Serif features of the Russian state in the XVI-XVII centuries (serif)

Main article: History of Russia

The very concept of "Serif trait" appeared much later. In historical documents of that time, another name was used to designate these border fortifications - "Commandment" (i.e. "prohibition," "prohibition") or "Sovereign Commandment."

The exact date of the start of the construction of the Line is unknown, but it began to be erected no later than 1554. Already in 1566, Tsar Ivan IV checked its readiness and traveled around Kozelsk, Belev, Volkhov and other places.

This is the first time in world history that forests have been used to protect a border hundreds of kilometers long. The basis of the Zakechnaya line was made up of separate areas, the so-called "zaseki" - artificial rubble in the depths of the forest, which were arranged "to protect military people from the passage." Trees were chopped according to certain rules: "do not dump from the stump of the tree so that the root lies on the stump." Trees were undercut or "spotted" (hence the name "spotted") at the height of human growth. I.e. in fact, these were the right-of-way that protected the Russian border territories.

From the west and east, the borders of the Zakechnaya line were limited to large forests - Bryansk and Meshchersky. The Venev-Tula area was considered the most vulnerable place, for the infamous Muravsky shlyakh passed here - a direct road for the advancement of steppe hordes from Perekop to Moscow. The desire to protect this dangerous section of the border areas and "explains the creation of a double line of fortifications between Tula and Vienna. To the north-east of Tula lay the Shcheglovskaya and Kortosenevskaya zones with forest debris. In front of them was the arc of the Vienna Serifs. " Further from Tula to the west, the Line went to Krapivna, Odoev and Belev.

Schematic maps of the defense of the southern border of the Moscow state of the XVI-XVII centuries (according to A.I. Yakovlev)

In addition to spots or forest blockages, sections of natural barriers of rivers, swamps, lakes and ravines played a large role in the Line, which in dangerous places were supplemented and interconnected by artificial structures - forest blockages, ramparts, ditches, gouges, palisades, prison, stakes stuffed into the bottom of the river, "oak frequent smooth logs with a nail," lowered into the water, etc. In more dangerous places, features - in the so-called serif gates, i.e. where it crossed large roads, "wooden and earthen fortresses were built with towers, drawbridges, prison and palisades, armed, as a rule, with several artillery pieces, squeaks and tuffs.

In the Time of Troubles, the Zasechnaya line was launched - in some places the fortifications were badly damaged. In 1638, a large-scale reconstruction of the Seryechnaya line began; during several months of hard work, the southern defensive lines were completely restored or rebuilt. The total length of serif fortifications exceeded 600 kilometers.

Foreigners praised the Features. They called it a "giant hedge," a "great wooden wall," etc.

A special role among the cities of the Zakechnaya line was played by Tula - the key city "on the way to the country of the Tatars." Hence, the reconstruction of the fortifications of the Line, the deployment of military units were supervised, the formation of a system of guard and stanitsa service, etc. The city had several defensive lines, the core of which was the stone-brick Tula Kremlin (1520), which stood in the rupture of the wooden walls of the posad.

To protect the approaches to Tula, earthen fortifications were created - a giant earthen half-ring - Zavitai. It stretched for 10 versts, had 20 earthen towers.

Unfortunately, now little has been preserved from the fortifications of the Zasechny features of southern Russia. The legendary outposts of the south disappeared from the face of the earth - some were destroyed by accidental fires, others were dismantled due to dilapidation. Somewhere old hillforts have been preserved, and somewhere new cities have absorbed ancient structures. The question of preserving the surviving monuments of Russian military architecture is currently quite acute.

Tula spots to date, 2020

Big Serif line and its role in the history of the Russian state

The growth of the Russian state in the XV-XVII centuries. took place in conditions of constant military clashes with neighboring powers: Kazan, Astrakhan and Crimean Khanates, as well as Sweden, Lithuania , Poland and the Livonian Order. In this regard, the construction of border fortress cities and other defensive structures, which became strongholds in the struggle to strengthen the Russian state, began. The primary and most extensive in scale was the defense system on the southern and eastern borders. The process of creating a defensive system of the southern borders of the state took several centuries. According to ^[1].

Following the all-round strengthening of the cities of the "bank" of the Oka River, the largest event of the Moscow government aimed at increasing the defense capability of the country's southern borders was the creation of a single defense system - the Big Zasechnaya Line. The purpose of organizing a new frontier was later formulated in the letter of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich:... "in order to take away the Orthodox peasants from the war both in captivity and in plunder from the Crimean and Nagai military people to our state... do not issue. " The serif line was a whole system of defensive structures that made up fortified lines in dangerous directions; "a single very complex defensive complex, consisting of fortified cities, forest and water barriers and fortresses specially created on the line."

The main goal of the Crimean raids was the capture of ^[2] Delving into the border region 100-200 km, the Tatars "dissolved the war" - sent small detachments that were engaged in robbery and capture of prisoners, Slave trade was the main article of the economy of the Crimean Khanate: they were sold to Turkey, the Middle East, to European countries. The Crimean city of Kafa was the main slave market. In addition, since the captives were often "sovereign people," they were bought by relatives or the state. In the XVI century, Burtsev ^[3]

Another goal of the Crimean raids is to solve various political problems. On the one hand, there was a struggle for the "Horde inheritance" - whether Moscow and Crimean rulers considered themselves full heirs of the Horde khans. As part of this struggle, Crimea and Moscow tried to win over the rest of the "uluses" of the former Horde - Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia, Nogaev, Cherkasy. After the conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan by Moscow troops, Crimea for a long time sought to abandon these territories in its favor. On the other hand, the Crimean khans organized campaigns against Moscow, fulfilling allied obligations to the Polish-Lithuanian state.

The constant steppe danger forced the Russian state to create a complex system of protection and management of the South Russian border region - the "Polish Ukrainian." Under the Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich, a line of defense was organized along the left bank of the river. Oki. Here in the fortresses of Ryazan, Kolomna, Kashira, Serpukhov, Tarus, Aleksin and Kaluga from spring to autumn starting from 1512 (for the first time in the bit books "shore" is mentioned under 1513), regiments of the "coastal discharge" were located. By the middle of the XVI century. these fortresses received new fortifications, and stone cremles were built in Kolomna (1525-1531) and in Serpukhov (until 1556). In 1514-1520 where. a stone Kremlin was built "on Tula," in 1528-1531. - in Zaraysk, in 1536 - an earthen fortress in Pronsk, in 1551 - wooden in Mikhailov. All of them became the "prepole" of the "Coast" and actively joined the defense of the state.

However, the coastal line with the "prepole" turned out to be not as reliable as we would like. On this, steps were taken to strengthen the wooded right bank of the Oka with the help of notches. The first mention of the "cutting of roads" on the path of the Tatars dates back to 1517: "And the same summer, August... on the queen's advice to Zhikhdimantov, coming Crimean Tatarov.. and came to the Grand Duke of Ukraine, near the city of Tula and Bezput, to fight... The same people Ivashka Tutykhin and his comrades, came, began to interfere with Tatar from all sides and did not give them war, but they beat many people. Totarova, having heard the governor of the Grand Duke, soon returned. And in front of them, many walking along the forest. People of Ukraine and their roads are spotted and many Tatars are beaten... "

The Big Zasechnaya line was located south of Kozelsk, then climbed to Przemysl, passed near Belev, Odoev, Likhvin, Krapivna, covered Tula, leaving Dedilov "in the field," and then went past Venev to the north, resting on Oka above Pereyaslavl Ryazansky. Shatskaya and Ryazhskaya zaseki were located separately, from Shatsk going north to the Oka, and from there again south to Sapozhka, Ryazhsk and again north to Skopin.

