Evening dawn

Main article: History of music in Russia

Formation of the military ceremony

The history of the ritual dates back to 1596, when in the camp camps of the Landsknechts, the breakaway for night sleep began to be declared not by an oral team, but by the sounds of a bugle. From the middle of the XVII century, the evening dawn signal entered the charters of most European armies. Russia This ritual of signals gets from Holland where Peter the Great brought her.

In the Netherlands, beer is a national drink. In order to stop the sweet libation of beer in time, a special pipe signal was invented - "Close the tap!" - tap of a beer barrel in the zucchini "At the old boatswain" at the corner of the Flower and Great Canals in Amsterdam.

In Dutch, this signal sounds like "Tap tu." This ancient signal has survived to this day and gave life to such wonderful, truly theatrical performances, referred to today as festivals of military bands.

Planting everything Dutch in Russia, including the love of beer, Peter also borrowed the military signal "Tap tu." So he was called in the Peter's Maritime Charter: "Play Tapta." Later, this signal was Russified and began to be called "Evening Dawn." During the reign of Emperor Paul I, who, although he did not like military music, but was very fond of military ceremonies and parades, the ceremonial of the Russian Evening Dawn reached the pinnacle of perfection. At the direction of the monarch, the court bandmaster Dmitry Bortnyansky processed (or re-wrote) all the music of the ritual, which eventually took the following form:

• "Agenda" - performed by picolists (who also at that time, as under Peter I, were called "sooths" or flute players) and drummers;
• Signal "To Dawn" - performed by the same musicians;
• "Dawn" - performed by a full military orchestra; ("Dawn" D. Bortnyansky)
• "Roll call" - regiments and battalions participating in the ceremony. Each regiment and battalion performed its own signal on horns, and later, under Alexander I, and orchestral music performed by the orchestra of that regiment or battalion;
• Signal "To prayer" - caps down! (picolists and drummers);
• "Prayer" is a remarkable hymn, "Kohl is glorious," performed by the orchestra, the choirboys, and all those present;
• Signal "End prayer" - wear hats!

However, there is a more patriotic version of the emergence of the Dawn ritual. It is given in the book "Soviet Military Music," published in 1977^[1]:

"The appearance of the rituals of the Solemn Dawn and evening verification, dates back to distant times. Old Russian chronicles and other historical sources indicate that the "beating of Zor" was widespread in Russia already in the XIV-XV centuries, although at that time the dawn did not yet have purely military significance. After the "Evening Dawn," the city (fortress) gates were locked, guards were put up, and access to the city was stopped. In the morning, performed by "Morning Dawn," the entrance to the village became free. "Beat Zor" was carried out on drums and pipes. For the first time, a detailed description of the actions of "drummers and trumpeters" in various cases of the life of troops is given in the Russian military charter, printed in 1647. The final design of the Dawn in a military ceremony took place at the beginning of the 18th century. "

Despite the fact that this version is much more patriotic, you should be careful about it. The book in which it is given is very ideologized. However, it is impossible to discount it from accounts.

As we can see, in Russia by the end of the XVIII (or the beginning, according to the book "Soviet Military Music") of the century, a separate solemn ceremony is formed from simply applied military signals in which the main role is assigned to choirs of military music or, according to the modern one, military bands. We can hear such a ceremony performed by the Admiralty Orchestra of the LVMB under the direction of A. A. Karabanov on the disc "Music of the Russian Imperial Guard" part I.

The spread of the Russian Dawn in Europe

Thanks to the victory of the Russian troops in the war with Napoleon in 1814 and the almost complete occupation of Europe, the music of the Russian evening dawn gained in the west simply stunning popularity. It was always performed at the end of disabled concerts, which gained fame in Europe as "Monster Concerts."

Especially the Evening Dawn fell in love with King Frederick-William III of Prussia - a close friend of Alexander I, and then Nicholas I. Nikolai Pavlovich made another royal gift - he gave the Germans not only the notes themselves and the right to execute them, but also the right to print them in Germany. It's hard to overstate the significance of this gift. Only thanks to him did the Russian evening dawn not only survive and survive the Bolshevik pogrom, but is still being fulfilled and loved in Europe.

Unfortunately, this ceremony has not been preserved in Russia, but fortunately, it was ours, the borrowed ritual, that was preserved in Germany. In Germany, not many people know (or do not want to know) that their "Der Große Zapfenstreich" is originally a ritual with Russian music.

There is a story that Frederick-Wilhelm III heard the execution of Dawn in the camp of Russian troops in Prussia in August 1813 during the liberation of Europe (or "variation" that he heard Dawn in the Russian camp after the battle of Großgerschen), and by decree of August 10, 1813 establishes this ceremony in the Prussian army according to the Russian model. Or, as other sources write, includes the performance of the Prayer "according to the Russian" model, i.e. prayer (Gebet) is included in the ceremony. Apparently, it was Bortnyansky's chorale "Kohl is famous" with newly written words - "Ich bete an die Macht der Liebe."

Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich presented the right to print notes in Prussia, this happened in 1836 when he visited Berlin. According to the Germans, at the same time the Evening Dawn ceremony was finally formed "according to the Russian model." So in Prussia/Germany/Germany our ritual "Ich bete an die Macht der Liebe" and "Kohl is famous" appeared:

In the Bortnyansky version, the Russian evening dawn lasted until 1836, when it included the new Russian national anthem "God Save the Tsar!" Including the new anthem "God Save the Tsar!" in the ritual of Dawn, Nicholas I did not cancel the old one - "Kol Slaven," but left in his rightful place. Thus, in the Russian evening dawn, both hymns began to sound - both old and new.

Solemn (Red) dawn in the USSR

Solemn dawn (Red dawn) Soviet version of the Evening Dawn. In 1927 (1933, according to V. I. Tutunov), S. A. Chernetsky wrote new music for the ceremony. In the melody of "Summons," the melody "Odes to Joy" from the IV part of L. van Beethoven's symphony No. 9 is distinguishable, it is very organically inscribed in the music. The anthem of the USSR was performed in the ceremony and combat marches participated in the ceremony during the passage of the troops. The ceremony was later supplemented. 15 minutes before the start of the Solemn Dawn, a signal was sent "Agenda for the Solemn Dawn," performed on fanfare and pipes. Before the start of the performance of Dawn's music, three flares were launched, after which the artillery battery fired a volley with blank shots. The consolidated military band, located in the center of the formation of troops, performs the Dawn, and then the Anthem of the Soviet Union, after which the troops pass a solemn march.

In the Soviet Armed Forces, when located in training centers and camps, Zarya was performed daily after the end of evening verification, and when troops were located in barracks, after the end of the general battalion or regimental evening verification. The Muzyka Zari, performed at this time, was written by composer S. A. Chernetsky. With the location of troops in the camp on the days of public holidays of the USSR, holidays of types of Armed Forces, military branches, annual holidays of units (formations) and when visiting the camp gathering by persons whose list is determined by the Charter of the internal service of the Armed Forces of the USSR, solemn Dawn was held. To do this, the entire personnel of the camp camp lined up at the place indicated by the head of the camp camp. At a certain time for Zarya, 3 flares are launched one after another and the assigned artillery battery fired a volley with blank shots, the combined orchestra played Zarya, and then performed the Anthem of the Soviet Union, after which the troops passed under the ^[2] of the ^[2]

Шаблон:XVIII Century Music CD

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