Geoinformation system

GIS includes the capabilities of DBMS, editors of raster and vector graphics and analytical tools and are used in cartography, geology, meteorology, land management, ecology, municipal administration, transport, economics, defense.

According to the territorial coverage, there are global GIS, subcontinental GIS, national GIS, often having the status of state, regional GIS, subregional GIS and local, or local GIS (local GIS).

GIS differ in the subject area of ​ ​ information modeling, for example, urban GIS, or municipal GIS, MGIS GIS, environmental GIS; among them, land information systems received a special name, as especially widespread. The problem orientation of GIS is determined by the tasks (scientific and applied) solved in it, among them resource inventory (including cadastre), analysis, assessment, monitoring, management and planning, decision support. Integrated GIS (integrated GIS, IGIS) combines the functionality of GIS and digital image processing (remote sensing data) systems in a single integrated environment.

Multiscale GIS (multiscale GIS) are based on multiple, or multiscale representations of spatial objects (multiple representation, multiscale representation), providing graphical or cartographic reproduction of data at any of the selected levels of the scale series based on a single set of data with the highest spatial resolution. Spatial-temporal GIS (spatio-temporal GIS) is operated with spatial-temporal data. The implementation of geo-information projects (GIS project), the creation of GIS in the broad sense of the word, includes the stages: feasibility study, including the study of user requirements and the functionality of the GIS software used, feasibility study, cost/profit ratio assessment (costs/benefits); GIS design, including pilot-project, GIS development; its testing on a small territorial fragment, or test area (test area), prototyping, or creating a prototype, or prototype (prototype); GIS implementation operation and use. Scientific, technical, technological and applied aspects of GIS design, creation and use are studied by geoinformatics.

Chronicle

2023

The Ministry of Digital Development of the Russian Federation will control geoinformation systems

In November 2023, the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation published a draft government decree, if adopted, the departments will receive the authority to control Russian geoinformation systems and technologies, funds and their developers for compliance with standards.

Regulations on the Ministry of Digital Development, Mass Communications of the Russian Federation, approved by a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation... supplement with subclause... «5.4.27. verification of compliance of Russian geoinformation technologies, geoinformation systems and geoinformation means, and their developers with the requirements... and in case of non-compliance with these requirements, issues instructions to eliminate the identified violations... This decree comes into force on April 1, 2024, the document says, an excerpt from which is quoted by RIA Novosti.

Moscow City Ministry of Digital Development Office

According to the explanatory note, to which the news agency also refers, by November 2023, state and local authorities, as well as their subordinate organizations, are obliged to use Russian geoinformation technologies, geoinformation systems and geoinformation means that meet the requirements of Russian standards established by the federal executive body.

As noted in, from Ministry of Digital Development April 1, 2024 Russia , the mechanism for organizing cartographic activities, the use of relevant technologies, systems and means is being improved. State and local authorities and their "summons" are legally obliged to use Russian geo-information technologies, systems and means that meet the requirements for them, as well as for their developers.^[1]

Putin signed a law prohibiting government agencies from using foreign geo-information systems

President RFVladimir Putin signed a law prohibiting state bodies and a number of organizations from using foreign geoinformation systems, technologies and means for processing spatial data from 2026. The document was published on the official Internet portal of legal information in early August 2023.

According to RIA Novosti with reference to this document, the ban will apply to state corporations, state-owned companies, public law companies, natural monopolies. The ban will also affect economic companies, in the authorized capital of which the share of participation of the Russian Federation, its region, municipality in total exceeds 50%, as well as their "daughters" and "granddaughters."

Vladimir Putin

In addition, according to the law, if these legal entities perform or purchase geodetic and cartographic work, then they will be obliged to send the received data and materials to the federal spatial data fund.

Russian geoinformation systems, means and technologies used by such bodies and organizations must comply with the requirements of the authorized federal body, agreed with the Ministry of Defense. The list of such systems, technologies, and means will be posted on the federal portal of spatial data.