The cities near which the Zasechnaya line passed, even before the 16th century. had fortifications (Venev, Tula, Odoev, Belev, Likhvin, Kozelsk). They became strongholds in the Line defense system.

Tula, which became the strategic center of the border fortifications of the south of the country from the middle of the XVI century. strategic center of border fortifications of the south of the country.

At the end of the XVI century. at a considerable distance from the Big Zasechnaya line, the cities of Voronezh (1585), Livny (1585), Belgorod (1596), Stary Oskol (1596), Valuyki (1599), Kromy are being built in the "wild field," Kursk (1596) resumes and the fortifications of Tsarev-Borisov are being erected. The functions of managing the guard and village service are completely transferred to new cities, since Moscow could no longer quickly manage it.

The construction of a new grandiose defensive line in southern Russia was begun in 1635. The new border line with a length of more than 800 km - the Belgorod line - reliably blocked the main routes of invasion of the Tatars: Kalmius, Izyumskaya, Muravskaya and Nogai steppe roads.

Tula serif line

The Tula serif line (often called the Big Serif Line) was erected by Ivan the Terrible to insure himself against attacks by Crimean Tatars from the south. The serif line began near Ryazan and went to Tula, upper Oka, Belev and Zhizdra, doubling and even tripling in some places. The total length of the serif line is more than 600 km, and with the Shatskaya and Ryazhskaya serif lying east of the Tula - up to 1000 km.

The general nature of the structure of the notch line was determined mainly by the terrain, i.e. the presence of natural obstacles - forests, swamps, rivers, lakes, ravines, etc. Natural obstacles were intensified by clogs, forest debris, waterlogging, etc. Where there were no natural obstacles, the trait consisted only of artificial structures - mainly from a shaft and a moat, reinforced with gouges, wolf pits, etc.

Throughout the length at known intervals, depending on the importance and nature of the area; closed tree-earthed fortifications were located, locking the roads across the line.

The total width of the serif line ranged from several tens of meters (Ditches and ramparts only) to 40-60 km (forests); on average, the width of the line was 2-3 km. The protection of the serif line was entrusted to the local population.

To observe the correctness of the protection, there was a special staff of serif heads, serif clerks, serif watchmen. The serif line with advanced fortified points for the summer period (the usual period of Tatar raids) was occupied by an army of an average of 10,000. The army was called Ukrainian.

So that the army was not captured by surprise, a special guard and village service was organized. For which in 1571 Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky was drawn up by order of Ivan the Terrible, a special charter. At the same time, the service itself was reorganized. The essence of this service was as follows: far ahead, tens and hundreds of kilometers from the line, stationary guard posts were placed - watchmen, usually consisting of several horsemen. Watchmen conducted reconnaissance along certain routes. Each watchman was given a specific area to observe. The system of watchmen covered the entire space from the Desna River, at the confluence of the Sozh River, to the lands of the Don Cossacks. This system was echeloned, so it was almost impossible for large Tatar detachments to slip unnoticed through its network.

The defense system led by Tula concentrated the most important innovations, which for centuries predetermined the ways to strengthen the country's defense capability.

Thus, the guard service system began to take shape in Tula, which later became the basis of the state border service.

In the second half of the XVI century. Tula turned into a strategic center of the serif line, the construction of which marked the decisive advance of the Russian state deep into the South Russian steppes and further to the shores of the Black Sea.

Large serif line of the XVII century

Tula

Tula, which became the strategic center of the border fortifications of the south of the country from the middle of the 16th century, occupied the most important importance among the cities of the Big Zasechnaya line. From here, leadership was carried out in the reconstruction of the fortifications of the Line, the deployment of military units, the formation of a system of guard and stanitsa services was controlled.

In the Big Zasechnaya Line system, the Tula Kremlin, built in 1520, had a special status. It became one of the first stone-brick regular fortifications of a single Russian state. The Kremlin retained its strategic importance throughout the 16th-17th centuries.

In the 1540s, an additional line of fortifications was erected in front of the Kremlin - a wooden prison. According to the painting of 1629, the prison had 29 towers, of which seven were travel cards. In the inventory of 1685, made after the reconstruction of the prison of 1674, a detailed description of its design is given: the walls consisted of "links," "city" and were "double, oak in two walls"; on top of the walls was a battle passage bridge, and their top was "riddled, on pillars, covered with a braid on both sides."

Tula was a kind of connecting link between two forests - Malinova and Shcheglovskaya sections. Immediately in front of the city, from the "field," there were no forests. Therefore, as a way to protect the approaches to the city, earthen fortifications were created - a giant earthen half-ring - Zavitai, which extended for 10 kilommeters.

"Tula Ukraine" and the closest watchmen Dedilov and Epifani. Burtsev I.G., Deduk A.V., Stolyarov E.V. Zasechny feature of the Russian state of the XVI-XVII centuries. Historical and archaeological essays/Under the general ed. I.G. Burtsev. Tula: Kulikovo field, 2020

Odoev

In 1380, Odoev was mentioned in the Novgorod Chronicle in connection with the Battle of Kulikovo, when the Lithuanian prince Jagiello, heading to join his ally Mamay, reached Odoev. He stopped for the night south of the city. Having received news of the defeat of the Tatars here, Jagiello turned his army back, devastating Odoev and its environs. Odoevsky Prince Roman Semenovich with his squad along with other Russian princes was at that time on the Kulikovo field.

In 1422-1424, Tatar detachments approached Odoev, but could not take the fortress. Not always the Odoevites managed to repel the enemy onslaught: more than once the Tatars broke into the fortress, robbed, ruined and, leaving for the steppe with prey and full, burned the city to the ground.

From 1427 to 1494, the Odoyev-Vorotyn principality was part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania "by agreement and agreement with the preservation of local independence and identity" as a relatively large territorial unit.

Under the treaty of 1494, the Odoyev princes transferred along with their possessions to the Moscow service.

In the XVI-XVII centuries, the city of Odoev was the official city of the tsar, played an important role as a border fortress on the southern borders of the Moscow state and was officially included in the defensive line of the Big Serif Line. It defended the southern and southeastern borders of the Moscow state from raids by the Crimean Tatars and stretched for thousands of kilometers. Strengthening the Ryazan-Tula-Odoev line was considered the most reliable section of this system.

After each devastating raid, the Odoyev fortress was restored and strengthened. In the defensive system of Moscow Rus, it occupied a prominent place. As the border of the state moves south, the importance of the city as a defensive fortress gradually decreases. In the second half of the XVII century, the governor was still in Odoev, but the fortress was very dilapidated, the armament of the garrison was old.

By the end of the 18th century, only an earthen rampart was preserved from defensive structures.

Belev

Belev was first mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 1147. It was one of the many towns in the possessions of the East Slavic Vyatichi tribe.

Over its centuries-old history, the city has visited as part of the Old Russian state, Chernihiv and Novosilsky principalities. At the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, the Belevsky specific principality stands out from Novosilsko-Odoevsky. The Belev princes are the oldest Russian princely family, originating from Rurik. Being on the edge of the Wild Field, the Principality of Belev was often raided by Tatars, both Poles and Lithuanians encroached on it.

