ARPANET

These two computers were the first nodes of network which received afterwards the name ARPANET.

Yes, that network from which it seems as all Internet grew then. That which, according to later mythology, was designed on a case of nuclear war, say, to provide stable communication in conditions when forward channels of communication are put out of action.

Actually it is really the myth: ARPANET though is generated by the Agency on the perspective research project (ARPA, now - the DARPA), in fact, was not especially defense project, rather private initiative to which development ARPA raised essential funds.

(Well, almost) the person around which all history twirled the specialist in information science J. Licklider (J.C.R. Licklider) working in BBN company became private. In August, 1962 it published several works connected with creation of what he called "the Intergalaktichesky computer network". In it practically all basic principles on which today's Internet functions were stated.

In October, 1963 Licklider was given assignment in the Pentagon to a position of the program manager of behavioural sciences and command and control in the Agency according to perspective research projects (Advanced Research Projects Agency).

Licklider then long communicated with Ayven Sutherland and Bob Taylor - then they will be called pioneers of the Internet, and for good reason, - and could convince them of expediency of implementation of the ideas. However, Licklider managed to leave ARPA still before his concept was adopted in development.

Further for good reason Taylor undertook.

ARPA had interest in the project of the computer network allowing to use different computers for transmission of messages: The agency sponsored scientific research in different commercial and academic institutions (including in the field of information science), and was interested that these researchers used computers with which ARPA also supplied them in work.

Besides, using such network it would be possible to accelerate dissemination of information on new results of researches and the new software.

As Charles Hertsfeld told then, the former head of ARPA, the ARPAnet project became their result "to frustration concerning a limited number of big and powerful research computers in the country, and that circumstance that many researchers who needed access to them could not receive it because of geographical remoteness". One more word against the widespread idea that ARPAnet was created "on a case of nuclear war".

However, considering that the main ARPA/DARPA profile - military technologies, and outside in the heat there was a Cold War, will attribute military appointment of ARPAnet still very long - and hardly absolutely it is groundless.

At office Taylor had three computer terminals, each of which was connected to the different computers designed on money of ARPA. Q-32 system in System Development Corporation, the second - Project Genie at the University of California in Berkeley and the third - a computer system of Multics in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology was the first. For each of terminals there was the command system, on everyone it was necessary to log in as it is called now, separately...

Laziness, as we know, the progress engine, and Taylor came to a natural conclusion that would be quite good to be made so that from one terminal it was possible to set connection with any other computer.

By the way, practically at the same time actively there were developments in the field of routing of packets; the first public demonstration happened on August 5, 1968 in Great Britain, in National physical laboratory.

Taylor prepared the finished plan for creation of a computer network for the middle of 1968 and after approval of ARPA, sent to 140 potential contractors necessary requests.

And here here it was found out that all this is necessary for nobody at all. The vast majority considered the offer of ARPA madness, only 12 organizations responded in essence, and ARPA considered only four of them then as primary contractors. By the end of 1968 remained two, and as a result the BBN Technologies company mentioned already above got the contract.

The team of seven specialists quickly enough could design the first working machines: on the basis of the computer of Honeywell DDP 516 the first IMP (Interface Message Processors), devices reminding modern routers were made.

However, not by the sizes:

Each IMP received and sent data packets, and was connected to the modem connected to dedicated lines. The computer host was already connected to IMP (via the special serial interface).

An operable system with all hardware and program stuffings was designed in nine months. Symbolical term, isn't it?

And on October 29 the first attempt of message exchange between two computers was made. The first hi left crumpled: from the word LOGIN only the letters L and O (by the way, now "lo" is a reduced "Hello") then a system fainted were transferred. In several hours she managed to be brought round, and the word LOGIN reached the Stanford machine...

1969: ARPAnet from 4 nodes

10/29/1969 in the USA there was the first data transmission between 2 computers within the ARPANET project. Birthday of the Internet

By the beginning of December, 1969 ARPAnet consisted of four nodes, by September, 1971 nodes was already 18, and growth went after the exhibitor. In 1973 took place "public representation" of ARPAnet. In October, at the First international conference on computers and communication in Washington, the staff of ARPA showed system operation, having integrated the computers which were located in 40 different places in the territory of the USA. It attracted considerable interest, and in addition to ARPAnet the new networks built by the similar principles began to appear.

Perhaps, development by the staff of ARPA and Stanford of the protocol of control of data transmission and the internetwork protocol (transmission control protocol/internet protocol - TCP/IP) became the most significant event further. This stack of protocols at the heart of the modern Internet also lies still.

1977: The first testing of network according to the scenario: The USSR attacks Europe

From the book by Yasha Levin "Internet as weapon" (2019):

The first successful testing of network with the TCP/IP protocol which took place on November 22, 1977 imitated the military scenario: by means of satellite, cable and radio networks contact with the active mobile part conducting battles against the conditional Soviet troops which intruded in Europe was kept. The old delivery GMC van which Stanford specialists stuffed with the radio equipment played a role of the motorized division of NATO and went to and fro on the highway near Stanford, sending data through a radio network of ARPANET. Then they were transported on satellite network ARPA to Europe — through Sweden and London then returned to the USA, to the University of California, Los Angeles, on satellite and cable channels ARPA.

1990: ARPAnet stopped existence

Formally ARPAnet stopped the existence in 1990. On the other hand on its basic principles all today's Internet so to some extent ARPAnet was immortal keeps.

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