working on this problem, the deputy added, noting that in 2023 pedagogical universities will prepare 1,403 informatics specialists.
At the end of January 2023, RAO Corresponding Member Alexander Kondakov at a round table in the Federation Council said that in Russian schools there is a shortage of 25% of computer science teachers, another quarter of teachers teach children to program in the outdated languages Pascal and Basic.
| | There are no computer science teachers in the country, and it will be interesting for children to go where it is really exciting, "he said. | |
According to him, the school curriculum for modern programming languages "Code of the Future 2023" should lead to a serious transformation of computer science lessons.
Earlier, Vadim Dengin, a member of the Federation Council Committee on Budget and Financial Markets, said that the need for IT personnel in Russia continues to grow and, according to various estimates, reaches a million people. At the same time, Evgeny Popov, Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee on Information Technology, Information Policy and Communications, urged to attract foreign IT specialists to Russia.[1]
Unified exams of the Unified State Exam in Informatics
Unified State Exams (USE) - centrally conducted exams in the Russian Federation, which serve simultaneously as final exams in schools and entrance exams in universities. When conducting exams throughout Russia, the same type of tasks and uniform methods for assessing the quality of work are used.
The exam is conducted in the Russian language, mathematics, foreign languages (English, German, French, Spanish), physics, chemistry, biology, geography, literature, history, social studies, computer science.
Since 2009, Unified USE exams have been the only form of final exams in schools and the main form of entrance exams to universities, while there is an opportunity to re-pass the exam in subsequent years. When conducting USE exams throughout the Russian Federation, the same type of tasks and uniform methods for assessing the quality of work are used.
After passing the exam, all participants are issued certificates of the USE results, which indicate the points received in the subjects. Since 2009, all school graduates have passed the exam in Russian language and mathematics, as well as any number of additional exams of their choice.
In 2009 , more than 50 thousand schoolchildren successfully passed the Unified State Exam in computer science and received the right to enter universities for computer, technical, engineering and mathematical specialties of higher educational institutions of Russia.
Content of the Unified State Exam in Informatics and ICT
The content of the examination paper covers the main content of the informatics and ICT course, its most important topics, the most significant material in them, which is unambiguously interpreted in most of the computer science and ICT courses taught at the school.
The content of the tasks was developed on the main topics of the computer science and information technology course, combined into the following thematic blocks:
1. "Information and its coding," 2. "Algorithmization and Programming," 3. "Fundamentals of Logic," (logic in computer science) 4. "Simulation and Computer Experiment," 5. "Information and Communication Technology Software Tools," 6. "Technology for processing graphic and audio information," 7. "Technology of information processing in spreadsheets," 8. "Technology for storing, searching and sorting information in databases," 9. "Telecommunications Technologies" (Internet Technologies).
Advantages of the exam
- Entrance tests to universities of the Russian Federation in computer science become an entrance ticket for admission to specialized specialties in computer and chemical specialties.
- Increasing the requirements for the Unified Exams of the Unified State Exam will lead to an improvement in the quality of education with the appropriate advanced training of teachers and the quality of educational literature.
- USE allows you to identify worthy applicants in the province who previously did not have the opportunity to take entrance exams in large cities.
Disadvantages of the exam
- The bulk of the current educational literature (in computer science) does not meet the requirements and content of the Unified State Exam (in computer science).
- The exam in the Russian language, physics, computer science contains incorrectly set tasks and controversial answer options, the structure of the exam has not been fully worked out.
- Most secondary school teachers cannot provide training for students (90%) to pass the Unified Exam exams (example - Exam exams in computer science).
- USE lead to a new type of tutoring associated with an increase in the level of knowledge in the USE specifications (for example , the specifications and requirements of the USE in computer science).
- There is no Internet, Internet technologies in the content of the Unified State Exam in computer science, and most importantly, there is no search for information on the Internet.
The minister laid bare the shortcomings of the Unified State Exam in computer science
Standardization
2019: IRI assessed the state educational standard of the subject "Informatics"
The Chairman of the Board Institute for Internet Development Sergey Petrov commented on the proposed Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation updated federal state educational standard of the educational subject "Informatics." IRI reported this on November 29, 2019.
