Stroganov

Main article: History of Russia

Family tree of the Stroganovs

Traditions say that back in the 15th century, the Stroganovs managed to buy out the Moscow prince Vasily the Dark from Tatar captivity.

1488-1569: Anikey Fedorovich - the creator of the salt-making industry in Solvychegodsk and Perm Velikaya

Anikey Fedorovich Stroganov (1488, Novgorod - 1569 or 1570, Solvychegodsk) - the creator of the salt industry in Solvychegodsk and Perm the Velikaya, the colonizer of the Kama lands, the largest Russian entrepreneur of his time, a statesman.

The youngest (fourth) son of a salt industrialist from Novgorod, Fyodor Lukich Stroganov (d. 1497).

At the beginning of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, Anikey receives very broad and responsible powers from the tsar.

He undertakes to monitor foreign northern trade with England, which mainly went through Arkhangelsk. The British were forbidden to retail goods, buy iron and hemp.

Supervision of the fulfillment of these requirements by both the British and Russian merchants was assigned to Anikei. He was also charged with annual reporting on the volume of forest trade. He also collected and stored apricot grain.

Stroganov's income was brought not only by salt-making, but also by foreign trade, as well as fur trade with local peoples.

In old age, Anikei Stroganov retired from the world and tonsured monks, adopting the monastic name Joasaph.

1574: Expedition of the Stroganov people for goods to Bukhara

There are documents indicating that the Stroganov people went to establish ties with Bukhara. This is, first of all, a letter "On the passage of Yakovlev and Grigory Onikeevich Stroganov people of four people with the envoy Zakhary Bogdanov to Bukharia for goods 1574 (7082) of August 12."

1575: Fur sales to Europe

Stroganov's "northern" development of Siberia could be associated with the activities of Oliver Brunel, who, on their behalf, since 1575 (i.e. immediately after receiving the royal diploma of Ivan the Terrible) twice visited Siberia through Mezen and Pechora to the mouth of the Ob - we know about this from the messages of Isaac Massa. S.F. Platonov also agrees with a similar dating, he dates the search for ways to Siberia by the Stroganovs through the North to 1574. In the 1570s, there was also their fishing colony on Novaya Zemlya for the extraction of walruses, seals, killer whales, and, of course, fur. Brunel went by sea with furs to the markets of Dordrecht, Antwerp and Paris from at least 1570 to 1577.

1578: Stroganov invite Cossacks Yermak to protect their possessions on Kama

Due to the advance of the Russians eastward in the Urals, raids by Siberian Tatars and Mansi began on the Russian border territories in the Perm region and on the Kama River (1572-1573). These lands were owned by the merchants of Stroganov, who settled these territories with the permission of the king (1574), who turned to the Don Cossacks for help.

A detachment of 840 people was formed in the possessions of the Stroganovs, in the Orel town. The merchants of Stroganov participated in the equipment of the detachment. Cossacks Yermak arrived in Kama at the invitation of the Stroganovs (1578) to protect against attacks by Voguls and Ostyaks.

Click on the map to enlarge it

In March 1578, the Kazan authorities received a letter in which they were required to freely pass the Stroganov ships for the supply of "sovereign bread" to Astrakhan.

1581: Hiring sailors in Antwerp for two Stroganov warships to be sent to the Ob estuary

In 1581, Oliver Brunel went to Antwerp to invite Dutch sailors to the two warships rebuilt by the Stroganovs to be sent to the mouth of the Ob.

Stroganov - the largest landowners in Russia

By the end of the 16th century, the Stroganovs were the largest landowners in Russia. If in the early 1550s, according to the estimates of F.A. Volegov, they owned 3.4 million acres of land, then by the beginning of the 17th century there were already 10.4 million acres (including 1.2 million acres of land beyond the Ural Ridge, granted by letter of May 30, 1574).

1614: Stroganov's largest creditors of the royal treasury

The Stroganovs credited the royal treasury. A.A. Vvedensky states: "in fact, they maintained the Shuisky government." And after the accession of the Romanovs to the Stroganovs in 1614, about 10% of the total "five tax" in the state was paid (17 out of 190 thousand rubles collected from all over the country), and in 1616 - 40 out of 200 thousand rubles. In total, during the "troubled time" and during the Mihail Romanov Stroganovy, the state was credited, according to Vvedensky's estimates, in the amount of up to 430 thousand rubles.