Especially memorable in the history of Russia is the event of 1437-1438, the so-called "Belevshchina" - a battle that took place in 1437 near Belev between the troops of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily II the Dark and the Kazan Tatars led by Ulu-Muhammad. The result of the battle was the complete defeat of the Moscow army.

The principality of Belev as an independent political unit lasted a little over a hundred years.

In the area of ​ ​ the city of Belyov, four lanes of the Zasechnaya line passed along the Oka River: Fedyashchevskaya, Tolkizhskaya, Borovenskaya, Bobrikovskaya zones. In the middle of the XVII century. the defensive line was pushed further south, Belev gradually lost his border functions on guard of the Moscow state.

Belev spent the late XVI - early XVII centuries relatively calmly, strengthening his citadel. A quadrangular oak fortress was set here, dominating the right and partly left banks of the Oka. It had powerful walls and towers: Spasskaya, Vasilievskaya, Troitskaya and 6 more towers, called "middle," two gates and a secret underground passage overlooking the river, the remains of which existed and at the beginning of the 20th century.

The city survived serious military tests in the Time of Troubles.

Venev

The official date of foundation of the city is 1371.

Venev's chronicle begins in the second half of the 15th century. Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, under an agreement with the Prince of Ryazan in 1483, bought Venev. The city was of particular state importance, which is why it passed hands into the hands of different rulers. It retained this importance at the beginning of the 16th century.

In August 1633, at the entrance to the Smolensk War, Venev was besieged by the Crimean Tatars. The enemy could not take the fortress, but during its defense many residents died. The fallen were buried in a mass grave, and a few years later the city Epiphany Monastery was founded on this site. 18 km from Belev is the Venev-Nikolsky Monastery. The first mention of the monastery dates back to 1407 in connection with the death of Smolensk Prince Yuri Svyatoslavovich in it. In 1570 to the monastery exiled the Novgorod archbishop Pimen (Chorny). He was imprisoned in a stone bag, in which he died a year later. His cell-chamber was preserved during the reconstruction of the church in the lower Assumption Church of the two-story Nicholas-Assumption Church, built in 1696-1701.

Yepifan

The Epiphany prison was "staged" by Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky on the high bank of the Don "25 versts" from the source of the river. The scribe book of 1571-1572 describes the fortifications of the fortress, the settlements of "service people," their weapons and contents. In terms of Epiphanos, the prison had a shape close to a triangle. On the north, west and southwest sides it was protected by steep escarpments, impassable marshes and the Don River. All three towers of the fortress stood on the eastern, most vulnerable, "floor" side. Around the Epiphansky prison, among the wild forests, fields and swamps along the banks of the Don, Prince Mstislavsky founded eight Cossack settlements, which by the end of the century were named: Golinskaya. Rozhdestvenskaya, Alyoshinskaya, Shevyrevskaya, Korablinskaya, Pospelovskaya, Altobaevskaya and Kozlovskaya. Cossacks formed the basis of the military garrison of Epifani. It was one of the most numerous on the southern border of the Moscow state. According to the scribe book, the garrison consisted of 50 horse and 100 foot archers, 8 zatinshchikov gunners and 700 Cossacks.

In 1585, three hundred Epiphanic Cossacks, by decree of the government, believed in the "children of the boyars," who constituted the lowest rank of provincial nobility. Seventy of them received land allotments of 40 couple, and two hundred and thirty - 30 each. Boyar children were divided into hundreds and served "on Epifani with squeaks" under the command of siege heads, which were later replaced by governors.

In 1679, the Epiphanous prison was rebuilt for the next and last time. Compared to the description of the 1571-1572, the new fortress was smaller, but was stronger militarily.

In the second half of the XVII century, with the construction of the Belgorod and Izyum defensive lines, Epifan gradually loses its defense functions and acquires new significance.

Mtsensk

Mtsensk was first mentioned in the annals by 1146. In the XII-XVI centuries, the city was invaded by Tatars, and then by Crimean Tatars.

Since 1246, Mtsensk was part of the independent Novosilsky principality. Since 1320, the city was ruled by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the summer of 1492, the Russian army captured Mtsensk. The city finally became part of the Moscow state in 1505. In the XVI-XVII centuries, the fortress became one of the largest in the south of the Moscow state, but in the second half of the XVII century it lost its military significance.

Since 1778, Mtsensk began to develop as a commercial, having a river pier. The city was famous for crafts, especially the production of lace.

Nettle

The earliest known references to date by historical sources to the toponym "Krapivna" ("Kropivna") in relation to the Tula Territory date back to the 1560-1570s. The city under this name was originally located 15-18 km southeast of modern Krapivna, on the Krapivenka River, the left tributary of the Solova River. Currently, historical settlements have been preserved in these places - the village of Staraya Krapivna (Krapivenka) and the village of Goloshchapovo.

Thus, the history of present-day Krapivna begins as the history of the fortress city of the Zasechnaya line, in the second half of the 16th century. Old Krapivna, repeatedly attacked by the Crimean and Nogai Tatars, after another raid and burning, was transferred to a hill on the banks of the Plava River, not far from its confluence with the Upa River. The date of transfer of Krapivna to a new place is determined by various researchers from the end of the XVI to the first decade of the XVII centuries.

The new Krapivensky fortress had two lines of wooden or wooden-earthen fortifications - a large and small prison. In the fortress there were siege yards belonging to nobles and children of the boyars.

In the Time of Troubles, a series of famous impostors and adventurers passed through Krapivna. It was in Kra-pivna that False Dmitry I decided to send his henchmen - representatives of the ancient aristocratic clans G. G. Pushkin and N. M. Pleshcheev - to Moscow with a draft message in order to persuade the population of the capital to the side of the impostor, without which his entry into Moscow was impossible.

During the reconstruction of the Great Zasechnaya Line in the 1630-1640s, it was decided to build an external defensive line of a new type in Krapivna - an earthen rampart with bastions, which by that time were already being built in Western Europe. Initially, it was about the construction of a trial site, for which the dragoon captain Indrik Falzadern was sent to Krapivna in 1639. The erected fortifications were initially considered exclusively as a model, and the work was not continued, but the construction of an earthen bastion fortress in Krapivna was resumed in the late 1670s in connection with the war between Russia and Poland with Turkey. To do this, engineer and Colonel Jacob van Frosten was sent to Krapivna. Later, the front of the unfinished fortress was probably closed in the north and east by the construction of a rampart as the city border.

By the beginning of the XVIII century. the military significance of the "Ukrainian" fortresses, including Krapivna, is finally lost. Krapivna, along with other Zaoki cities, generally successfully fulfilled its defensive function. From a service city with almost no civilian population, it gradually began to turn into a small peaceful provincial town. Krapivna fortifications were demolished in the last quarter of the 18th century. in the process of regular redevelopment of the city, although their practical significance disappeared much earlier.

Pereyaslavl-Ryazan

The first settlements arose on the territory of modern Ryazan back in the Middle Paleolithic era. Slavic tribes came to Oka in the area of ​ ​ the VI century. The modern date for the founding of the city - 1095 - was proposed in the middle of the XIX century, when Ryazan local historians-researchers discovered an entry on the back of the sheet of the 16th century Followed Psalter. Historians do not give an unambiguous answer to the question about the date of foundation of the city. At the beginning of the XII century, Ryazan lands were isolated into an independent Muromo-Ryazan principality. Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky was well fortified - sheer earthen ramparts and high wooden walls. By this time, the city was one of the fortified outposts of the principality, surrounded by a network of guard fortresses.

