Implementation and support of EDMS in financial institution

Historical premises of emergence of EDMS

In modern financial institution activity of all workers is regulated and described. Interaction with the outside world and internal activity submit to legislative standards, requirements of various control bodies and own rules which observance carefully (or not really) is monitored by several controllers. Work with clients requires observance of all external and internal requirements, especially in the relation to documentation: permanent updating of templates and document forms, sending a set of reports to controlling organizations and trackings of actions with injustly acquired capital …

The unsophisticated person, having got behind the bank scenes (or insurance company) can fall into a stupor, having learned what amount of information should be processed how many documents to fill and print to service the simple credit purchasing request of the TV or to insure the car. But financial officers continue to act, despite the growing loadings and volume of papers, and even dream of growth of number of clients. Work with the client can take half an hour (opening of a deposit), and can drag on for several decades (a mortgage, for example), but at the same time the set of documents which then are processed, move in divisions is processed and are stored in archives. And often happens that to find the necessary document in multiton archive deposits (especially badly organized) happens it is just impossible or requires such efforts and expenses of time that it is simpler to refuse search (or again to make the document). How workers of financial institutions cope with mountains of documents how they are guided in the paper sea what is used at "catch" of the necessary documents? Let's begin with bases.

Document flow of financial institution (bank, for an example) usually consists the last three hundred years of five main flows:

• The current documentation (orders, orders, accounting documents, entering - outgoing mail)
• Documentation legal (contractual documents, documents information, documents legislative and normative)
• In-house documentation (structural and regulating documents of the internal use)
• Documentation methodical (managements, techniques and recommendations of the general and office use)
• Documentation confidential (file, archives).

And until the end of the 20th century of special changes in creation and document handling did not occur (except for emergence of the typewriter and mechanical photocopiers). Simple increase in number of documents due to increase in requirements to the reporting and growing as mushrooms after a rain, various regulatory authorities went the increasing rates. Creation at the beginning of the 80th the personal computer began to make changes not only to science, production and life, work with documents underwent significant changes too. How did document flow of financial institution in the 21st century strongly change, it is just impossible to imagine bank or insurance company without computers standing on a table of each worker now? Let's try to understand.

Work with paper documents differs from work with documents in electronic form not only a basis (carrier), but also extent of change of the document. It is possible to make serious amendments to the document on a paper basis, but difficult and it is unprofitable: if to correct a letter or a punctuation mark it is possible using the adjusting paper or white paint, then replacement of a word or the offer will demand a reprint of all document. In electronic form work with the document is facilitated repeatedly – any corrections and changes, from sign change of a punctuation and the size of the sheet of printing before replacement of the scheme, the drawing or all structure of the document.

However ease of creation and change of the document with the computer creates a set of problems with storage, search and authentication. Paper document flow when using computers even in well organized system begins to glitch. There is problematic determination of authorship of the document, there is a confusion with priority of document revisions, preserving of confidentiality at joint work with the document of several persons and other, other, other is at a loss.

At the classical organization of work with documents of a sample of the 50th years of the 20th century in financial institution there were several divisions (from 3 to 8, for example: Office, Library, Archive, the Second department and other) numbering from 3 to 12 people, providing stable document flow. At the same time in well delivered case nothing was lost, it was always possible to find required paper quickly. But it depended on quality of the workers occupied in this sphere. Computers were first perceived as replacement of the typewriter, only then they began to create an array of problems which had to be solved using the difficult and expensive developments based on use of a set of the computers united in network. It demanded preparation and retraining of a great number of the workers designed to service all hardware and software system designed to provide stability of electronic document management. Reduction of workers in office and archive was compensated by increase in number of employees of the IT departments servicing the equipment. The number of documents jump increased, instead of queue at eternally busy typists (who are paying the life for each comma now!) everyone could print (in an occasion and without it) on the printer the document (without caring for literacy) and to send it on instances. Problems were multiplied and if there are problems moreover in such "serious" and rather well-to-do organizations as bank, then they are tried to be permitted quickly.

Creation of an electronic document management system (ECM in the West or EDMS in Russian) was intended to solve all problems of paper document flow in promptly developing world of computers and the Internet. Today there are not less than ten both the Russian, and foreign software makers known to EDMS. What system select what should be considered when choosing what to pay for and how then to use acquisition?