According to Petrov, in the development of digital skills, the educational standard becomes a step forward in comparison with previously used school programs. In September 2019, IRI conducted a visionary study "Russian School 2030." As a result, 9 disciplines were represented, among which there are both robotics and programming that are already popular among modern schoolchildren, gaining points from e-sports, and futuristic subjects: VR architecture, quantum technologies. The prepared list illustrates the importance of developing digital competencies, the need to obtain systemic IT skills.
| | In the next 10 years, an additional two million IT specialists should appear in Russia so that we can successfully participate in the global technology race. To solve this personnel issue, systematic training of future professionals is necessary, starting from the school bench, notes Petrov
| |
With a general positive assessment of the proposals of the FSES, Petrov noted that many subjects are proposed to be introduced only in the last grades of the school, while the foundations of digital skills are laid much earlier and use the computer on their own, modern children start to get acquainted with the Internet from elementary school, and by the age of 10-12 they often have a higher level of knowledge than their parents.
Thus, user skills that form the basis of digital culture, such as searching for information on the Internet, working with the file system, creating and processing text documents, creating presentations begin to form in the 7th grade. These skills are in demand much earlier and their absence will negatively affect the effectiveness of the training process. And besides, carry real risks, since the Internet provides great opportunities - unlimited information access, online training, communication and at the same time carries certain threats, becoming a source of false information, a channel for involving adolescents in destructive groups and trends. As early as possible, children need to be given the tools to safely stay in the digital world, and also create the conditions for their development in accordance with the requirements of the present, where IT technologies play an increasing role.
The training of algorithmization and programming introduced by the FSES begins in the 8th grade and is only two years old. A very productive age is lost for the formation of algorithmic thinking - grades 5-6. In graduation classes, schoolchildren are loaded with traditional subjects, while the skills of analyzing and processing data in electronic tables are supposed to be formed only from the 9th grade. Simultaneously with the heavy load on algorithmization and programming, this overloads the 9th grade and does not allow effectively preparing schoolchildren for IGA.
Speaking about the general assessment of the educational process, it seems that a large amount of material from the point of view of modern concepts and a variety of formed skills was offered to schoolchildren in grades 7, 8, 9, with a load of one hour per week, will not allow them to assimilate the material. It seems appropriate to expand the age groups involved in the process of forming digital skills and competencies.
Errors in algorithms and programs
Errors in program algorithms are one of the biggest problems in computer science and professional programming.
The program contains errors if during its execution the computer fails, failures or incorrect results.
Programming axioms (Kaymin-Dijkstra):
1) The number of errors in programs is unknown.
2) The duration of debugging programs is unknown.
3) The absence of errors guarantees proof of correctness. The absence of errors in the programs "'is checked by testing them on computers. Testing can detect errors, but it cannot guarantee the absence of errors in programs. (Dijkstra)
The absence of errors in the algorithms means that the algorithm produces the correct results for any valid data.
The correctness of the results is determined by the settings of the solved tasks and technical assignments for the development of programs for computers.
Evidence of correctness is evidence of the correctness of the results of solving the set problems - the results of the operation of algorithms and programs for any permissible source data.
For examples of algorithms and programs with proof of correctness, see Kaymina computer science textbooks and Dijkstra books.
Entrance exams in universities
To enter a university, an applicant must pass entrance exams in the form of an exam. The list of entrance exams is approved by the Ministry of Education and contains, as a rule, four exams for each specialty (in some cases , three). For each specialty, one of the exams is specialized.
Informatics as a profile entrance exam is indicated in a large number of specialties:
PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
- Maths. Computer Science
- Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
- Information Technology
- Mathematical support and administration of information systems
EDUCATION AND PEDAGOGY
- Informatics
- Maths
- Physics
- Technological education
- Technology & Entrepreneurship
INFORMATION SECURITY
- Cryptography
- Computer security
- Organization and technology of information protection.