By the 14th century, Pereyaslavl was finally formed as the capital of the principality and the largest city of Poochya. The heart of the city was the Kremlin with wooden walls and twelve towers, under the protection of which was the grand-ducal court and the houses of the most wealthy citizens. A prison adjoined the Kremlin - an external fortified ring of a palisade and watchtowers. It housed numerous inns, public houses, market and parish churches.

Ryazhsk

The city was first mentioned in historical acts in 1502 under the name Ryasskoye Pole. It arose in the north of the Ryassky field as a fortified point that controlled the wolf that connected the pools of the Oka and the Don. In the XVI-XVII centuries it entered the Great Zasechnaya line, protecting the Russian lands from raids by the Crimean and Nogai Tatars. In 1778, Ryazhsk became the county town of Ryazan governorship, and then the province.

Schatsk

The city arose as a small fortification, a prison, blocking the steppe mountains from going deep into Russia. The date of foundation of the city is listed in the Nikon Chronicle under the year 1552.

Initially, the fortress on the Schache River was called as the Shatsky City, and later simply Shatsk.

There was a strong garrison in the fortress. In 1594, "Nogai and Azov Turks" approached Shatsk, but they were repulsed by a Russian army led by the governor, Prince Koltsov-Masalsky, who drove enemies to the Medveditsa River. At that time, Shatsk was a significant fortress and was constantly mentioned in official documents on a par with cities such as Ryazan, Tula, Bryansk, Orel, Chernigov, Putivl, Kazan.

According to the inventory of 1672, the Shatskaya zone, which makes up the southeastern part of the Big Zasechnaya line, covered the Nogai shlyakh, which went from the steppes to the depths of Russia.

Shatskaya zaseka served until the first quarter of the 18th century.

Cities from "Polish Ukraine"

Located along the Oka River and occupying favorable martial law, these cities for centuries constantly served as the scene of a clash between Moscow, Lithuania and the Principality of Ryazan. In the XIV century. the onslaught of Lithuania on the West Russian lands intensifies, and they come under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The rival of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd in collecting land into a single state was the Moscow governor prince Dmitry Donskoy. With varying success, for one side or the other, this opposition lasted until the beginning of the 16th century.

Trying to secure its southern borders from the penetration of "Crimean military people," the Moscow government in the summer puts forward its advanced regiments to the border areas - bere gam of the Oka and Ugra rivers. At the same time, new fortresses are being built. In 1507 1520. the Kremlin was built in Tula, in 1525-1531. - in Kolomna, in 1528-1531. - in Zaraysk, in 1550-1556. - in Serpukhov. In 1525, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky "cut down" the wooden walls of Odoev, and in 1531 a fortress was built in Kashira.

Tsar Ivan the Terrible is trying to secure the southern borders by building new fortresses - fortresses in Dedilov and Bolkhov are being restored, fortresses are being built in Krapiv ne, Orel, Dankov, etc. Around 1562, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky built Cherny and Novosil, in the early 1560s. Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Bolshoi-Sheremetyev erects Goro densk (Venev), and in 1566 the Epifan fortress was founded with the active participation of Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky.

An important help in the fight against the Steppe was the reorganization in 1571 by Prince M. I. Vorotynsky of the guard service in "southern Ukraine." The developed "Charter of the Watchman and the Village Service" was the first border charter in Russia. This document was seen by the number of watchmen and villages, the number of military people who were supposed to serve, the routes of movement of border detachments. The introduction of the "Charter" made it possible to organize a clear intelligence and warning service, thanks to which the news of the appearance of Tatar detachments reached the capital and the outskirts in advance, which made it possible to prepare for the siege and put forward guard regiments.

In 1571, the forty-thousandth horde under the command of Devlet Giray invaded the Russian aisles. Bypassing the Russian army with a skillful maneuver, Devlet-Giray broke through to Moscow and burned it. Prey and full exceeded all expectations. A year later, the Crimean khan tried to repeat a successful campaign against Moscow, but was utterly defeated by the Russian army under the command of M.I. Vorotynsky in the battle of Molody. During the reign of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, Voronezh, Livny, Yelets, Kromy, Kursk, Oskol and Belgorod were built, Mosalsk, Belev, Karachev and Novosil, Dedilov, Epifan, Odoev, Venev were additionally strengthened. All these measures led to the fact that 1591 was the last year when Tatar troops appeared under the walls of Moscow.

The civil war during the Troubles led to a violation of the slender Wild Field defense system. Most of the cities of the steppe "Ukraine" suffered from the interventionists, some of them suffered not "once." A particularly cruel blow to the southern border was dealt in 1615 during the raid of A.I. Lisovsky.

In 1633, the South Russian lands underwent a massive invasion of the Tatars, who drank in alliance with the Commonwealth. In this regard, the policy of the Moscow government to strengthen the southern borders was continued. Oryol was rebuilt, covering the road to the "Zaotsky" lands, in 1636 Efremov was built. Two years later, grandiose work began on the restoration of the Great Seryechnaya line.

Built in 1635-1655. The Belgorod line tightly closed the road to the Tatars in the Russian lands: "Sovereign Ukraine is now not old, it is now de-fortified tightly, and many cities have been set up, and many people are filled with people, and henceforth they do not go to Russia in any way, everywhere carts are made, but in Russian fortresses."

At the beginning of the XVIII century. most of the cities of Southern Russia lost their military significance. The rapidly dilapidated walls and towers of wooden fortresses became for the most part unnecessary, moreover, they were hopelessly outdated from a fortification point of view. Wooden cremles disappeared in the fire of fires in Lebedyani, Yelets, Belev, Bolkhov, Novosil, Aleksin, Livny, Mtsensk, the rest were simply dismantled. By the end of the century, during the reconstruction of cities, ancient earthen ramparts were demolished according to but regular plans. To this day, they reached only in Mosalsk, Meshchovsk, Serpeysk, Odoev, fragmentary they were preserved in Kozelsk, Przemysl, Novosil, Kromakh. The settlements in Aleksin, Belev, Mtsensk are impressive.

Zaoksky cities

The lands located to the west and north of the Oka have been inhabited by the Vyatichi tribes since ancient times. Subsequently, these territories were part of the Principality of Chernihiv. In 1246, a single principality was divided between the heirs of the Chernigov prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich. So the Verkhovsky principalities appeared: Kozelsky, Mosalsky, Mezetsky, Przemysl, Odoevo-Novosilsky, etc. During the XIV-XV centuries. between the Principality of Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania there is a fierce rivalry for influence on these lands. The struggle between the Lithuanian and Moscow rulers ended with the military and diplomatic victory of Ivan III. In 1503, the Grand Duke of Moscow not only secured the supreme lands, but also approved the Moscow citizenship of the princes Odoevsky, Belevsky, Vorotynsky, Mezetsky, etc.

Since that time, the Crimean Tatars began to make constant raids on the South Russian lands, including the Zaoksky cities. A particularly serious attack on the Zaoksky lands followed in 1584.

