Institute of Applied Geophysics (FSBI IPG)

History

1970s-90s

In 1973, a Government Decree was issued on the creation of ionospheric-magnetic and radiation space services at the Institute. From that moment, the IPG regularly provides space flights, including the Soviet-American Soyuz-Apollo project (1975), long flights at the Mir station; constant service of consumers (departments and organizations) with operational information and forecasts of "space weather" for solving problems of radio communication, navigation, control of space technology. An important link in this work is the international exchange of observational data.

In 70-90, one of the directions of the Institute's work was the study of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere of the polar region using meteoracets MR-12 and high-altitude sounding lidars. The work was carried out on about. Hayes (Franz Josef Land), more than 100 rocket experiments were carried out, which made it possible to obtain unique information about the effect of solar and magnetospheric activity on the state of the upper atmosphere. For the first time, the laser probing of mesospheric sodium revealed the effects of passing internal gravitational waves at altitudes of 80-100 km, as well as the characteristics of the altitude distribution of stratospheric aerosol in the Central Arctic.

The Institute developed and pioneered the introduction of high-altitude sensing lidars on research vessels.

In order to develop technologies and methodology for lidar sensing of the atmosphere from space, the IPG, together with the National Center for Scientific Research of France in 1985-1995, developed and manufactured the Alice space lidar for conducting research on the Earth-atmosphere system from the Mir manned station

Despite the difficulties of the 90s, the Institute continues to live and work, preserving the main directions and style laid down by E.K. Fedorov.

The Institute and scientific organizations created with its participation have grown and work members of the Academy of Sciences, dozens of doctors and candidates of sciences, talented engineers and designers. Fourteen employees of the Institute in different years were awarded State Prizes. These are Yu.A. Israel, V.N. Petrov, G.I. Golyshev, SI. Avdyushin, R.M. Kogan, E.N. Teverovsky, I.K. Dibobes, I.M. Nazarov, S.D. Fridman, L.I. Boltneva, GA Kirdin, M.V. Artemov.

A characteristic feature of the "Fedorov" style of organizing scientific research is the deployment of them on a wide front. The emerging new directions of work after their strengthening were formed into independent scientific institutes. Seven such teams have left the depths of the IPG and continue to work successfully. This is the Highland Geophysical Institute in Kabardino-Balkaria, a whole bunch of scientific institutions in Obninsk - the Institute of Experimental Meteorology (now NPO Typhoon), TsKB GMP, VNIIGMI-MCD, VNIISHM. Finally, after the death of E.K. Fedorov, two more institutes of IGKE (director Yu.A. Izrael) and GIPE (director E.S. Dmitriyev) were formed, related to solving environmental problems.

In 1982, the Institute was named after Academician E.K. Fedorov.

1969

Since 1969, regular observations of the flows of penetrating radiation on the Meteor series SIS, the study of solar and galactic cosmic rays, and the radiation belts of the Earth began. Registration on gamma radiation of test nuclear explosions of China and France.

In April 1963, the Institute of Applied Geophysics, together with a branch in Obninsk, was transferred to the Main Directorate of the Hydrometeorological Service under the USSR Council of Ministers. From this period, the IPG began to investigate the possibilities of active effects on meteorological processes, in particular, the effect on clouds in order to cause additional precipitation. The experiments carried out showed the possibility of active influence on meteorological phenomena. For these works in 1967 the institute was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

1959-1965

In 1963, negotiations concluded and a Memorandum of Termination of Testing in Three Wednesdays was adopted.

In 1959-1965, a series of studies was conducted on the characteristics of penetrating radiation in near-Earth space on rockets and satellites of the Cosmos series from natural and artificial sources of radiation as prerequisites for the development of methods for monitoring compliance with international agreements on the termination of nuclear tests.

In 1963, the first experience in radiation support for manned space flights was carried out.

1956

The Federal State Budgetary Institution Institute of Applied Geophysics of the Academy of Sciences (IPG) was established in 1956. Its organizer was the famous Papanian polar explorer Yevgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov.

At that time, at the highest level, it was decided to organize measures in order to ensure a closer interaction of basic and applied research. The Institute was entrusted with the task of creating a system for monitoring the pollution of geophysical media - the surface of the Earth, the atmosphere and near-Earth space (OKP) - with radioactive products during nuclear tests.

The composition of the Institute was mainly composed of young specialists who graduated from Moscow State University, MEPhI, MGRI, TSU. They first developed gamma spectrometric methods to determine the composition of gamma emitters of natural and artificial origin for ground, aircraft and satellite observations. Hardware developments: scintillation radiation detectors, electronic recorders and amplitude spectrum analyzers, were used in expeditionary conditions.

These methods have found wide application in solving important practical problems:

• snowmeter survey required for hydrological prediction;
• monitoring of radioactive pollution of territories by emissions of industrial enterprises (including the Ural trail from emergency emissions at Mayak software in 1957);
• investigation of the effects of global fallout after large explosions;
• monitoring of radiation situation in space.

The effectiveness of the developed methods was once again confirmed when carrying out work to eliminate the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. Then, by the efforts of the employees of the IPG and other organizations of the State Hydromet Committee, under the leadership of Academician Yu.A. Israel, in a short time, maps and other characteristics of radioactive contamination were obtained, which were used by the country's leadership to solve issues of protecting the population.

Monitoring the state of the upper atmosphere and OCP yielded important results. Pioneering studies were carried out on the density and composition of the Earth's upper atmosphere on rockets and the Earth's third artificial satellite. It was found that, unlike previous ideas, molecular nitrogen remains the main component of the neutral atmosphere to heights of 180-200 km, atomic oxygen begins to dominate above, and hydrogen and atomic nitrogen remain small impurities to heights of about 1000 km. Ions of meteor origin were first discovered. For these studies in 1960, the Lenin Prize was awarded to a group of scientists and designers, which also included employees of the IPG - V.G. Istomin, B.A. Mirtov, V.V. Mikhnevich, T.N. Nazarova.

Monitoring of radioactive contamination has shown that nuclear weapons tests cause global pollution of the Earth in the atmosphere, water and space, and this can have a negative impact on the health of mankind.

By this time, the USSR Academy of Sciences (IPG, IFZ), together with the Ministry of Defense, were developing a national system for controlling nuclear explosions via seismic radio and radiation radiation. This made it possible to confidently negotiate a nuclear test ban.