Zero waste philosophy Bioeconomy Green economy

The strategy of production aimed at the most effective use of a natural resource and reduction of impact of the enterprises on the environment.

Зелëная economy — the direction in economic science created at the end of the 20th century within which it is considered that the economy is a dependent component of the environment within which it exists and is its part. The concept of green economy includes the ideas of many other directions in economic science and philosophy, such as feminist economy, postmodernism, the resource-focused economy, ecological economy, environment economy, anti-growth, anti-consumerism, anti-globalism, green anarchism, green policy, the theory of the international relations and dr^[1].

Theory

The theory of green economy is based on three axioms:

• it is impossible to expand infinitely a sphere of influence in limited space;
• it is impossible to require satisfaction of infinitely growing needs for conditions of limitation of resources;
• everything on the Earth's surface is interconnected.

Supporters of green economy criticize neoclassical school for the fact that in its framework natural and social factors usually are considered as external; they are considered as fixed and are not analyzed in dynamics.

Green economists consider aspiration to kekonomichesky growth inadmissible in modern realities as it contradicts the first axiom, i.e. natural resources of the planet are at peak of use and the further growth of economy can lead to environmental disaster.

Rostizm (engl. growthism), i.e. conviction that the purpose of economic activity of mankind is a permanent growth, supporters of green economy consider, breaks activity of an ecosystem.

Carbon dioxide gas (carbon dioxide - CO2)

Main article: A carbon dioxide gas (carbon dioxide - CO2)

Lean production

Main article: Lean production

Ecology in Russia

Main article: Ecology in Russia

2020

Bill Gates predicted new global disaster

The founder of Microsoft Bill Gates predicted environmental disaster which effects will be worse than a coronavirus pandemic in August, 2020. About it he wrote in the^[2]

The entrepreneur said that in several decades the world will shake global ecological crisis. According to him to understand real effects of environmental pollution, it is necessary "to look at COVID-19 and to stretch a negative impact for much longer period".

"Whatever awful was the pandemic, climate changes can be even worse"

For accident warning the businessman suggests to reduce considerably the number of emissions of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Otherwise deterioration in ecology, the death of people and a problem with economy will pursue mankind longer, than in the period of a pandemic.

According to Gates, coronavirus mortality is about 14 lethal outcomes on 100 thousand people, and climate change with environmental pollution will lead to the same growth of death rate. At such rates by the end of century this indicator will be 73 death on 100 thousand people.

"Others to words, by 2060 climate change will be as killing as COVID-19, and by 2100 it can be five times more killing" — he explained.

For real decrease in number of emissions the entrepreneur proposed several solutions. First, it is necessary to create new tools for fight against climate changes, in particular — to provide zero emissions at power plants, productions and other enterprises. It is also necessary to help poor segments of the population which are not ready to climate changes.

"Begin now. Unlike a new coronavirus for which, I think in 2021 there will already be a vaccine, for climate change there is no so fast solution. Decades to develop and implement all necessary inventions in the field of net energy will be required" — Gates concluded.

BMW Group plans reduction of emissions of CO2

In the press release about financial results for the first half of the year 2020 BMW company (OTCPK:#BMWYY) discussed the investments into electric vehicles:

"For the first time for all lifecycle of the products – from a supply chain before production and to a stage of the termination of service life of the car - BMW Group set the accurate objects for itself on reduction of emissions of CO2 till 2030. For all this period emissions of CO2 on one vehicle should be reduced considerably at least by a third by 2030 in comparison with the level of 2019. For example, the emissions of CO2 made by our vehicles during their lifecycle should be reduced by 40 percent on each passable kilometer. The key lever for achievement of this purpose is far-reaching product strategy which substantially promotes use of electronic mobility. Within ten next years our purpose will consist in having in total more than seven million electrified BMW Group cars on roads – about two thirds from which will be completely electric models."

Microsoft based the coalition on transition to zero level of carbon emissions

In July of Microsoft together with Mercedes-Benz AG, Nike, Starbucks, Unilever, Danone, A.P. Moeller – Maersk, Natura & Co and Wipro created^[3] the Transform to Net Zero coalition the purpose of they are to help business to pass around the world to zero level of harmful emissions. The announcement was made within the large-scale plan of the company for reduction of a carbon trace and transition to the negative level of emission of the carbon submitted in January, 2020^[4].

For achievement of the purpose participants of the coalition intend:

• Share own experience of transformation on the way to achievement of zero level of emissions by 2050;
• Reduce own harmful emissions in all links of commercial and production and sales chains;
• Cooperate with an ecosystem of partners at all stages of a supply chain;
• Invest in products, services and business models which help to enhance positive effect;
• Interact with regulators for joint discussion of initiatives.

In addition within the ecological initiative Microsoft shared the following announcements:

• Failure from diesel fuel by 2030. Suppliers of cloud services usually use diesel generators of back supply for continuous work of data processing centers. Though less than 1% of emissions are the share of diesel fuel, Microsoft develops the new program for transition from carbon raw materials to low-carbon sources of fuel, in particular hydrogen and drives of energy.
• Availability of Microsoft Sustainability Calculator in the mode of the closed preliminary access. The solution will allow users of cloud services of Microsoft Azure to estimate the volume of the current emissions and potential ecological advantage of full migration at a cloud. For this purpose a system uses AI and intelligent instruments of data analysis.
• The first investment within Fund of climatic innovations. Microsoft invests $50 million in Energy Impact Partners (EIP) venture fund – the global platform for innovations in the field of transformation of the power and transport systems.

Earlier, in January, 2020, Microsoft announced plans to move to a negative level of emission of carbon by 2030, to eliminate effects of carbon emissions during all the time from the moment of foundation of the company in 1975 and also about investments in the amount of $1 billion into Fund of climatic innovations.

Microsoft completely will move to a negative level of emission of carbon by 2030

The company announced in January the large-scale plan for reduction of a carbon trace which includes reduction of issue and removal of products of emissions from the atmosphere, assistance to clients and partners and also investment of $1 billion into development of climatic innovations.

The initiative assumes:

• Reduction of own carbon trace. By 2030 Microsoft intends to reach the negative level of carbon issue, deleting more, than making. Reduction of emissions includes transition to renewable energy sources for all DPCs, buildings and campuses by 2025 and also complete electrification of internal vehicle fleet. By 2050 the company is going to delete completely the carbon trace, both from direct emissions, and due to electricity consumption, during all the time from the moment of its basis. A number of methods, such as, for example, landing and recovery of the woods, carbon sequestration (catching of carbon in the soil), bio-energetics with binding and storage of carbon (BECCS) and direct capture of air (DAC) will be used for this purpose.
• Creation of the innovation fund for $1 billion. Within the next 4 years the company is going to select $1 billion within new Fund of climatic innovations to accelerate development of progressive methods, technologies and scientific developments in reduction of emissions of carbon and their output from the atmosphere.
• Help to an ecosystem of partners and clients.
• Microsoft will develop and implement technologies which will help partners and clients to reduce own carbon emissions. In particular, the new Microsoft Sustainability Calculator tool is capable to predict the volume of carbon issue from use of a cloud of Azure, visualizing results in Power BI. It will help clients to estimate the volume of the current emissions and to potentially estimate ecological advantage of full migration at a cloud. Next year Microsoft intends to integrate the ecological principles into processes of purchases and logistics that will promote reduction of carbon emissions by our suppliers.

Notes