During the uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov, the Zaoksky cities sided with the rebels, with the exception of the city of Serpeysk. It was during the siege of Kaluga that the troops of Tsar Vasily Shuisky suffered the heaviest defeat. Subsequently, Kaluga became the capital of a new impostor - False Dmitry II. During the Polish-Lithuanian intervention, all the cities of the region were ravaged, only the Kaluga Kremlin survived, but the city posad was burned to the ground.

During the Russo-Polish War (1654-1667), the Zaoksky cities became strongholds of the Russian army. In the "Discharge," these cities were separated into a separate group with the name "Zaoksky," namely: Kaluga, Likhvin, Meshchovsk, Serpeysk, Mosalsk, Kozelsk, Vorotynsk and Przemysl.

Kozelsky zones

Along the southern border of the Moscow state, from Kozelsk to Ryazan, the Zasechnaya line, called "Zaokskaya" or "Bolshaya," stretched almost a thousand kilometers. Administratively, it broke up into separate links. Kozelsky ^[4]. were on the extreme western flank of the Line. For proper supervision and protection, they were divided into even smaller links - Stolpitskaya, Dubenskaya, Ktsynskaya, and Senetskaya zones., The remains of the Stolpitskaya zone, stretching along the right bank of the Zhizdra and Vytebeti rivers, fall into the borders of the Ugra national park.

The Kozelsky section of the Zakechnaya Strata is one of the earliest in its limits; its construction began under Ivan the Terrible: "Blessed memories under the sovereign king and Grand Duke Ivan Vasilievich... all Russia in Kozelsky Uyezd to protect from the arrival of military people, all sorts of fortresses were made on the sightings. "

The layout of the Kozelsky zones (according to M.V. Bobrovsky): 1 - Stolpitskaya, 2- Dubenskaya, 3 - Ktsynskaya, 4 - Senetskaya, 5 - Belevskaya Bobrikovskaya, 6 - Slobodetskaya, 7 - Peremyshlskaya

Kozelsky zones are a kind of site within the Zakechnaya line, the main part of the links of which was located on the right bank of the Oka in one line. The Kozelsky segment of the Line stretched along the left bank and had a complex configuration of the line, the basis of the defense was fortified towns, while there were only four fortresses in the Kozelsky zones.

The main protective element here was difficult forests, complex relief and barriers from fallen trees. It is no coincidence, apparently, that Pig Shlyakh, one of the ways the Tatars approached Moscow lands, was of secondary importance compared to Muravsky.

One of the long-term research programs of the national park is devoted to the study of the remnants of the Kozel serif and a wide range of problems associated with them. A certain result of its implementation was the creation of the Kozelsky Zaseki museum. It is located in the Berezichesky forestry of the park, where the main part of the preserved arrays of the former protected forests of the Zaokskaya Zasechnaya line is located. Scientific and auxiliary materials presented in the museum inform about the history of the use of forest debris in Russia as a means of protection, show the place of Kozelsk and Kozelsky zones in the defense system of the steppe border region, contain data on the construction, functioning and reconstruction of Zasechnaya, features. A separate stand is dedicated to M.I. Vorotynsky; he reveals its role in the organization of the state. The museum has a lot of cartographic materials, including copies of maps of Muscovy of the XVI-XVII centuries, a map-diagram of the defensive lines of the Moscow state of the XVI-XVIII centuries, a diagram of the Zaoksky serif line as a whole and a detailed map of the Kozelsky serif itself, a map-diagram of sections of boundary ramparts and ditches of former serif forests identified during a full-scale survey of the territory of the Berezic forestry.

Kozelsk

In the annals, Kozelsk was first mentioned under 1146. In the XIII century, the city became the center of a small inheritance in the Principality of Chernihiv.

One of the most striking pages of Kozelsk's history was its siege by the Batu army in 1238. The heroic defense of the city lasted seven weeks, all the defenders of Kozelsk OI were killed in battles. The Tatars completely exterminated the civilian population of the "evil city."

For several centuries, Kozelsk was the subject of military claims of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, finally the city became Moscow only at the end of the 15th century.

In Smut, Kozelsk and its environs served as the scene of military clashes between Poles and Russians, and only after the conclusion of the Deulinsky truce was the city returned to the Russian state.

Kaluga

The first mention of Kaluga is in 1371.

At the beginning of the 16th century, Kaluga became the capital of a specific principality, the first and last ruler of which was Semyon Ivanovich Kaluzhsky. In his will, Ivan III divided his possessions between five sons. Moscow, the title of Grand Duke and the main lands went to the eldest son Vasily III, and the younger sons received small inheritance. The fourth son Semyon, born in 1487, got: Kaluga, Bezhetsky Verkh and Kozelsk with volosts.

Semyon Ivanovich chose Kaluga as the capital of his principality, and his princely palace, according to legend, was located on the banks of the Yachenka River, where the Semenovo settlement is now located. In the XVI century. the Kaluga fortress was moved from the Semenov settlement to a new place - the Oka coast between the Berezuyka and Gorodenka rivers. The fortress was wooden and completely burned out during the fire of 1622.

At the beginning of the XVI century. through Kaluga passed the defense line of the southern borders of the Russian state: along the banks of the Oka - from the city of Bolokhov through Belev to Kaluga and further through Serpukhov and Kolomna to Pereyaslavl-Ryazansko. In historical documents, this line was called the "Coast." Kaluga, as a guard outpost and a fortress city built on the Oka River, not far from the confluence of the Ugra River, was an outpost of the Russian state, an obstacle from raids by foreigners from the south and west.

In 1576, Tsar Ivan the Terrible arrived in the city to personally lead the hostilities against the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey. In 1584, the Kaluga governor Mikhail Beznin-Nashchokin completely defeated the army of the Crimean Tatars at the mouth of the Vyssa River.

Kaluga played a prominent role in the events of the Time of Troubles. With the advent of the first impostor, Kaluga was among the first cities to side with him.

After the death of False Dmitry I, in 1606, the city warmly accepted the detachments of Ivan Bolotnikov into its walls, who brought with him more than 10 thousand rebels. He was supported by the Terek Cossacks and a new impostor - Tsarevich Lzhe-Peter. Bolotnikov fortified the city and successfully repelled the offensives of the Moscow governors several times; in the winter of 1606-1607, Kaluga, under his leadership, withstood a four-month siege.

Lichwin

It was first mentioned in the Kaluga Chronicle under 1454. For stubborn defense, the Tatars began to call the city "dashing."

Lichwin had a fortification in the form of an oak wall with two driveways and four blind towers. It was located on a mountain, on a high earthen embankment, on both sides of which deep ditches were dug.

In the Likhvin area, one of the sections of the Big Zasechnaya Line passed - the Likhvinskaya Zaseka, which "extended 88 versts and had 7 gates with fortresses."

During the Time of Troubles, residents of the city supported the rebels led by I. Bolotnikov. To fight them, Vasily Shuisky sent troops in 1608.

In 1611, Lichwin was attacked by a Polish detachment under Sapieha. In 1613, Lichwin and the Good Monastery were burned by the Cherkasy.

In the 1650s, a new fortress was built in Likhvin. It was located on a platform on the top of the hill and was an oak prison. An earthen rampart surrounded by a moat was built at the base of the hill. On the other sides, the fortress was defended by the Oka and Likhvinka rivers. There was a cache to Oka. The fortifications have not survived.

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, Lichwin developed as a trading and craft center.

