Genetics

Main article: Human body

• Genomics and Bioinformatics (Market Russia)

• National Genetic Information Base

• Genetic data banks (biobanks, biorepositories, storing biological samples)

• Genetic engineering (genetic engineering)

• Genetic passports

Nucleotides

Nucleotide - a group of organic compounds, are phosphorus esters of nucleosides - glycosylamines containing a nitrogenous base bound to sugar (adenine (A) with thymine (T) and guanine (G) with cytosine (C)).

The DNA molecule stores biological information in the form of a genetic code consisting of a sequence of nucleotides.

Genes - regions of DNA

Main article: Genes

The gene is a structural and functional unit of heredity of living organisms. The gene is a region defining the DNA sequence of a particular amino acid compound. Genes determine the hereditary traits of organisms passed from parents to offspring when they reproduce.

Microarray containing DNA fragments corresponding to certain genes or fragments thereof with known mutations

DNA

Main article: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a macro molecule that provides storage, transmission from generation to generation and the implementation of a genetic program for the development and functioning of living organisms. The DNA molecule stores biological information in the form of a genetic code consisting of a sequence of nucleotides.

Nuclear DNA

Nuclear DNA is DNA localized in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, unlike mitochondrial DNA. Nuclear DNA consists of DNA molecules contained in all chromosomes of the cell.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - DNA located, unlike nuclear DNA, in mitochondria - organoids of nuclear cells located outside the nucleus. Cell Power Station; the main function is the oxidation of organic compounds and the use of energy released during their decay. In most multicellular organisms, mitochondrial DNA is inherited on the maternal side.

DNA methylation

Main article: DNA methylation

Methylation plays a key role in developmental and aging processes.

DNA sequencing

Main article: DNA sequencing

Sequencing - determination of the amino acid or nucleotide sequence of biopolymers (proteins and nucleic acids - DNA and RNA). Sequencing provides a formal description of the primary structure of the linear macromolecule as a sequence of monomers in textual form. Sequencing overlapping regions of DNA produces sequences of regions of genes, whole genes, and even complete genomes of organisms.

Chromosomes

Main article: Chromosomes

Chromosome - nucleoprotein structures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell (an organism with a decorated cell nucleus delimited from the cytoplasm by a nuclear shell), in which most of the hereditary information is concentrated and which are intended for its storage, implementation and transmission. The eukaryotic chromosome is formed from a single and extremely long DNA molecule that contains a linear group of multiple genes.

{{# https://www.tadviser.ru/images/2/2d/IMG 3928.MP4|100%|auto||Chromosomes "color" + "body") - nucleoproteid cruciform structures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell}}

Autosomes

Autosomes are a series of chromosomes transmitted from parents (one from the father, the other from the mother), constituting a diploid (double) set of all chromosomes except for sexual ones.

Y-chromosome

The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in the XY chromosomal sex determination system, which occurs in many animals, most mammals, including humans. It contains the SRY gene, which determines the male sex of the body, as well as the genes necessary for the normal formation of sperm. Unlike other chromosomes, the Y chromosome is transmitted from father to son almost unchanged. If a mutation occurred in the production of germ cells in the Y chromosome of a man, then all his sons will receive an already changed male sex chromosome.

Haplotype, subclade, haplogroup

Haplotype is a collection of genes on regions of the same chromosome, usually inherited together.

Haplogroup is a group of similar haplotypes that have a common ancestor, which has a mutation inherited by all descendants (usually a single nucleotide polymorphism, or a difference in the DNA sequence of the size of one nucleotide (A, T, G or C)).

Subclade is a term used to describe a subgroup (branch) of a haplogroup. It is widely used in the description of DNA genealogical tests of mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome.

• Subclade R1b1a2a1a2b (S28/U152)

Genome

The genome is a collection of hereditary material enclosed in an organism's cell. The genome contains the biological information needed to build and maintain the organism. Most genomes, including the human genome and the genomes of all other cellular life forms, are built from DNA. The genome is also understood as the totality of the genetic material of the haploid set of chromosomes of this species.

In the human genome contains about 22,000 genes. Despite the fact that proteins are essential details and levers in the functioning of all neurons, no cell needs all 22,000 genes.

Therefore, neurons turn on only those genes that are necessary for their own needs. When needs change, different genes turn on or off.

Population

A population is a collection of organisms of the same species that live for a long time in one territory (occupying a certain range) and are partially or completely isolated from individuals of other similar groups.