1. The choice of EDMS for financial institution

The choice of a system for the organization often depends on whims of top managers (usually not understanding technical requirements and operating conditions of EDMS, compatibility with the available information and technical system) that usually leads to the choice not of what is necessary to the tightened implementation time or inefficient use. The choice of EDMS should be made only on the basis of the expert opinion of competent specialists of the organization. Who should carry out such expertize and what to estimate?

Usually enter into commission of experts:

• head of IT department (hardware and communication equipment, software),
• head of HR division (human resource management, accounting and reporting under the personnel),
• the head of office (the entering-proceeding information, mail, the reporting),
• the head of department on business processes (the description of processes, organization activity assessment, planning and other),
• head of operating activities of the organization (reflection of all transactions and processes of the current activity),
• head of supply (accounting and reporting under requests, purchases and distribution, work of archive),
• the head of accounting of the organization (reflection of activity with finance documents),
• head of legal division (levels of confidentiality of documents, library of legal information, legal examination of documents).

What is included into the conclusion of commission of experts on the basis of which the decision on the choice of EDMS is made?

• The scheme of the main flows of documents between divisions, volume of turnover for the reporting period, the approximate capacity of the required data warehouse.
• The skeleton diagram of the organization reflecting flows of documents, a possibility of a binding of blocks of documents to divisions.
• Gradation and methods of the organization of the access levels to documents, a possibility of monitoring of access.
• Possibilities of creation of libraries of documents and reference materials with a possibility of operational change addition.
• Methods of work with documents (creation, copying, scanning, transfer from a format to a format, storage, archiving) EDMS.
• Communication with the core banking system and general information system of the organization (accounting modules, modules of accounting of OS, modules of personnel officers and other).

2. Choice of the supplier and process of implementation of EDMS

If the choice of a system is made on the basis of the conclusion of commission of experts, then the choice of the supplier should be unambiguous: it either software maker (systems), or his representative in the country (region). The delivery agreement should provide surely implementation of EDMS by representatives of software supplier, otherwise time of independent implementation will extend for long term: it is necessary to look for the experienced workers who were already dealing with such EDMS then to wait long until workers understand what from them is required, then to wait until they manage to think how to adapt a system for requirements of different divisions... To avoid emergence of excess problems, the commission of experts can make detailed technical specifications in which will try to provide all requirements and nuances of document flow of the native organization.

Problems with implementation, warranty service and the subsequent support usually do not arise if the delivery agreement is made by competent people (under control of lawyers of the organization). The mixed crew from representatives of the supplier and employees of the organization usually is engaged in implementation of EDMS. What does the management of the organization need to consider at implementation?

• Those who then will service EDMS should be engaged in implementation and to maintain working capacity, i.e. – employees of IT departments, Information Security Services and administrators of the EDMS.
• It is necessary to control implementation process to participants of commission of experts who have clear ideas of the system designation and the tasks solved with its help.
• In the delivery agreement and implementation it is obligatory to consider, what is the time should occupy implementation and what additional (unforeseen) expenses the supplier can expect.
• It is desirable to consider in the agreement preliminary training (or a practical training) not less than 2 employees of the organization as future administrators of EDMS. In practice often happens that the only svezheobuchenny administrator for many reasons (including most often financial) runs across in other organization from similar EDMS, without having resisted temptations.

Problems in the organization arise if the choice of EDMS is made the inadequate top (which often simply got a certain bribe, it is unimportant in what type or simply bought the beautiful advertizing presentation owing to lack of professionalism) without the appeal to task force. Then the organization should be whipping long the cat and to clear up the stirred-up trouble (the procedure of implementation randomly of the selected EDMS), at the same time problems can be grouped in three main signs:

• the difficulty or impossibility of accomplishment of tasks (or parts) document flow of the organization that usually comes to light at a stage of implementation and requires difficult completions which take time and cost much;
• the problems arising at start of EDMS in operation because of excessive complexity of the interface (linguistic problems, including) or redundancy of the opportunities (which are often confusing and frightening users). It can demand special training of workers by external teachers that also requires time and costs;
• the problems of service, setup or technical support arising after input of EDMS in operation (often it belongs to the low-power hardware which is not expected a big information stream), as a result – need of updating of the technical part which is costing expensive also and taking away time.