Mosalsk

The first mention dates back to 1231, when the city, then called Masalsky, was part of the Principality of Chernihiv. Later he became the main city of the specific Mosalsky principality. At the beginning of the XV century. was under the rule of Lithuania. Occupied by the troops of Ivan III in 1493. At the beginning of the XVI century. became part of Russia.

Since 1776 - the county town of Mosalsky district of Kaluzhsky governorship (since 1796 - Kaluga province). It was built up according to the regular plan of 1779. Since 1929, the city has been the district center of the Mosalsky district of the Kaluga region.

Vorotynsk

The city with the name "Vorotinesk" is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle in connection with the events of 1155, when it went to the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav Olegovich. The exact geographical localization of the annalistic Vorotynsk has not been established. The researchers proposed 3 alleged locations: on the Bush River, on the Vysse River and at the mouth of the Ugra River.

In 1372, the city was taken by the Lithuanian prince Vytautas, in 1455-1573 it served as the center of the Vorotyn principality. It was here that the events of Standing on the Ugra took place. In the XVI-XVII centuries. was attacked by Crimean Tatars, Nogais, detachments of Y. P. Sapieha. Since 1776, Vorotynsk was a state city of the Peremyshl district of Kaluzhsky governorship (since 1796 - Kaluga province), and in 1919 it lost the status of a city, becoming a village.

Przemysl

In the XIV-XVI centuries, the city was the center of a small inheritance that stood out from the Novosilsky principality. At the beginning of the 15th century, Przemysl came under the rule of Lithuania, and in 1503, as the inheritance of the princes of Vorotynsky, the city became part of the Russian state.

In the fall of 1562, Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky - the famous commander of the Grozny era - fell into disgrace and was exiled to Beloozero, his possessions were confiscated. After the victory at Molody in 1572, where Vorotynsky was commander in chief, the disgraced prince was returned to his family patrimony. But soon the prince was arrested again and died after severe torture.

After the "Lithuanian ruin," the Przemysl fortress was moved to a new place, north of the old settlement. In the XVIII century, the walls and towers of the Przemysl Kremlin fell into disrepair. Only the remains of an earthen rampart about two meters high have survived from ancient fortifications.

Tarusa

The city was first mentioned in the annals in 1246. The name was received along the Tarusa River. In the middle of the XV century. it was owned by Lithuanians. In 1508, after a long struggle, the Lithuanian prince Sigismund renounced his claims to Tarusa.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. Tarusa is an important fortified point of "coastal" protection along the Oka on the southern approaches to Moscow. It was part of the strategic line of the Oka River and was heavily fortified.

In 1521 and 1591, the city was attacked by Crimean Tatars. As the chronicler said: "the Tatar Oka climbed near Tarusa."

Gradually, the place of Tarusa as a fortress-defender was taken by the city of Aleksin, where the regiment of the "right hand" was transferred for permanent deployment. In the XVIII century, the fortifications ceased to be supported and were washed out by a flood of the river.

Aleksin

The first mention of the city dates back to 1348.

In 1361, detachments of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd attacked Aleksin and ravaged the city and its environs.

At the end of the XIV century, Aleksin stood on the very borders of Russia with Litvoy. The Aleksin fortress became one of the forward outposts of the southern 5 of the Moscow state on the border with the Diky Paul and Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In the summer of 1472, Khan Akhmat with a large army began a campaign on Russian lands from the Don and went to the Oka near the walls of the border fortress city of Aleksin, in which "there was no city annex, no cannons, no squeaks, no self-arrows." Grand Duke Ivan III ordered the governor to leave the city unprepared for battle and withdraw to the left bank of the Oka to cover the places of the "local" fords. Without taking the city right away, the enemy burned the fortress along with its defenders.

In 1474, Aleksin was again rebuilt in a new place at the confluence of the small river Mordovka in the Oka.

A procession was made annually to the place of the burned fortress.

In 1657 - the last devastating raid of the Crimeans on Aleksin.

At the end of the XVII century, the fortifications of the city gradually lost their military significance.

Belgorod trait

The unsuccessful outcome of the Smolensk War (1632-1634) predetermined the policy of the Russian government regarding the strengthening of the southern borders - the country could not fight on two fronts - in the west - with the Commonwealth, in the south - with the Crimean Khanate. The main task was to block the important roads along which the Crimean Nagai hordes made their invasions of Russian lands.

The beginning of the construction of a new fortified border line - the Belgorod line - was laid by decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich of September 5, 1635. Governors I.V. Birkin and M.I. Speshnev were ordered to hastily build a fortified line between the upper reaches of the Voronezh and Tsna rivers. In 1636, the largest Kozlovsky earthen rampart in the Russian state was built - 28 km. Then the cities were founded - Tambov and Nizhny Lomov with serif features that blocked the eastern branches of the Nogai road. In the same year, it was decided to build fortifications across the three most important Tatar roads - Muravsky, Izyumsky, Kalmius gentry. This plan was implemented for several years, as a result of which the Yablonovy, Usmansky, Belgorod-Karpovsky and Novooskolsky ramparts were erected. By 1655, the construction of the Line was almost completely completed. Its length, along with natural fortifications - forests, rivers and swamps, amounted to almost 800 km. Initially, the center of the Line was Yablonov, and the extreme eastern section was Kozlov. Since 1656, this role passed to Belgorod and the trait was named - Belgorod.

In the fall of 1658, from the service people of 38 South Russian cities, the Belgorod regiment was formed with 9252 people. At the same time, for the convenience of management, the Belgorod category was created, which included more than 60 cities. The main city of the category was Belgorod, sometimes and. Kursk

The Belgorod line actually covered the new borders of the state from the Tatars and allowed the population to effectively colonize the empty lands of the Wild Field. The line turned out to be practically impregnable for Tatar invasions, in the future the Crimean khans preferred to attack Polish Ukraine, not daring to launch a bloody assault on the fortified line.

By the beginning of the 17th century, the Belgorod line had largely lost its military significance, since new defensive lines arose south of it - Izyumskaya (1679-1681) and Ukrainian (1731-1735). In the first half of the 18th century, only Akhtyrka, Belgorod, Olshansk, Korotoyak and Voronezh retained the status of a fortress. The latter was abolished in 1785 by the Belgorod fortress.

Wooden fortifications of the line collapsed back in the 18th century, and earthen ramparts were preserved only at the fortresses of Hotmyshsk and partially Userd. But a significant part of the Yablonovsky, Usmansky, Kozlovsky ramparts have survived to this day.

Belgorod

Belgorod arose on the site of the Seversky settlement, located in the 10th century. on a chalk mountain, near the confluence of the Veselitsa River into the Seversky Donets.

At the end of 1593, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich ordered, to protect against constant raids by the Crimean Tatars, build new fortress cities on all Tatar routes from the Donets to the banks of the Oka River and populate them with military men - archers and Cossacks. The Belgorod fortress was built by the fall of 1596. Its builders were governors - Princes Mikhail Nozdrevaty and Andrei Volkonsky. Belgorod was located on Cape Belaya (Cretaceous) Mountain, on the right bank of the Seversky Donets, washing the city from the east. This fortress was burned down by Lithuanian troops in the summer of 1612. The new Belgorod fortress was built in the fall of that year on the left side of the Seversky Donets. The fortress was located on the territory of the current "Old City" - the Belgorod region.

