Panama
Panama (official name - Republic of Panama) is a state in Central America on the Isthmus of Panama between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
Main article: Countries of the world
Population
Migration
The rise of the influx of illegal migrants from Colombia seeking to the United States
The jungles of Darien Province are on the border between Panama and. Colombia It is one of the main points in the route of migrants wishing to reach USA via Central America.
The number of illegal immigrants in this direction is increasing: in 2021 there were 133 thousand, in 2022 - already 248 thousand.
The National Migration Service of Panama has shown that since the beginning of 2023, by the end of September, almost 400 thousand illegal immigrants from South America have entered the country through the Darien jungle.
At the same time, back in May, the US authorities announced that they would begin to more often hold anti-immigration events in Darien together with the authorities of Colombia and Panama.
2021: Net population inflow in 4 years
Economy
GDP
2022: GDP size - $0.07 trillion
Panama Canal
2023: Lower water levels due to severe drought
Due to a severe drought in 2023, water levels in Gatun Lake, which feeds the Panama Canal locks with fresh water needed to lift ships as they cross from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean, fell far below normal, leading to weight restrictions and rising fees for ships to pass through the canal.
2019: Panama Canal's share of global trade - 0.9%
2006: Referendum approves canal expansion plan
At the initiative of Panamanian President Martin Torrijos, a popular referendum was held in 2006, where the people of Panama had to decide whether they wanted to expand the canal. 79% of the country's citizens supported the expansion of the channel.
China is most interested in expanding and improving the channel, which needs not only sales markets, but also in the rapid delivery of raw materials, in particular oil.
2000: China's Hutchison Whampoa wins canal management contest
In early 2000, Panama announced a tender for the management of the canal. The tender was won by the Chinese company Hutchison Whampoa, which actually began to manage the canal, but already under the control of the Panamanian authorities.
1977: Panama Canal Handover Agreement since 2000
On September 7, 1977, in Washington, Panama leader Omar Torrijos and US President Jimmy Carter signed a treaty (The Panama Canal Treaty) to transfer control of the canal to the Panamanian government since 2000. On October 23, 1977, the agreement was ratified by the Parliament of Panama, and on April 18, 1978, by the US Senate.
1920: Official opening of the canal
The official opening of the canal took place only on June 12, 1920.
1917: US acquires nearby islands from Panama, Denmark, Nicaragua and Colombia
To strengthen the defense on the approaches to the canal, the United States acquired nearby islands:
- Pacific islands were obtained from Panama - Margarita, Perke, Naos, Culebra and Flamenco;
- the Denmark dollars islands of St. John, St. Croix and St. Thomas were bought from in 1917 for 25 million;
- Nicaragua in 1928 - Corn (Corn) Islands;
- Colombia has the islands of Roncador and Kitasueno.
2014: The first test vessel passed through the canal
The first ship (ocean steamer SS Ancon) along the canal line passed on August 15, 1914, but a large landslide in October prevented the opening of traffic in the same 1914.
1903: US separates Panama from Colombia for canal rights
On January 22, 1903, Colombian Ambassador Thomas Herran and US Secretary of State John Hay signed a treaty under which Colombia leased a strip of land to the United States for a period of 100 years for the construction of the Panama Canal.
For the sanction of the Colombian government, which owned the territory of Panama, the United States agreed to pay $10 million for the transfer of the concession, and then after 9 years - $250,000 annually, while maintaining Colombia's sovereignty over the Panama Canal Zone.
These conditions were formalized in the Hay-Herran treaty, but the Colombian Senate refused to ratify it on August 12, 1903, since the concession agreement with the French company expired in 1904, and under the terms of it, if the canal did not begin to function by that time, and this was undoubtedly, then all the structures erected by the company passed free of charge to Colombia.
The only way out interested parties in France and the United States now saw that the state of Panama would secede from Colombia and, as an independent state, formalize the legally transfer of the US concession. The Frenchman Buno-Varia organized and led the separatist movement and, with the direct intervention of the US Navy, seceded Panama on November 4, 1903; On November 18, on behalf of the "Independent Panama Republic," he signed a treaty with the United States modeled on the Hay-Herran Treaty. The US conflict with Colombia was settled only in 1921.
Under the 1903 Treaty, the United States received in perpetual possession "a zone of land and land under water for the construction, maintenance, operation, establishment of sanitary order and protection of the mentioned canal," which was provided for in Article 2 of the Treaty. Article 3 gave the United States all rights as if they were the sovereign of the territory.
In addition, the United States became the guarantor of the independence of the Republic of Panama and received the right to maintain order in the cities of Panama and Colon if the Republic of Panama, in the opinion of the United States, was unable to independently maintain order. The economic side of the Treaty repeated the Hay-Herran Treaty, which was not ratified by Colombia. On behalf of Panama, the treaty was signed by French citizen Philippe Buno-Varia 2 hours before the official delegation of Panama arrived in Washington.
1902: US forces French to sell canal construction rights
In order to intimidate the French company, which owned the concession for the construction of the Panama Canal, the prospect of building a competing canal and knocking down the price, the commission of the US Congress first spoke in favor of the Nicaraguan direction, and the corresponding Hepburn bill was adopted in Congress on January 9, 1902.
Impressed by this, the French agreed in June 1902 to sell the concession, completed work and significant equipment for $40 million; after that, the Americans canceled the Hepburn bill and decided the issue in favor of the Panama Canal.
On June 28, 1902, the United States Congress passed a law requiring the President of the United States to purchase the property of the canal construction company, shares of the Panama Company railway and a strip of land off Colombia 10 miles wide for the construction, maintenance and management of the canal with jurisdiction in the territory.
Financial system
Cryptocurrencies
Main article: Cryptocurrencies in Panama
National debt
2023: State debt - 55% of GDP
Unemployment
2020: Unemployment rate - 10.9%
Energy carriers
2020: Low per capita energy consumption
and
Foreign trade
2022: China is the biggest export destination
Agriculture
2019: Average use of pesticides in agriculture
Consumption
2023: Poultry meat is the most consumed type of meat
2022: World No. 5 for marijuana cheapness: $3.85 per gram
Health care
2020: Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave 6 months or more
Social Security
Maternity leave
in
Crime
Prisons
2019: Minimum age for children to be jailed
2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens
History
2022: Protests against inflation
In July 2022, protests have been taking place in Panama for more than two weeks due to inflation and the rise in prices for products and fuel.
2004: Martin Torrijos, son of Omar Tarrijos, elected president
In 2004, Martin Torrijos, son of Omar Tarrijos, became president of Panama. Martin Torrijos won the 2004 presidential election with the slogan: "Yes, you can!": You can defeat poverty, unemployment, corruption. He is a member of the Revolutionary Democratic Party.
Sport
2022: The most popular sport is baseball
in
Calendar
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