This activity does not directly benefit them, but it does provide institutional benefits. For example, even under Shuisky, they receive the right of non-jurisdiction of themselves and their people to anyone except the royal court, as well as new lands along the Kama.

1649: Fines for insulting the Stroganovs are twice as high as for other boyars

In the Cathedral Code of 1649, the name of the Stroganov stands out separately and is "valued" higher than anyone else in the state: "and there will be someone who will dishonor the named people of the Stroganov... rule them for dishonoring Stroganov in a stack of rubles to a person "- this is twice as much as sanctions against" ordinary "boyars.

1656-1715: Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov

Grigory Dmitrievich Stroganov lent Peter І money for a successful war with the Swedes. They said that one day, treating the king to lunch, he presented him with a keg of gold for dessert.

Nikolai Grigorievich passes off his daughter for the brother of Ekaterina І, Martyn Skavronsky

Grigory Dmitrievich's middle son, Nikolai, passed off his daughter as the brother of Catherine І, Martyn Skavronsky.

1707-1756: Sergey Grigorievich Stroganov

As a result of the palace coup committed by Elizabeth, Lövenwold was convicted along with Golovkin, Mengden, Minich and Osterman and exiled to Solikamsk, formally - for embezzlement of state money.

Remarks on "Manstein's Notes on Russia" ^[1]

"Loewenwold, created in order to shine at the great court, unfortunately, died in Solikamsk, where he was exiled to captivity. Impartiality requires praise from Stroganov, who have rich factories and salt varnishes in this place: their compassionate hearts tried to facilitate how much was permissible, the unfortunate fate of Lövenwold, helped and delivered to him everything he needed for food and maintenance. May the offspring of virtuous souls bloom and enjoy all the benefits! "

Construction of the palace in St. Petersburg

Main article: Stroganov Palace in St. Petersburg

1733-1811: Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov - President of the Academy of Arts, accumulated a debt of three million rubles

Count Alexander Sergeyevich Stroganov (1733-1811), senator, chief chamberlain, president of the Academy of Arts and chief director of the Public Library. Traveling a lot, Stroganov was fond of collecting collections. In particular, the St. Petersburg palace housed the most famous collection of Western European paintings, coins, minerals and works of ancient art. We can say that Stroganov became an example for subsequent generations of Russian merchants and manufacturers who made philanthropy and culture support part of the lifestyle.

The Stroganov art collection belonged to the best private collections of the capital and was one of the first public museums, accessible to all lovers of beauty. In addition, as president of the Academy of Arts, Alexander Sergeevich turned his gallery, in fact, into one of the classrooms. Pupils of the Academy copied here samples of Western European painting, which was part of the training program for aspiring Russian artists.

By the end of his life, Alexander Stroganov, living on a broad scale, managed not only to waste the fortune accumulated by his ancestors, but also to get into debt: he owed creditors about three million rubles.

1774-1817: Pavel Aleksandrovich Stroganov - one of the founders of the Secret Committee and Lieutenant General

Count Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov (1774-1817) son of Alexander Sergeevich and Ekaterina Petrovna (nee Princess Trubetskoy), statesman, adjutant general, childhood friend of Emperor Alexander I.

Member of the events of the French Revolution (under the pseudonym Pavel Ocher), member of the Jacobin Club.

Being one of the founders of the Secret Committee, he contributed to the implementation of liberal reforms in Russia.

Pavel Stroganov

After leaving politics in 1807, he began to actively promote military service. He took part in the battle of Austerlitz, participated in the war with the Swedes (1808-1809), with the Turks (1809). For the bravery and courage he showed during the battles, Pavel Alexandrovich received the orders of St. Anne of the first degree and St. Vladimir of the second degree. And also a golden sword with diamonds and the inscription: "For courage" and several other awards.

After the death of Count Alexander Sergeevich in 1811, his entire multimillion-dollar fortune passed into the hands of his only son, Count Pavel Alexandrovich.

In November 1811, Stroganov became adjutant general, participated in the Battle of Borodino, led the third infantry corps. Already in the rank of lieutenant general, he fought at Tarutin, near Maloyaroslavets and Krasny. The famous Battle of the Peoples near Leipzig did not pass by the count. In 1814, at the Battle of Krasna (the Russian army, led by Stroganov, was in the minority, but still managed to win an important victory), his nineteen-year-old son Alexander died. Count Stroganov, along with his son's body, went to St. Petersburg, refusing the reward for victory in order to attend the funeral of the only heir.

