The main articles are:
1994: EU accession referendum
Main article: European Union (EU, EU)
1986
1971
1976
1970
Södertälje, July 1970.]]
1967: Switch to right-hand drive
1965: Tram crash
1959
1958: FIFA World Cup
1953
1949
1928
1926
1919
1896: Criticism of the exploitation of workers in the media
1892
1718: The Death of Charles XII
Charles XII became the last European monarch to fall in battle.
According to another version, he became a victim of a conspiracy of the Swedish aristocracy, dissatisfied with the continuation of a devastating war, and was killed as a result of an assassination attempt (the circumstances of the death of the king are still the cause of fierce disputes).
1708: Victory of Peter I at Lesnaya over the Swedish corps
On October 9 (September 28), 1708, Peter I defeated the Swedes, which he called the "first soldier's breakdown" and the "mother of the Battle of Poltava" - the main battle of the Northern War (1700-1721). At the end of September, near the village of Lesnaya (now the Mogilev region of Belarus), the 12,000th detachment of Peter I (corvolant) defeated the 16,000th Swedish corps of General Adam Levengaupt, which was moving to join the main army of the Swedish king Charles XII.
Russian troops attacked several times, moving from firing to hand-to-hand combat, eventually forcing the Swedes to abandon the camp and retreat. A detachment was sent to the enemy under the command of Lieutenant General Gebhard Flug. Flug caught up with the remnants of Levengaupt's troops at Propoisk, where he finally defeated the enemy forces.
The Swedish troops were forced to abandon a huge convoy with a supply of food for three months, artillery and ammunition, which greatly weakened the position of the army of Charles XII.
1658: Maximum territory in the country's history
1628
1618
1617: Stolbovsky world. Closing Russia's exit to the Baltic Sea and the return of Novgorod land
Main article: Russian Foreign Policy
On February 27, 1617, a peaceful treatise was signed, called the Stolbovsky Peace.
According to the text of the agreement, Novgorod lands were divided between the two states: Veliky Novgorod and the entire Novgorod patrimony, including Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Porkhov, Gdov with counties, as well as Sumersky volost (Lake Samro district, now Slantsevsky district of the Leningrad region) and all state and church property seized by the Swedes on this territory were returned to the Russian kingdom; The Russian cities of Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, Korela, the entire Neva and Oreshek with the county departed to the Swedish kingdom.
The Stolbovsky world completely cut off Russia from the Baltic Sea, which allowed King Gustav Adolf to consider the treaty a major victory for the Swedish army and diplomacy.
The Moscow authorities were also pleased with the conclusion of peace, albeit on difficult conditions. Firstly, they achieved the return of Veliky Novgorod with its lands, which refused to swear allegiance to the Swedish crown. Secondly, Moscow, providing the rear, was able to freely continue the war with Poland for the return of the captured Russian territories on the western borders.
1610: Witch Hunt
14th century
1301: Destruction of Landskrona by Russian troops led by Andrei Gorodetsky
After the departure of the main forces, the Swedish garrison of Landskrona had no connection with Sweden. A significant part of the products deteriorated, which led to diseases and many deaths. The local population was turned against the invaders, and the garrison was under siege, unable to get fresh provisions. There are few people left in the fortress who can fight, and those that remain have lost their morale. The only hope was for help from Sweden, which was supposed to arrive with the beginning of navigation.
Russian troops led by the son of Alexander Nevsky, Andrei Gorodetsky, approached the fortress in May 1301. The assault continued without stopping day and night, the tired detachment was replaced by a new one. The Swedes did not have the opportunity for respite, and soon there was a fracture. A fire broke out in the fortress, the Russians burst inside and killed most of the defenders. A small group of warriors retreated to the tower and continued to resist for a while, but were forced to surrender. Landskrona fell on May 18, 1301.
Landskrona was burned and destroyed. Novgorodians returned home with prisoners.
After the fall of Landskrona, the war lasted more than 20 years, but Sweden no longer undertook such offensive operations. The failure of the campaign contributed to the fall of the head of Sweden Torgils Knutsson and the subsequent execution. The military operations of the Swedes consisted mainly of extortionate raids and piracy.
1300: The construction of the Landskron fortress by the Swedes at the mouth of the Neva
The capture of the mouth of the Neva as the main Russian access to the sea put all trade and economic life of Veliky Novgorod and a significant part of Russia under Swedish control.
Novgorodians did not have any fortifications at the mouth of the Neva. From the nearest fortresses (Koporya, Ladoga and Korela) to the mouth of the Neva there were two or three days of travel, and from Novgorod the path took more than a week. The maintenance of the Russian fortress there would be worth large costs, and at the same time it would constantly be at risk of capture from the sea.