Each organization solves such problems in own way, but time of implementation and expenses often repeatedly exceed a necessary minimum which could be quite defined by commission of experts which to create does not represent a problem for the competent head.

3. Start of EDMS in the test mode

Let's consider for simplicity and preserving of a positive tone of the reader option when the choice of EDMS is made authoritative commission of experts into which all interested professionals of financial institution entered.

Process of implementation began after payment of accounts on software. Manufacturer representatives of EDMS quickly penetrated into the necessary changes and operational development conforming to the set requirements and zealously undertook their implementation. The selected employees of the organization actively participate in process of implementation and study on the run, the management controls and supports process... But at the best deal in progress in implementation there are several highlights which are desirable for meaning before signing of the delivery-acceptance certificate of EDMS in operation.

• Not to drag out process of the beginning of operation (wrote on paper and forgot about ravines!), it is necessary in advance, it is desirable to provide at the first stage (agreement signature of delivery and payment of accounts) personnel of financial institution with detailed information on the EDMS and work with it. It is necessary to show consideration for it very much, usually in software manufacturing company make light of providing buyers with soundly made user guides or the administrator of EDMS. The majority (including foreign) producers of the similar systems seldom complete the help section of the system with a complete description and the more so it is rare (for foreign producers) – Russian-speaking. And representatives of the supplier usually are technical workers (more often – programmers) who know a system "from within", but are not able is sensible and intelligibly to explain, as how exactly works in a system.
• If "persuade" the supplier on the textbook, clear for "ordinary" users, on use of EDMS (Help, the Reference) it was not possible and furthermore if it was not succeeded "persuade" on the textbook for system administrators (in which setup and changes of a system available to the programmer would in detail be described), the management of the organization should in advance (prior to implementation) to attend to search of the specialist who will be able to create such description (the guide, the Reference, Help). Now the new IT specialty is fashionable: the technical writer, and so is that specialist who is necessary (if it is, of course, this specialist, but not the person with "piece of paper" – but it is necessary to speak about it separately, in other article). (TP) there should begin work on creation of the in-house documentation this specialist with a decision instant about purchase of EDMS. What it should do, we will note below.
• As soon as in financial institution representatives of the supplier of EDMS (implementers) appeared, it is necessary to connect the command consisting from to them:
  • the technical writer (who already collected from different sources the preliminary information about EDMS and ready to process of creation of the Guides and References in different forms, from files in the Word format before HTML-representations for the network portal);
  • not less than 2 administrators of EDMS (who are not abandoning implementers in working time for a minute and fixing all key moments of setup and operational development of EDMS to needs of the organization; the notes and impressions they will have to give further TP for processing and creation of the administrator guide of EDMS);
  • the representative of accounting of the organization (for the time management spent by representatives for implementation, they charge a fee povremenno, in each hour, and rates at them – very and very decent and also for control of work of the workers – administrators, the technical writer and other persons, involved in implementation, like workers of IT, accounting, office or archive which should not "slow down" implementation process).

At each stage of implementation affecting separate processes of creation, processing and document storage or transfer and separation of the general flow of documents on divisions with registration of a chain of users it is necessary to check as far as EDMS precisely and clearly carries out tasks (requirements) formulated by commission of experts and recorded in the contract. If EDMS requires serious modifications from the buyer or the supplier, including the hardware (in addition to contractual), then it should be reflected supplementary agreements. Additional expenses usually make not less than 10-15% of the cost of the contract and should be reserved in advance.

Let's pass implementation details – in each financial institution there are features of document flow. Let's note only that as a result of implementation and by the time of signing of the delivery-acceptance certificate of EDMS in operation the following components should be ready:

• the working electronic document management system (checked at all stages of creation, processing and document storage) from office to archive;
• not less than 2 administrators of EDMS capable to configure and support a system in working order;
• the user guide of a system (readily not less than 80%) and the administrator guide (readily not less than 70%) in a type, clear and convenient for users;
• prepared at the initial level (at least read the user guide and looked demonstration of work of EDMS) heads of the divisions capable to transfer bases of knowledge to the subordinates.

After that it is possible to accept EDMS in operation.