A.S. Pushkin sang P. A. Stroganov and his only son in one of the stanzas of the VI chapter of "Eugene Onegin" (not included in the final text).

1775-1845: Sofya Vladimirovna Stroganova (Golitsyna) - Paul's wife, managed huge estates

Countess Sofya Vladimirovna Stroganova (1775-1845), "a woman of extraordinary qualities of mind and heart," as contemporaries said about her. She came from the Golitsyn family, in 1793 she married Count P.A. Stroganov. Remaining a widow at 42 and the lifelong owner of the Stroganovsky Majorat, Sofya Vladimirovna focused almost exclusively on managing and streamlining the neglected economy. For 28 years, single-handedly managing huge estates, Sofya Vladimirovna did a lot to improve the literacy and professional education of her employees and improve their living conditions, for which she founded her own "Private Mining School" in St. Petersburg, which after 11 years was renamed the "School of Agriculture, Mining and Forest Sciences," approved the Rules on pensions for employees and craftsmen.

Sofya Vladimirovna was a member of the Free Economic Society and was awarded a gold medal for her activities. In 1837, a bust of her was installed in the Society's meeting hall. In addition, the countess became one of the founders of the Society for the Promotion of Arts, which played a significant role in the spread of culture in Russia. Sofya Vladimirovna traditionally kept the doors of the Stroganov Palace open to representatives of the literary and artistic world. In the salon of the countess, who was fond of literature and art (she translated the second part of Dante's Divine Comedy, was engaged in drawing and painting), poets, writers and other cultural figures constantly visited: N.I. Gnedich, V.L. Borovikovsky, I.P. Martov, N.M. Karamann, I.A. Krylov, V.A. Zhukovsky. Presumably, A.S. Pushkin was there.

1794-1882: Sergey Grigorievich Stroganov - founder of the Stroganov School of Technical Drawing

Count Sergey Grigorievich Stroganov (1794-1882) Russian statesman, art historian, archaeologist, collector of numismatics and icon painting, philanthropist. In 1815, he married the eldest daughter of Paul and Sophia - Natalia and inherited her count title.

In 1825, Sergei Grigorievich founded the "School of Drawing in Relation to the Arts and Crafts" at his own expense, later transformed into the School of Technical Drawing (now the S. G. Stroganov Russian State Art and Industry University, Stroganovka).

For a long time, Sergei Grigorievich was chairman of the Society of History and Antiquities of Russia at Moscow University. Thanks to his efforts, the society received the title of Imperial. In 1859, Stroganov organized the Archaeological Commission and financed annual expeditions to southern Russia.

Until 1859, Sergei Grigorievich and his family lived in Moscow, and after being invited to the court to educate Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich, he moved to St. Petersburg.

1852-1923: Sergey Aleksandrovich Stroganov - hunter, horse breeder, traveler

Count Sergei Alexandrovich Stroganov (1852-1923), the last representative of the famous family, captain of the 1st rank, district leader of the nobility of the Porkhov district of the Pskov province, grandson of Count S.G. Stroganov, from whom he inherited the inseparable estate of the Stroganov. He took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. He spent considerable time on the Volyshovo estate of the Pskov province, where he was fond of hunting. He was among the organizers and publishers of the magazine "Hunt." In the Caucasus, he founded the Terek stud farm, brought elite Arab horses to Russia. In the late 1860s, together with her sister Olga and her husband A.G. Shcherbatov, they visited the Arab east, visited India, Ceylon, Singapore and Java, on horseback they crossed the Syrian desert. They reflected their impressions in the book "Riding in the homeland of the Bedouin in search of blood Arab horses (2600 versts across the Arabian deserts in 1888 and 1900)."

In 1904, during the Russo-Japanese War, at his own expense, he acquired a steamer in Germany, which was converted into the aeronautical cruiser Rus, the first Russian balloon carrier. Since 1907 he lived mainly in Paris and Nice, where he had the villa Cap Estelle. In 1915, during the First World War, he organized the production of shrapnel at the Dobryansky plant (now the city of Dobryanka), which he supplied to the state at cost. After the revolution of 1917, Sergiy Alexandrovich voluntarily handed over the keys to the Stroganov Palace in St. Petersburg to the People's Commissar of Education A.V. Lunacharsky and left Russia forever.