In connection with the construction of defensive structures of the Belgorod line in 1650, it was decided to build a new Belgorod fortress on Karpovsky Val - on the right bank of the Seversky Donets, near the Vezenitsa River (Veselitsa or Vezelka). This is an area of ​ ​ the central part of present-day Belgorod. The initiative to transfer the fortress belonged to the governor and boyar - Prince N.I. Odoevsky.

Since 1658, Belgorod has become the main city of the Belgorod line - an 800-kilometer defensive line that defended the Russian kingdom from raids by the Crimean Tatars. In the same year, the Belgorod regiment was formed - a large permanent military formation, which included all the armed forces on the Belgorod border and subordinate to the Belgorod governor. Prince Grigory Grigorievich Romodanovsky was appointed the main governor of the Belgorod regiment.

To date, nothing has survived from the ancient fortifications of Belgorod.

New Oskol

In 1647, the governor, Prince V.P. Lvov, laid a fortress called Tsarev-Alekseev. The fortification work was led by the French engineer David Nicole. The fortress was built by service people sent from Moscow, Tula, Cherni, Novosil, Lieven and other cities. Subsequently, many of them remained in the new city "for eternal life." The wooden fortress had an irregular quadrangular shape, its walls were strengthened by 13 towers, of which four were gates. Inside the fortress were residential and outbuildings, a cathedral church, a voivodeship yard with a hut.

By the 18th century, the fortress was in a rather deplorable state, and part of the towers was dismantled due to dilapidation. In 1727, the old fortifications were restored, but the area of ​ ​ the fortress itself was significantly reduced. The fortifications have not been preserved.

In 1655, the city was renamed New Oskol.

Oskol

In 1593, Oskol was founded as an outpost on the southern borders of the Russian kingdom. The city is named after the river on the banks of which it is located. During the Troubles, Oskol was actively built up, as he was away from the main events. In 1617, the city was burned by the Poles and restored by the governor M. Skuratov.

In 1625, 1642 and 1677, Crimean Tatars approached the city, but could not take it.

In 1655 it was named Old Oskol in connection with the renaming of the city of Tsarev Alekseev to New Oskol.

Since the XVII century, Old Oskol has been known as a county center.

Kursk

Since 1508 - the southern border city as part of the Moscow state. In the same year, its restoration as a fortress city began.

In 1797, it was given the status of a provincial city.

Common people

In 1566, the prison on the Cherny River was first mentioned. The fortress was wooden, made of sharply sharpened logs set in tyn. A description of the fortress of 1678 has been preserved: "There are 9 towers in the city, including 3 towers with a passing gate, 6 deaf towers." A moat was dug in front of the walls.

The remains of a wooden fortress with gates, towers and loopholes existed until the middle of the 18th century.

In 1632, Cherny was included in the number of cities of the Belgorod line and served as a gathering point for troops.

Voronezh

Modern Voronezh was named in the XVI century. along the Voronezh River tributary of the Don.

The first mention of the city dates back to 1177 in connection with the battle of the Vladimir and Ryazan princes and the escape of Yaropolk Ryazansky to Voronozh. An equally significant mention of Voronezh dates back to 1237, when the conquest of Russia by Khan Batu began. The Russian princes decided to give the first battle to the enemies "and went against them to Voronozh," but were defeated.

Voronezh, together with the city of Livny, became the first southern fortified cities at the end of the 16th century to protect the Russian state from raids by the Crimean and Nogai Tatars in the Pridonsky steppes. The official date of the founding of Voronezh is 1586. In 1590, the fortress was destroyed by fire. In 1594 Voronezh was "chopped" again.

During the Troubles, the city supported the impostors - False Dmitry, Voronezh did not recognize the accession of Vasily Shuisky, refused to swear allegiance to the Polish protege - Prince Vladislav.

From the middle of the XVII century. Voronezh became part of the Belgorod line - border structures that defended the Russian state from Tatar raids until the end of the century.

Eagle

The first settlement appeared at the confluence of the Oka and Orlika rivers in the XII century.

In 1566, at the direction of Ivan the Terrible, the Orel fortress was founded to protect the southern borders of the Russian kingdom. This year is officially considered the founding date of the city.

The Oryol fortress of the 16th century had three lines of fortifications and consisted of a chopped "city," a prison and a posad surrounded by pillboxes.

After the construction of the Belgorod line, the military threat to the city significantly weakened. The eagle becomes a major center for the bread and salt trade.

According to most researchers, the entire Oryol fortress was rebuilt in the autumn-winter of 1566-1567. At the low cape at the confluence of the Oka and Orel rivers, the central part of the fortress was located - its Kremlin - Chopped City. It was surrounded by a wall of oak walls with towers and gates with a length of about 180 fathoms, in front of which a moat was opened between the rivers. The area of ​ ​ the Kremlin was about one hectare. Inside the Chopped City, in addition to the cathedral church, there were state and administrative buildings: the governor's court, moving out and labial huts, a prison yard, an arsenal. On the south side, the second line of fortifications adjoined the Kremlin - the Small Prison, located on an area of ​ ​ about 6 hectares. From the gates of the Small Prison, a large bridge was thrown across the Oka River, connecting the city with the Moscow Road.

A little later, the city received another fortified line - the Great Prison. According to researchers, the construction of the Bolshoi prison is associated with the raid of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey in 1571, when his cavalry passed in close proximity to the cities of Orel and Bolkhov and a decision was made to strengthen the defensive structures of these fortresses more strongly. Throughout the second half of the 16th century, the Oryol fortress was one of the outposts of the Russian state on its southern borders, successfully reflecting the raids of the Crimean Tatars. The data of written sources on the foundation of Orel were confirmed in the results of archaeological research, which was carried out several times in the historical center of the city.

The tragic events of the civil civil strife of the Time of Troubles of the beginning of the 17th century led to the destruction of the Oryol fortress and the ruin of the city. The restoration of the city took place in 1636. By this time, the expansion of the borders of the Russian state and the construction of the Belgorod notch line contributed to the transformation of the city of Orel from a defensive military point into an important, administrative, and commercial center.

Finally, Orel lost its military character after the fire of 1689, when the city fortress was partially burned down and no longer restored.

Bolkhov

The city is located on the land of the Vyatichi tribe. The first mention of Bolkhov dates back to 1196.

In the XVI century, the city became a fortified point on the southern border of the Russian state. It was mentioned in 1556 as the Bolkhov fortress, which arose on the banks of the Bolkhovka River.

In the fall of 1565, Devlet Giray with a small army attacked the South Russian possession. On October 9, the khan besieged Bolkhov, but on the same night, when the Russian regiments approached, he hastily fled to the steppe.

In 1608, the battle of Bolkhov took place, in which the army of False Dmitry I managed to defeat the government army led by Dmitry Shuisky and move to Moscow. In the middle of the XVII century, part of the city residents was relocated to the Belgorod line. The new city they founded was called Bolkhovets or "little Bolkhov."

Boot

Shoemaker arose in the XVI-XVII centuries as a military border town of the Russian state. It was founded in 1605 at the behest of Boris Godunov. In the XVII century, Shoemaker consisted of a fortified part of the city - a prison with six towers, of which two towers had a passing gate, and four towers were deaf. The prison was surrounded by a moat and an earthen rampart, which was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of 630 fathoms. In the fortified part of the city there was a Pyatnitskaya wooden church, outside the prison there was a posad, where there were two wooden churches - Sobornaya and Nikolskaya.