Organization of work of EDMS

1. Working off of interaction between divisions

The basic reason causing discontent and complaints of workers on work as new EDMS – bad preparation for operation. Here everything that is listed in the previous section belongs, we will not repeat. If measures for preliminary preparation are taken (or are accepted after, after start), there is still a set of "reefs" which can be provided, only if to prepare carefully and comprehensively. It is possible to carry the following to priorities of ensuring stable work of EDMS:

1) Reflection of structure of the organization in EDMS

For exchange of in-house documents between divisions it is necessary to enter carefully verified skeleton diagram of the organization into a system, it is desirable in two levels:

• structural level, with reflection of hierarchy of structure (the organization – division – an established post), without personal data of workers;
• office level, with reflection of hierarchy of subordination (a key element – the curator – a link of divisions – division – the worker's position) and taking into account personal data of workers.

It will allow to organize further storage and access to documents (libraries, archives) on office hierarchy or according to personal data.

The skeleton diagram will give the chance of the overview of structure of the organization without derivation on personal these (characteristics) of workers. Also will help (if such work it was not carried out earlier) using systems analysis to describe organization activity (for further modeling, modification or business process reengineering), to carry out reorganization of structure or to implement a quality management system (SMK). If it is correct to use the available resources involved in implementation process (for example, work of the technical writer), then it is possible to combine accomplishment of several tasks (provided that the sensible professional will be engaged in it), to save the valuable specialist in the state and to give it interesting and useful full-time job (with good payment, of course).

2) Creation of routes of document transfer

For creation of routes of the movement several levels, depending on document type, its appointment and actions required with it when processing are provided in good EDMS. Treat such levels, for example:

• the memo (which is created by the worker and goes on route between employees of divisions);
• the in-house document (passing an approval route in divisions);
• the legal document (passing a route of acquaintance or signing), etc.

At the movement of the document on the organization the possibility of creation of several options should be provided in EDMS:

• tough route (on specific workers),
• universal route (on divisions, with a possibility of transition on steps of office hierarchy) and
• distribution route (when the creator of the document himself defines what groups, divisions or workers will obtain information which is contained in the document).

The solution of creation or choice of a route often is implemented by simple use of the skeleton diagram of the organization and creation of mailing lists in addition. There is both the more practical and effective method of routing of documents which is sharply cutting down expenses of time and resources.

3) Templates as universal remedy of work in EDMS

Computers introduced many new opportunities in work with documents of any organization, beginning from the choice of an output format on printing (it is possible to select even printing of watermarks – i.e. to make similarity of "stamp" paper that is highly appreciated by tops) and finishing with a broad spectrum of the choice of attributes of the text (from the size and a type of a font, to the size between characters).

If earlier the worker for all cases could use rather poor set of the forms multiplied by a typographical method or printed on the typewriter under carbon paper, then now any worker can create a document flow masterpiece (but usually for some reason does not use also the 100-th share of opportunities of the computer in the field of a paperwork). Using the competent specialist (perhaps, the same technical writer or the employee of division of advertizing – the designer with art education) it is possible to provide creation of the base of files containing templates for all standard processes (procedures) in good EDMS. All interested divisions shall accept participation in creation of templates, but responsible should lead to a uniform form and style one (and literaturno competent) the worker, differently it the present semiliterate tops or middle managers disaccustomed at high school after 1991 that all work will come to nothing can "наваять".

What represents a good template? Let's consider for an example contents of the memo which is often used in the organizations.

So, contents of "Request for acquisition" (equipment, materials, goods and other):

• details of the Request (number, date, author, division),
• name (list) of the order,
• justification of need of the order,
• route (a permanent and variable part, starting with the head of department of the author of the Request),
• marks (signature and comment) of the workers vising the Request
• final decision (or return).

The permanent part of a route represents the sequence of addressees who are obliged to give a mark (to sign) the Request. This part of a route is put by the administrator of EDMS and the user of a system cannot change it.

Variable part of a route may contain the sequence of addressees who can be necessary as the experts drawing the conclusion concerning need of the order (for example, the difficult and expensive equipment). The user (the author or the signer) can change this part of a route in case of need, adding addressees from the public structural list of employees of the organization.

It is possible to issue externally the Request in convenient tabular style that visually (a color background, positioning of the pointer) to select those parts of the Request which the receiver should fill, but this matter of taste of the management of the organization and skill of the administrator-designer-writer.

Templates can strongly facilitate obtaining necessary visas, in a short space of time approve the document, provide visual control of passing of the document (the user should see at whom the document, what is the time without the movement, etc. got stuck), to increase the responsibility and efficiency of decision making by the management (tops).