- Comprehensive protection of informatization objects
- Information security telecommunication systems
- Countering Technical Intelligence
TECHNIQUES AND TECHNOLOGIES
- GEODESY AND LAND MANAGEMENT
- GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MINERALS
- POWER ENGINEERING, POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
- METALLURGY, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING
- AVIATION AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
- WEAPONS AND WEAPONS SYSTEMS
- MARINE EQUIPMENT
- VEHICLES
- INSTRUMENTATION AND OPTOTECHNICS
- ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, RADIO ENGINEERING AND COMMUNICATION
- AUTOMATION AND CONTROL
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY
- Informatics and Computing
- Computers, complexes, systems and networks
- Automated information processing and control systems
- Computer-aided design systems
- Computer and automated systems software
- Information systems
- Information systems and technologies
- Information Technology in Education
- Information Technology in Design
- Information Technology in Media Industry
- Modeling and investigation of operations in organizational and technical systems.
- Applied Math
Olympiad in Computer Science and Programming
Main article: Olympiad in Computer Science and Programming
Computer science exams
Exams and tests on programming in universities have been held for a long time since the beginning of the 80s, even on the basis of EU computers at the beginning in a package, and then in dialog mode in display classes. Exams in computer science in universities in universities have been held since the beginning of the 90s in oral, written and computer form. Exams and tests in computer science in universities consist of three parts, respectively, to three practitioners:
- workshop and offset on office packages of programs,
- Internet Technology Workshop and Offset,
- a workshop and a test for solving problems on a computer.
Exams in computer science in schools have been held since 2004 in the format of the Unified Exam of the Unified State Exam in Computer Science using special paper forms in writing with three types of tasks: 1) sample tests, 2) open tests and 3) open tasks.
The disadvantage of the Unified State Exam in computer science is the USE tasks for analyzing the correctness of algorithms and programs for computers in the languages Basic and Pascal without checking and testing these programs on computers. At the Olympiads in computer science, these programs on Basic and Pascal are necessarily tested on computers.
Open software in schools and universities
By a decision of the Russian government in March 2008, all secondary schools in Russia received basic packages of free open source software and licensed commercial software for teaching computer literacy, the basics of computer science and new information technologies with Windows and Linux operating systems.
In 2008, in four regions of Russia, work was launched on the implementation and use in secondary schools of basic software packages for computer science and computer engineering rooms, and the training of teachers and computer science teachers of open source software technology in Windows and Linux began.
Practical experience of using Open Software in universities and schools has shown that the use of Open Software in Windows leads to the disappearance of computer viruses and software failures and failures in a Windows environment, which behaves with Open Software as a very reliable operating system.
In 205-2006 for schools and universities of the Russian Federation, basic packages of computer science programs were prepared on the basis of Open Software Linux Windows for and together with the Center for Competence, and Linux IBM LinuxCenter NGO Network.
In 2007, computer science textbooks for universities and schools for teaching computer science were released in accordance with state education standards with free and commercial software in Windows and Linux environments.
In 2007-2009, President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev personally supported the project of equipping all schools of the Russian Federation with Open Domestic Open Source Software in order to ensure information security in the IT sector of all Russian state institutions.
Distance learning in computer science
The preparation of students, teachers and teachers for the Unified State Exam in computer science can be carried out remotely using the Internet and basic textbooks on computer science and ICT.
Distance learning, like any other correspondence training, is carried out using textbooks and teaching aids, as well as passing tests and exams and course projects and works.
Remotely preparation for the Unified State Exam can be carried out not only in computer science and ICT, but also in other school general education subjects. For example - social studies.
Preparation for the exam of students, teachers and teachers of computer science begins with their confirmation of knowledge of computer science textbooks and USE standards.
Completion of preparation for the Unified State Exam - the implementation of coursework projects and works on computer science and ICT on the Internet.
Experience in teaching informatics in universities and schools
Computer science education in schools began in 1985 immediately after the introduction of the first trial textbook of informatics by A.P. Yershova. Due to the lack of computers in the country's schools, computer science training in schools was carried out without computers.
The teaching of computer science in schools with computer practices with office packages and problem solving practices in the Basic language began in the late 80s after the first trial textbooks of Kaymina computer science appeared in 1989.
Computer science training in universities was officially introduced in 1991 in all educational institutions that have computer classes based on IBM PC personal computers according to the full machine version with office software packages and programming languages Basic and Pascal.
The teaching of computer science in universities from the very beginning was carried out with tests and exams on computers on the basis of computer workshops on office packages and solving problems on computers using the Basic and Pascal programming languages.