Medyn

It is first mentioned in historical documents dated 1386. Then Medyn passed from the Principality of Smolensk to the Moscow through the efforts of the boyar Fyodor Andreevich Svible. Since 1389, the pen went into the possession of various princes. In 1480, Ivan III founded the Annunciation Desert in Medyn in memory of the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. In 1565, Ivan the Terrible took Medyn to personal management (oprichnina).

In 1680, the former city (settlement) Medynsk, by decree of Fyodor Alekseevich, was transferred to the possession of the New Jerusalem Monastery. According to old-timers of that time, the former city of Medynsk stood in a place called the Annunciation Desert. In 1777, the village of Medyn (Medyn settlement) was transformed into the city of Medyn (Medyn), which became the county town of the Medyn district of Kaluzhsky governorate (since 1796 - Kaluga province). July 5, 1944 the city becomes the district center of the newly formed Kaluga region.

Bogoroditsk

The city dates back to 1663. Its fortifications were erected under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, archers and gunners were settled here. The city was founded by the "stolnik and governor Demid Alexandrovich Khomyakov on the skew, at the rivers Lesnoy Upyort and Vyazovka" not only as a border point for protection from raids by nomads - on the virgin lands of the Wild Field they brought "sovereign tithe arable land." At the end of 1664, the "newly built city" was called Bogoroditsk.

Aleshnya

The town of Oleshnya on the banks of the river of the same name was founded by Little Russian immigrants on the lands that were part of the Commonwealth in the 17th century. The first mention of it dates back to 1638. According to the border demarcation of 1647, the town went to the Russian state, which received the "Oleshanskoye settlement on the Olshan River." Later, a small prison was cut down here, reinforced in 1652 by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

The city was in front of the Belgorod line, 12 km from the speech of Vorksla, along which the Oleshansky section of the line passed.

Oleshnya repeatedly suffered from the attack of the Tatars and Little Russian Cossacks.

On February 10, 1709, the city was besieged by a Swedish detachment led by Major General Hamilton. During the assault, the last defenders of the fortress locked themselves in the tower and burned in the fire. In the battle and the massacre that followed, the entire garrison and residents of Oleshni were destroyed.

In the second third of the 18th century, Oleshnya lost its military significance.

Novels

The lands along the Voronezh River became the property of the Romanov boyars in the last quarter of the 16th century. At this time, the village of Romanovo Gorodishche (Romanov) was founded, first mentioned in 1611. Three years later, a fortress was built to protect against Tatar raids.

After the death of N.I. Romanov, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich began to own the village, and its management was transferred to the order of the Grand Palace. A wooden fortress with a wall length of 1 km stood on the high bank of the Voronezh River. Inside the fortress there were 140 residential courtyards of service people and Romanov peasants. At the beginning of the 18th century, Romanov lost its military significance, and its fortifications ceased to exist.

Traces of the Romanovsky fortress have been lost.

Lebedian

First mention in 1605. Then it was the village of Lebedyanskoye Gorodishche, which belonged to the boyar Nikita Dmitrievich Velyaminov. |

In 1613, Lebedyan became a sovereign city, received its governor and turned into a guard post for the defense of the southern borders from Tatar raids.

In 1618, the hetman Sagaidachny ravaged Lebedyan "without a remnant": the fortifications were destroyed, the posad and settlements were burned.

In 1662, the Lebedyan fortress was rebuilt, but in 1703 it burned down and was no longer restored.

Yelets

At the end of 1591, by decree of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, the construction of a new fortress Yelets began. Initially, the city was inhabited by serving people who served in military service. In the short reign of False Dmitry|Yelets was turned into a military base for the upcoming campaign against the Crimean Khanate. In 1606, the villagers opposed Tsar Vasily Shuisky on the side of Ivan Bolotnikov.

During the Polish-Lithuanian campaign of 1618, the city was burned by the hetman Sagaidachny.

Livny

The first mention of the city in the annals dates back to 1177. It was the center of the specific Livensky principality, which was part of the Ryazan principality.

This first city was completely destroyed in the 13th century during the Western campaign of Batu.

The revival took place only 300 years later. In 1571, among 73 other fortified points of the southern border, Ust-Livny also appeared on the Sosna River. By the end of the 16th century, Livny became part of the southern borders, later included in the Big Zasechnaya line. They defended the state from raids from the Pridon steppes.

Novosil

1155 - the first mention in the annals. The city was founded as the New Village on the site of an older settlement of the 4th century BC.

Since 1352, Novosil has been the center of the Novosilsky principality. In 1375, the city was badly damaged by the Tatar invasion of Mamay and fell into disrepair. In the X\century Novosil moved to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1494, it became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In the XVI-XVII centuries, Novosil was one of the fortified points of the Big Zasechnaya line. It housed the advanced regiment of the "Ukrainian category." In September 1637, the garrison of the fortress withstood the siege of the Tatar army of the Crimean nureddin Safa-Girey.

In 1672-1673, the wooden fortifications of Novosil were renewed and fortified, but at the end of the X\/I.V. the city lost its military significance and in 1718 was expelled from the state of Russian fortresses.

In 1777, Novosil received the official approval of the county town of Novosilsky district of Tula governorship (since 1796 - the province). In 1779, a city development plan was approved.

In the XIX century, Novosil represented a small trade and craft city. The local merchants traded in bread, hemp, cattle, leather, lard, stubble, wax, honey.

Efremov

The appearance of a settled population on the territory of Efremov dates back to the end of CM! V. A few "hunting people" were engaged in boarding. By decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in 1637, the Tula zone was reconstructed, during which an oak prison was built in Efremovskaya.

The fortress was inhabited mainly by children of the boyar and city Cossacks, who served in the protection of the border and received an estate for this in the vicinity of the city.

The Efremov fortress existed until the 1680s, after which the dilapidated log walls were demolished.

Dedilovo

For the first time Dedoslavl, as the city was called in antiquity, is mentioned under 1146 and 1147 in the Ipatiev Chronicle. Being on the border with the Steppe, Dedoslavl was attacked more than other cities by the Tatar-Mongols and later by the Krymchaks. Dedoslavl was especially badly damaged in 1552 during the invasion of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey on Tula on the way to Moscow. Dedoslavl was ruined and burned.

After this invasion, an oak prison was set up on the right, high, bank of the Shivoron River in 1553 to protect Tula from the southeast. It was built by the royal governors - princes P. Shchenyatev and A. Kurbsky. In 1554, the Tula prince Dmitry Zhizhemsky built a new city on the same place, which the tsar called Dedilov. In the XVI-XVII centuries, being on the outskirts of the Moscow state, Dedilov was of important strategic importance, because the Muravsky shlyakh passed here - one of the most important ways used by the Crimean Tatars for invasions of the Moscow principality.

In the XVI century, for small local industry, and later for Tula and Kashira factories, iron ore was mined in Dedilovsky district (5 km from the city) on the Olenya River. That is why from the middle of the XVII century Dedilovskaya ore and the iron obtained from it had a huge demand. The plants built by A. Vinius and P. Marcelis were its largest consumers. In 1595, Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich resettled 30 families of Dedilov's self-made kuznetsov in Tula, allocating them lands beyond the Upa River. So the Blacksmith Settlement was formed, which later became the Armory.

In the XVIII century, Dedilov lost its defense significance.

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Notes