The law also contains changes related to the creation and functioning of a federal network of geodetic stations, including differential ones. At such stations, the signals of satellite navigation systems are constantly received with the transmission of the received information to the state information system of the network. Differential geodetic stations can be created both at the expense of budgetary funds and funds of citizens or legal entities.

Earlier, Vladimir Putin said that dependence on foreign technologies carries serious threats to national security. According to him, many countries tried to "put" Russia on foreign platforms and standards, but at some point "tightly closed the door."^[2]

Government agencies in Russia banned the use of foreign geoinformsystems

On July 25, 2023, the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the third (final) reading adopted a law prohibiting government agencies from using foreign geoinformation systems, technologies and means for processing spatial data.

As RIA Novosti clarifies with reference to the approved document, it prohibits the use of foreign geo-information technologies, geoinformation systems and geo-information means to state and local authorities, their subordinate organizations, as well as certain types of legal entities from January 1, 2026.

Government agencies in the Russian Federation banned the use of foreign geoinformsystems

The ban applies to state corporations, state-owned companies, public law companies, natural monopolies; organizations carrying out regulated activities in the field of electrical, gas, heat and water supply, water disposal, waste management; autonomous institutions. In addition, the ban applies to economic companies in the authorized capital of which the share of participation of the Russian Federation, its region, the municipality in total exceeds 50%, as well as their "daughters" and "granddaughters." If these legal entities perform or purchase geodetic and cartographic work, then they will be obliged to send the received data and materials to the federal spatial data fund.

The law also contains changes related to the creation and operation of a federal network of geodetic stations, including differential ones. At such stations, the signals of satellite navigation systems are constantly received with the transmission of the received information to the state information system of the network. Differential geodetic stations can be created both at the expense of budgetary funds and funds of citizens or legal entities. These changes are made in order to combine disparate individual geodetic stations and increase the accuracy of measurements carried out during geodetic and cartographic work.

The entry into force of the law is scheduled for April 1, 2024.^[3]

2022: Adoption in the first reading of the bill on the transition to the use of domestic geo-information technologies

The State Duma adopted in the first reading the draft federal law developed by Rosreestr "On Amendments to the Federal Law" On Geodesy, Cartography and Spatial Data and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation "and the Land Code of the Russian Federation." This was announced on February 22, 2022 to TAdviser in Rosreestr.

Rosreestr's bill on the transition to domestic geo-information technologies was adopted in the first reading
Photo: aurora.red

As you know, the search, collection, storage, processing, provision and distribution of spatial data, including using information systems, is regulated by the Federal Law of December 30, 2015 No. 431-FZ "On Geodesy, Cartography and Spatial Data and on Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation." The bill initiated by Rosreestr was developed on the basis of an order of the President of the Russian Federation dated 18.05.2017 No. 163-rp and additionally regulates issues related to the use of geo-information technologies, the department said.

The main goal of the bill is to ensure the transition in Russia to the use of domestic geo-information technologies. The bill also proposes to improve certain aspects of activities in the field of geodesy and cartography to increase the efficiency of the circulation of spatial data.

"Most federal and regional executive bodies use geoinformation systems and technologies in their activities every day. For example, regional geoportals display information about the transport services of the population, about social facilities, about tourist routes, etc. At the same time, there are no uniform requirements for the use of such technologies, "said State Secretary - Deputy Head of Rosreestr Alexei Butovetsky.

The bill proposes to determine the federal executive body that will regulate in the field of geo-information technologies. In addition, the authorized body will have to develop uniform requirements for software tools for geoinformation systems are used in state and local authorities. Such an authorized body should be determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

According to representatives of Rosreestr, the provisions provided for by the bill will contribute to the involvement in the economic circulation of spatial data created by all subjects of geodetic and cartographic activities.