Entrance exams in computer science began in Moscow in 1994-95. in Moscow schools at MATI based on computer science textbooks by Kaymina and Piterkin, designed for full computer workshops of working with personal computers and workshops of solving problems on computers using the languages Basik and Pascal.
More than two thousand students in schools at MATI in 1994-1999. were trained in the textbooks of Kaymina and Piterkin and successfully passed the entrance exams in computer science with solving problems on computers in the languages Basik and Pascal (according to the choice of students).
The content of the trial textbooks of computer science by Kaymina and Pieterkn was taken as the basis in the specifications of the first trial exams of the Unified State Exam in computer science in 1997 and passed into the basic specifications of the Unified State Exam in computer science, including the study of algorithmization, logic and solving problems in the languages Basic and Pascal.
More than 50 thousand schoolchildren in 2009. successfully passed the unified exams of the Unified State Exam in Informatics and received the right to enter the best universities of the Russian Federation for computer, technical, engineering and mathematical specialties based on the results of passing the Unified State Exam in Informatics.
- HAC Prof., Doc.Comp.Science 07:10, July 22, 2009 (UTC)
Examples of online exchange rate projects
Coursework Internet projects are interactive information sites with the performance of coursework and tasks for solving problems in computer science, working with office packages and creating personal or school sites.
Coursework and coursework projects of teachers of informatics and students of ITO MPGU:
- Course project of a student-teacher of informatics M. Yagid
- Course project of a student-teacher of informatics M. Shchetinina
- Course project of a student-teacher of informatics A. Holina
- Course projects of students of ITO FTP MPGU
See also
Unified State Exam in Informatics and ICT
Unified State Exam in Informatics and ICT
Literature
- Glushkov V. M. Paperless informatics. - M.: Science, 1978.
- Bauer F, Goz Informatics. M.: Mir, 1979.
- J. G. Brookshire Introduction to Computer Science = Computer Science: An Overview. - M.: Williams, 2001. - ISBN 5-8459-0179-0n
- Computer science: encyclopedic dictionary./Comp. Pospelov D. A. - M.: Pedagogy-press, 1994.
- A.P. Yershov et al. Fundamentals of Computer Science and VT. Trial textbook for secondary schools. M.: Enlightenment, 1985.
- V.A. Kaymin et al. Fundamentals of Computer Science and VT. Textbook for secondary schools. M.: Enlightenment. 1988—1989.
- V.A. Kaymin, S.V. Kaymin, etc. Basic software package for IBM PC. M., HIGHER ATTESTATION COMMISSION, 1984.
- V.A. Kaymin, Piterkin V. M. Fundamentals of computer science and VT. Textbook for students. M.: MIEM, 1985.
- V.A. Kaymin. Informatics. A textbook for applicants to universities. M.: Bridge. 1984.
- V.A. Kaymin. Informatics. Textbook for students. 6th edition. M.: INFRA-M, 1998-2009.
- V.A. Kaymin, Kasaev B. S. Informatics. Computer workshop. M.: INFRA-M, 2003.
- Makarova N.V . Informatics. Textbook for students. St. Petersburg: Peter. 1999.
- Makarova N.V . Informatics. Computer workshop. St. Petersburg, Peter, 2004.
- V.A. Kaymin. Informatics. Textbook for applicants. M.: Prospect, 2009.
- V.A. Kaymin. Informatics. Exam manual. M.: RIOR, 2008.
- Nechaev A.M. Computer programming. A textbook for students. M., MIEM, 203.
- Ugrinovich N.D. Informatics and ICT. Textbook for schools. M., Binom, 2006.
- Semakin, Henner Informatics and ICT. Textbook for schools. M., Binom, 2007
- HAC Prof., Doc.Comp.Science 04:15, July 17, 2009 (UTC)
Internet references
- Informatics in Schools and Universities
- Computer science exams
- Entrance exams in universities of the Russian Federation
- Olympiad in Computer Science and Programming
- World Programming Championship
- International Olympiad in Informatics
- All-Russian Olympiad in Informatics
- Russian Internet Olympiad in Informatics
- Olympic Informatics
- c7882116560229910730 Blog-HAC: Informatics in Schools and Universities
- Computer science textbooks for schools
- Ordering textbooks online
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