2. Digital signature and reduction of a consumption of paper

In order that the document flow in EDMS was not duplicated on paper (at least regarding current affairs, in-house documents) and the level of responsibility increased, it is necessary to enter the digital signature of heads.

1) Trust or duplication

Often the head of department is anxious not with to execute the direct duties with enthusiasm and required eagerness, and preserving of "chair". For the sake of it he tries to accept as little as possible responsibility for the current organization activity (shifts the duties to shoulders of subordinates, delays vising of documents, etc.). Other heads signing all papers with ease without looking, afterwards with ease refuse the visas, requiring conducting graphological examination. Similar cases at paper document flow sometimes cause change of the personnel, but most often diligently disappear (scratch my back and I'll scratch yours) and are shaded from external observers.

EDMS allows to finish similar practice and to move to the high level of work and customer service of the organization due to introduction of the digital signature and a tough regulation of passing of documents for instances (for example, no more than 1 hour on signing of standard documents and no more than 3 hours on decision-making).

In the absence of the digital signature documents EDMS electronically begin to duplicate on paper, is frequent – repeatedly (that to collect signatures and not on one circle to bypass tops moreover after each change in the text …). And instead of reduction of time for processing of the document or decision-making increase turns out (at first the document passes in electronic form on all instances, then it is printed on paper and again it is carried out on all instances). And God forbid, the small or large error will be found!

2) The digital signature in EDMS

The digital signature usually is implemented into EDMS rather simply, and software developers consider it. Only the solution on use of the EDS to tell them prior to implementation is desirable then not to lose months on completions and registration. In the CIS countries with the digital signature the situation is more difficult, in some there is no current legislation confirming legitimacy of the digital signature, or not the state certifying authorities (that allows workers to belong to data protection carelessly or to commit thefts from banks and insurance companies).

In case of implementation of EDMS with the EDS many old problems (paper document flow) disappear, but arise new (for example how to assign right to sign to the deputy or the Deputy at vacation or at dismissal). But it is most often issues which are resolved by the management of administrative measures and using the administrator of EDMS who is able to customize a system.

3) Real reduction of paper

Reach real (but not advertized in media by the supplier and the consumer of EDMS) reduction of a consumption of paper, maintenance costs of couriers and saving of time of workers it is possible, only applying a complex of all available means provided to EDMS.

First of all, it is necessary to limit "circulation" of documents on the organization in paper form. It will help to release several positions at which the workers who are not able nothing except carrying of pieces of paper on offices are registered.

Secondly, it is necessary to regulate strictly time of ranking officers spent for consideration of documents and decision-making. It will help to implement further a quality management system (SMK), key indicators (KPI type) begin with a time recording.

Thirdly, it is worth not to allowing distribution of incoming documents in paper form (that were not lost, it is necessary to transfer them to digital copies, and to place the original in archive, it is desirable in the dry cellar equipped with the system catalog on the computer) on an input at once, it is normal – in office. Teach handling of the copier and the scanner of the modern employee of office and archive will not make big work.

And the last (but not final). For document storage in electronic form sufficient amounts of memory are required what it is worth taking care in the course of implementation of. The separate archive server (on ten Tb will approach for a start) and obligatory periodic duplication of archive on external BD disk carriers. The supplier of EDMS usually uses that "iron" that it is given in the organization, and does not occupy himself with the solution global (for the organization) questions about which tops should hurt the head.

3. Support of EDMS

Any complex system works only when it is monitored by good specialists. Activity of good technical support specialists (administrators and IT specialists in hardware-software providing) in the decent organization is imperceptible to the ordinary user for whose needs there is an available customer service (Service Desk type). But before EDMS will begin to be operated, the management should solve several problems, being urgent and delays, differently the hidden problems which are easily developing into the unsolvable "lump" which is taking down all schedule of service of all organization at the most inappropriate moment will begin to be saved. It is necessary to pay off then expensively and long.

• Organization of customer service of EDMS

The customer service for EDMS can be (and it is very desirable not to spray specialists) a part of the general customer service of the organization. Support and service of a hardware-software part of EDMS is usually assigned to specialists of IT department. Administrators of EDMS can also enter this structural unit. For risk reduction and performance improvement of work of administrators, it is desirable to organize 2-shift work when two workers can share working problems and joint efforts in working time to cope with them.