GIS tasks

• Data entry. To be used in GIS, the data must be converted to a suitable digital format (digitized). In modern GIS, this process can be automated using scanner technology, or, with a small amount of work, data can be entered using a digitizer.
• Manipulate data (such as scaling).
• Data management. In small projects, geographic information can be stored as regular files, and as the volume of information increases and the number of users grows, DBMSs are used to store, structure and manage data.
• Query and analyze data - get answers to various questions (for example, who is the owner of this land plot? At what distance are these objects located from each other? Where is this industrial area located? Where are the places to build a new home? What is the main type of soil under spruce forests? How will the construction of a new road affect traffic?).
• Data visualization. For example, representing data as a map or graph.

GIS capabilities

GIS includes the capabilities of DBMS, editors of raster and vector graphics and analytical tools and are used in cartography, geology, meteorology, land management, ecology, municipal administration, transport, economics, defense. GIS allows solving a wide range of problems - whether it is analyzing such global problems as overpopulation, pollution of the territory, reduction of forest land, natural disasters, as well as solving private problems, such as finding the best route between points, selecting the optimal location of a new office, finding a house at its address, laying a pipeline on the ground, various municipal tasks.

The GIS system allows:

• determine which objects are located in the specified territory;
• Determine the location of the object (spatial analysis)
• provide an analysis of the density of distribution over the territory of a phenomenon (for example, density of settlement);
• Define temporary changes in a specific area)
• Simulate what happens when you make changes to the location of objects (for example, if you add a new road).

GIS classification

By territorial coverage:

• global GIS;
• subcontinental GIS;
• national GIS;
• regional GIS;
• subregional GIS;
• local or local GIS.

By control level:

• federal GIS;
• regional GIS;
• municipal GIS;
• corporate GIS.

By functionality:

• fully functional;
• GIS to view data;
• GIS for data input and processing;
• specialized GIS.

In the subject area:

• cartographic;
• geological;
• urban or municipal GIS;
• environmental GIS , etc .

If, in addition to GIS functionality, the system has digital image processing capabilities, then such systems are called integrated GIS (Integrated GIS). Multi-scale, or scale-independent, GIS are based on multiple, or multi-scale representations of spatial objects, providing graphical or cartographic reproduction of data at any of the selected scale series levels based on a single set of data with the highest spatial resolution. Space-time GIS is operated with space-time data.

GIS Application Areas

• Land management, land cadastras. To solve problems that have spatial binding, they began to create GIS. Typical tasks are to compile cadastrals, classification maps, determine the areas of plots and the boundaries between them  , etc.
• Inventory, accounting, planning and management of distributed production infrastructure facilities. For example, oil and gas companies or companies that manage the energy network, the system of gas stations, stores  , etc.
• Design, engineering surveys, planning in construction, architecture. Such GIS make it possible to solve a full range of tasks for the development of the territory, optimization of the infrastructure of the area under construction, the required amount of equipment, forces and equipment.
• Thematic mapping.
• Management of land, air and water transport. GIS allows solving the tasks of controlling moving objects, provided that the specified system of relations between them and stationary objects is fulfilled. At any time, you can find out where the vehicle is located, calculate the load, optimal trajectory, arrival time  , etc.
• Management of natural resources, environmental activities and ecology. GIS helps to determine the current state and reserves of observed resources, simulates processes in the natural environment, performs environmental monitoring of the area.
• Geology, mineral resources, mining. The well log calculates useful reserves minerals based on the results of samples (exploratory drilling, test pits) with a known model formations of the field process.
• Emergencies. With the help of GIS, emergency situations (fires, floods, earthquakes, mudflows, hurricanes) are predicted, the degree of potential danger is calculated and decisions are made on the provision of assistance, the calculation of the required amount of forces and means for emergency response, the calculation of optimal routes to the disaster site, and the assessment of the damage caused.
• Military affairs. Solving a wide range of specific tasks related to the calculation of visibility zones, optimal cross-country routes, taking into account countermeasures  , etc.
• Agriculture. Forecast yield and increase in agricultural production, optimize its transportation and marketing.