The plan of the Swedes was to build a strong fortress during the summer season, under the cover of a large army, the garrison of which would be able to withstand the attack of the Novgorodians during the winter, when the main part of the Swedish army returned to Sweden.
The Swedish government understood that the founding of the Swedish city on the Neva, affecting the vital interests of the Novgorod Republic, should have provoked much more powerful opposition from the Russians than the previous actions of the Swedes, so serious preparation preceded the campaign.
Ships and warriors from many areas of Sweden were collected, a large amount of food was purchased in advance. To participate in the campaign, an experienced fortifier from Italy was hired, who was to be helped by many master builders from Sweden.
At the head of the campaign was Torgils Knutsson, the de facto ruler of Sweden. It is assumed that 30-50 ships and 1,100 soldiers participated in the campaign (perhaps this number includes only "noble"). Never before has such a large enemy fleet entered the mouth of the Neva.
The place for the foundation of the fortress was most likely chosen in advance. Landskron's earthen fortress tree was built on a cape formed by the Okhta flowing into the Neva. It was the closest place to the sea, never flooded with water.
Landskrona was in plan a rectangle measuring about 15,000 m ² and was about twice as large as the Vyborg fortress. It was surrounded by two parallel ditches more than 2 meters deep.
The width of the outer ditch along the bottom is about 15 meters, the width of the inner, located 14-15 meters behind the first, is 11 meters. From swimming, the walls of the moat were laid out with wooden plaques - pine logs split in half, laid close to each other along the slope.
The fortress wall had eight towers, which housed throwing machines and easel crossbows.
1095: Mstislav Vladimirovich marries Christine, daughter of the Swedish king
Around 1095, the son of Vladimir Monomakh Mstislav Vladimirovich marries Christine, daughter of the Swedish king Inga Steinkelsson (c. 1084 - c. 1100). For more details see Kievan Rus'
1019: The marriage of Yaroslav Vladimirovich to Ingigerd, daughter of a Swedish king to form a coalition against Poland in the struggle for the throne of Kyiv
Most fully, the story of the marriage of Yaroslav Vladimirovich and Ingigerd (daughter of the Swedish king Olav Eiriksson, who ruled from 995 to 1022, and probably the vendka Astrid) is presented by Snorri Sturluson. For more details see Leningrad Oblast
VIII century: The beginning of the Viking Age
7th century
Beginning of AD: The start of migration is ready to the south
Main article: Goths
Around the turn of the old and new era - either at the end of the 1st century BC, or at the beginning of the 1st century AD, Goths Germans appear in the Vistula basin, which became one of the prerequisites for the beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples. Now this dating is recognized by most historians in Germany, Poland and Sweden.
Where did the Goths come from at the mouth of the Vistula? Maybe from the island of Gotland, judging by its name, although there are several versions on this score. Judging by the characteristic elements of the culture, including burial grounds with stone circles and steles, it is either one of the islands in the Baltic Sea (the same Gotland or Bornholm), or the southern coast of modern Sweden. Most likely, the first group of Gothic immigrants was very few. The 6th-century historian Jordan, in his treatise "On the Origin and Deeds of the Geths," cited the legend of two ships on which the Goths sailed to the southern coast of the Baltic, and on the third later the related Gepids arrived.
Modern archaeological data clearly record: in the II - I centuries BC. In the lower reaches of the Vistula River and on the Baltic coast there was an Oksyva culture. However, in the 1st century CE, it was replaced by the Velbar (after the name of the burial ground Malbork-Velbark) culture, which is commonly identified with the Goths. To the south, in the middle and upper reaches of the Vistula, before the arrival of the Goths, representatives of the Przeworsk culture lived.
Oksyvskaya was also a substrate for Velbar culture. It is now customary to correlate the Germanic Vandal tribe with the Przeworsk culture of Roman time. But its origin in the first centuries BC is connected, among other things, with the Yastrff culture (the ancestral homeland of many West German tribes) and the substrate of the Pomeranian culture - the oldest population in modern Poland before the arrival of the Goths.
Their landing at the Vistula estuary and advance upstream greatly altered the ethnic map of the region. Tribes of Przeworsk culture and other local Germanic tribes under the onslaught of the Goths were forced to migrate south, towards the Danube and Limes - the borders of the Roman Empire, Oleg Radyush, an Lenta.ru archaeologist, researcher at the Department of Archeology of the Great Migration of Peoples and the Early Middle Ages of the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, said in an interview in January 2020[1]
V thousand BC: Megaliths
Notes
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