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Incidence
In 2021, according to the Russian National Cancer Register, 32,031 new cases of stomach cancer were detected in Russia. In comparison with Asian countries - Japan, Korea and China, where stomach cancer is more common, the incidence statistics in Russia are not the highest, but still stomach cancer remains a serious problem.
What causes stomach cancer
Oncologists have not yet identified the cause of stomach cancer. But identified factors that increase the risk of disease:
- heredity - the risk of oncology increases 2-3 times if family members have the disease;
- poor diet and obesity;
- bad habits - smoking, alcohol;
- development of helicobacter infection (Helicobacter Pylori);
- chronic gastrointestinal pathologies;
- bad ecology.
Diagnostics
With regular examinations, a malignant mass can be diagnosed at an early stage. This increases the possibility of complete recovery to 94%. Diagnosis consists of:
- gastroscopy - estimates of the shape, size and location of a cancerous tumor;
- biopsy - analysis of a tissue sample for malignancy;
- CT, PET-CT, MRI - determination of metastases.
2021: Cells found to trigger stomach cancer
In early December 2021, it became known that scientists from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) have developed new, more accurate preclinical models for assessing advanced human stomach cancer, as well as its development and spread. Using these models, the scientists identified a leucine-associated repeat containing receptor 5 (Lgr5) expressing tumor cells as cancer stem cells responsible for the growth and spread of gastric cancer. This study has made Lgr5-expressing tumor cells a potential therapeutic target, paving the way for the development of more effective treatments for gastric cancer, one of the 10 most common cancers in Singapore.
The research team identified a marker called Claudin18 that is expressed only on the epithelial lining of the stomach inside the gut. Using this new marker, the researchers bred mice producing the enzyme Cre recombinase, a tyrosine recombinase enzyme derived from bacteriophage P1. Cre recombinase is produced exclusively in the stomach, which facilitated the introduction of mutations that cause cancer into the lining of the stomach.
In parallel, a team of researchers developed a transplant model in which cultured stomach cancer cells are injected into a healthy mouse stomach. The scientists showed that the advanced cancers created in these models accurately replicate the major stages of the disease from early tumor growth to invasion and metastasis to other organs, including the liver, lungs and peritoneum, similar to human stomach cancer in their pathology and behavior.
The team also found that by selectively removing a specific subset of gastric tumors expressing a Lgr5 stem cell marker, it effectively reduced the growth and spread of cancer tumors. These models will help decipher the development of gastric cancer, identify new biomarkers of the disease to aid diagnosis, and evaluate new gastric cancer drugs for more targeted treatment.
 | This is a breakthrough for us to apply our new models of advanced human stomach cancer to identify specific cells, Lgr5-expressing tumor cells involved in cancer progression. The discovery of these cells is invaluable for understanding the spread and development of gastric cancer, as well as for developing more effective treatments in the future, said Professor, lead researcher Nick Barker. |  |
Based on this work, the team will continue to evaluate Lgr5-expressing tumor cancer stem cells as a therapeutic target by conducting detailed expression analysis versus healthy stem cells.
The scientists will also work to identify changes in gene expression occurring at various stages of cancer progression, using models to identify key mechanisms that could potentially be impacted, as well as to look for new biomarkers of the disease for diagnostic use. [1]
Stomach cancer treatment
Main article: Treatment of stomach cancer
Notes
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