Agriculture

Before the start of each agricultural season, farmers must make 50 important decisions: what to grow, when to sow, whether to use fertilizers, etc. Any of them can affect yields and the final result. Previously, farmers made such decisions based on past experience, tradition, or even conversations with neighbors and other acquaintances. Today, agriculture generates more geographically linked data than most other industries. The data comes from a variety of sources: machine telemetry, weather stations, ground sensors, soil samples, ground surveillance, satellites and drones. Through GIS, agricultural companies can collect, process, and analyze data to maximize resources, monitor crop conservation, and increase yields^[4].

Transportation and Logistics

The movement of people and things often comes with enormous logistical difficulties. Imagine a hospital that wants to provide its patients with the best and fastest route to home at a certain time, or a local government that wants to organize optimal bus and light rail routes, or a manufacturer that wants to deliver its products as efficiently and economically as possible, or an oil company that plans to lay pipelines. In each of these cases, an analysis of the location data is required to make business decisions based on complete information.

Power

In the exploration of energy resources, satellite photographs, geological maps of the ground surface and remote sensing of formations are used to determine the economic feasibility of production in a particular area. Energy companies use a huge amount of geographical data, since industrial sensors are now installed everywhere: laser sensors on airplanes, sensors on the ground during drilling, pipeline monitors, etc. Mapping and spatial analysis provide the necessary knowledge to make decisions in compliance with regulatory requirements for site selection and resource localization.

Retail trade

With consumers increasingly using smartphones and wearables, traditional sellers can use geospatial technology to get a fuller picture of past and present customer behavior. Because geospatial data does not boil down to location, but covers related data, such as customer demographics or where people spend the most time in the store. You can use all this data when you select a location for a store, define a set of items and place them, and so on.

Defense and Intelligence

Geospatial technology has transformed military and intelligence operations in any part of the world where military contingents are stationed. The command, analysts and other specialists need accurate GIS data to solve their tasks. GIS helps to assess the situation (creates a complete visual representation of tactical information), conduct operations on land (shows terrain conditions, heights, routes, vegetation, objects and settlements), in the air (transmits weather and visibility data to pilots; directs troops and supplies, gives target designation) and at sea (shows currents, wave height, tides and weather).

Federal government

Timely and accurate geospatial intelligence is essential for decision-making by federal agencies that are responsible for safety and security, infrastructure, resource management, and quality of life. GIS allows you to organize security and security with operational support, coordinate defense, response to natural disasters, the actions of law enforcement agencies, national security agencies and emergency services. In terms of infrastructure, GIS helps manage resources and assets dedicated to highways, ports, public transport and airports. Federal agencies also use GIS to better understand the current and historical data needed to manage agriculture and forestry, mining, water and other natural resources.

Local authorities

Local authorities make daily decisions that directly affect residents and visitors. Starting with the repair of roads and utilities and ending with the assessment of the cost of land and the development of territories - everywhere cartographic applications are used to analyze and interpret GIS data. In addition, the population and landscape of cities and towns can change greatly in a relatively short time. To adapt to these changes and provide people with the level of service they expect, local authorities widely apply state-of-the-art GIS technology to monitor traffic and traffic conditions, environmental quality, disease spread, distribution of public utilities (for example, electrical and water supply and sewerage), for managing parks and other public plots of land, as well as for issuing permits for the creation of campsites, hunting, fishing, etc.

GIS structure

Composition of GIS.

The GIS system includes five key components:

• hardware. This is the computer running GIS. GIS currently operates on various types of computer platforms, from centralized servers to individual or networked desktops;
• software. Contains the functions and tools required to store, analyze, and visualize geographic information. Such software products include: tools for entering and operating geographic information; Database management system (DBMS or DBMS) Spatial query, analysis, and visualization support tools
• data. Spatial data (geographic data) and associated tabular data may be collected and prepared by the user or purchased from suppliers on a commercial or other basis. In the process of managing spatial data, GIS integrates spatial data with other types and sources of data, and can also use DBMSs used by many organizations to organize and support the data at their disposal;
• performers. GIS users can be both technicians who develop and support the system, as well as ordinary employees who are helped by GIS to solve current everyday affairs and problems;
• methods.