• Main activities of CC

Usually the administrator of EDMS the most part of time, especially at the beginning of operation of a system, spends for consultation of the users who are not troubling themselves reading the User guide. It is recommended to place such Management in the public place (on the portal of the organization or in the EDMS as the help section), and to the administrator to prepare and to periodically send the messages, general for all workers, that before work with EDMS it is necessary to study the User guide, and only then to start a paperwork.

Employees of the IT departments occupied with service of EDMS and local network of the organization most often should communicate with users who also do not trouble themselves reading the Guide and to each small occasion (the printer not so prints the document!) call "technicians". Employees of IT department also should bring own module to EDMS (Help Desk), where to collect all addresses of users, to sort them by complexity and to make standard recommendations for normal problems which then to include in the help section of the EDMS or in the User guide. Mailings on the general network with information on where it is possible to find answers to normal questions and problems of users in work of EDMS, will teach employees of the organization of some independence, will accustom that it is necessary to address to customer service only when there is no ready recipe of solution.

• Joining of EDMS with the IC of the organization

Over time (sometimes in the course of implementation, it is very rare – before purchase of software) the management of the organization has a tempting idea (most often inspired by media advertizing or via the Internet) about inclusion of EDMS in the unified information system (IC) of the organization. Very much there is a wish that documents from the accounting working in the core banking system or in the 1C trading system could without delays and pass automatically into EDMS and back with transfer of the necessary information. Fantasts last century promised that the place of people on production and in management will be occupied by machines soon (robots, cyborgs or just transformers). But the century 21 came, and only people work with documents and. Still any computer did not rise even to the level of an experimental monkey from a joke who independently could decide that it is necessary to shake a tree. And – still better than people nobody can deal with document flow what data, from where and where it is necessary to transfer when and how. That imitated similar solutions (but did not accept actually!) the computer (as a part of the IC of the organization) is required long-term work of several tens programmers who only and will be able that to transfer an algorithm of actions of the person to machine executable code which will be sent to a set of additional devices which will replace sight, hearing and the speech of the person … Whether the game is worth the candle if at minor change in a production process or processings of the document there is an action unaccounted by programmers, and all process will rise a stake?

And the second argument which is mentioned long ago by practicians of the whole world: than less parts in the machine, it works with that best of all and more reliably. Therefore before to give the order on inclusion of EDMS in some big system, the management of the organization should consult with technical and economic specialists – whether costs. Perhaps in exchange it is worth being engaged based on the available structure and EDMS at first in the description of organization activity, then reengineering, implementation of SMK for increase and effective use of internal reserves (including human). Here from such activity there will be much more advantage, and economic effect will not keep itself waiting at the skillful management.

• Perspectives of development of EDMS

In the next decade there will hardly be such changes in society which will force to refuse work with documents in the most different fields of activity, especially – financial. Therefore actively used EDMS in addition to program and technical upgrade (updating) has several directions of development (and consolidations with other systems if there are means and desire to fight with difficulties).

In addition to already mentioned consolidation or inclusion in other systems it is possible to note two main directions of development: transition to completely paperless work with documents and implementation of new technical means of creation, acceptance and information processing.

The paperless technology of work with documents is quite implemented already at the current level of development of the equipment: tablets and various mobile devices allow to create and communicate in any convenient kind, at the same time communications are used standard communication lines. Today to equip bank of the average size with mobile devices will not be more expensive than the next updating of the park of computers which is carried out each 3 years. But here the software for mobile devices still strongly lags behind opportunities of "iron". In a couple of years, when software packages will be as rich as now for desktops, it is possible and to be engaged in development of EDMS based on mobile new products.

New means of acceptance and document handling mean implementation of already open or developing technologies in scan region, identification and information processing. Treat such devices:

• biometrics devices of access control, identification of the personality,
• scanners of movements of the person (control of the computer gestures, mimicry or movement of eyes),
• devices of speech input-output of information (control of the computer by voice, conversion of the voice information in text with further processing and transfer),
• new compact and miniature recording devices and information storages.

To the active head and workers of financial institution is what to be engaged in the next ten - another years, so far scientists and technologists will not think up something that will replace money, paper, the public relations and really will be inverted by a usual way of life.

Source: Bankir.ru