History of GIS

Pioneer period (late 1950s - early 1970s)

A study of fundamental possibilities, borderline areas of knowledge and technology, the development of empirical experience, the first major projects and theoretical work.

• The emergence of electronic computers (computers) in the 50s.
• The advent of digitalists, plotters, graphics displays and other peripherals in the 60s.
• Create software algorithms and procedures for graphically displaying information on displays and using plotters.
• Create formal spatial analysis methods.
• Create database management software.

The period of state initiatives (beginning. 1970s - early. 1980s)

State support for GIS stimulated the development of experimental work in the field of GIS, based on the use of databases on street networks:

• Automated navigation systems.
• Urban waste and waste disposal systems.
• Movement of vehicles in emergency situations, etc.

Commercial development period (early 1980s - present)

A wide market of various software tools, the development of desktop GIS, the expansion of their application by integrating with non-spatial databases, the emergence of network applications, the emergence of a significant number of non-professional users, systems that support individual datasets on individual computers, open the way for systems that support corporate and distributed geodatabases.

User period (late 1980s - present)

Increased competition among commercial manufacturers of geo-information technologies of services gives advantages to GIS users, the availability and "openness" of software allows you to use and even modify programs, the emergence of user "clubs," teleconferences, geographically disconnected, but connected with a single topic of user groups, an increased need for geodata, the beginning of the formation of a global geo-information infrastructure.

GIS structure

1. Data (spatial data):
2. * position (geographic): location of the object on the Earth's surface.
3. * non-position (attribute): descriptive.
4. Hardware (computers, networks, drives, scanner, digitizers, etc.).
5. Software (SW).
6. Technologies (methods, procedure, etc.).

Questions that the GIS can answer

1. What is in...? (location determined).
2. Where is it? (spatial analysis).
3. What has changed since...? (Define temporary changes in a specific area).
4. What spatial structures exist?
5. What if? (modeling what happens if you add a new road).

GIS in Russia

The most common in Russia are the ArcGIS and ArcView software products of ESRI, the GeoMedia product family of Intergraph Corporation and MapInfo Professional of Pitney Bowes MapInfo. Шаблон:Source?

Other software products of domestic and foreign development are also used: Bentley's MicroStation, IndorGIS, STAR-APIC, Zulu, DoubleGIS, etc.

Russian GIS Market

In 2012, the geoinformation services market in Russia continued to grow, increasing by 20%. The same indicator was observed in 2011; then, in monetary terms, the volume of the domestic geoinformatics market amounted to 1.2 billion US dollars. In 2012, this figure reached $1.5 billion; of which about 15% falls on the actual development, implementation and support of information systems (including corporate GIS), 40% - on the satellite navigation sector, another 25% is the segment associated with the collection, processing and generation of spatial data. The remaining 20% includes geodetic/mapping services and specialized equipment.

Deputy Director of Esri CIS Sergey Shcherbina told TAdviser that there are two forecasts for the development of the GIS market in Russia for 2013: a positive scenario assumes an increase of 25%, a negative one - an increase of 15%.

"The difference of 10 percentage points is the ability of the state to implement GIS systems. There is a desire and understanding of the need on the part of the state, but everything rests on funding, "Shcherbina told TAdviser. - If existing projects do not slip, and funds are allocated from the budget, then a positive scenario will be justified. If not justified, the increasing interest from commercial organizations will allow the market to grow by about 15%. "

GIS Software Products

The catalog of GIS systems and projects, developers and integrators is available at this address: GIS - Geoinformation systems

GIS Websites

GIS community

• GIS Association
• GIS-Lab.info: GIS and Remote Sensing
• Site Evgenia Kukharenko
• GIS topic on the portal report.ru
• Official website of GIS Day
• Geodesy.Org.Ru - all about GIS and geodesy
• Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) - an international non-profit consortium of open GIS technologies

Notes

• Regular monitoring of the Black Sea using GIS technologies