| Developers: | NPO named after S. A. Lavochkin |
| Last Release Date: | 2023/08/17 |
| Branches: | Space industry |
Content |
2024: Named an error in the software, due to which the accident of the Luna-25 station occurred
The abnormal operation of two onboard devices of the Luna-25 interplanetary station was not worked out on Earth in preparation for flight. This led to the crash of the spacecraft, which was announced on August 5, 2024 by the scientific director of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, scientific director of the first stage of the lunar program of the Russian Federation, academician Lev Zeleny.
Landing on engines on an atmosphere-free body like the moon is a very challenging task, he said. When landing the device, for example, on Mars, the main braking from the second space speed is carried out in the atmosphere, first using the brake shield, and then using parachutes. On the moon, it is impossible to use such a scheme. Therefore, all operations are performed only at the expense of the power plant. As Zeleny notes, soft landing on the surface is a critical stage of any lunar mission.
In the case of the Luna-25 station, the onboard equipment was checked by starting vibrations and flight conditions - the entire scientific complex functioned normally. But it was not possible to plant the device and use the devices for their intended purpose. The braking impulse given by the engine of the device turned out to be too strong. The power plant, as Zeleny notes, did not turn off on time "due to some trivial inconsistency between the work of the two devices, which was not worked out on Earth." As a result, instead of flying the Moon, the device began to move along a non-calculated trajectory and crashed into the lunar surface, forming a small crater.
 | The conclusion is this: everything needs to be worked out and worked out, and worked out on Earth. The longer, longer and more attentive to work out the spacecraft, the more likely it is to succeed. In the future, I am sure, we will not allow this, - said the scientific director of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, whose words are quoted by the publication "Pro Cosmos."[1] |  |
2023
Roscosmos named the cause of the crash of Luna-25
On October 3, 2023, Roscosmos published preliminary results of work to clarify the causes of the crash of the Luna-25 automatic interplanetary station. According to the state corporation, the accident could have occurred due to the abnormal functioning of the onboard control complex.
| | It was established that the most likely cause of the accident was the abnormal operation of the on-board control system, associated with the failure to turn on the accelerometer unit in the BIUS-L device (angular velocity measurement unit) due to the possible ingress of commands with different priorities of their execution by the device into one data array. At the same time, the distribution of commands in data arrays is random (probabilistic) in nature, - said in a statement to Roscosmos. | |
Due to an error in the on-board control system during the output of the corrective pulse, it was not possible to record the moment of gaining the required speed and timely shut down the Luna-25 propulsion system. As a result, the station's propulsion system operated for 127 seconds instead of the planned 84. As a result, the station switched to an odd open orbit and collided with the lunar surface, concluded in Roskosmos.
The company also said that recommendations were formed for additional events for subsequent lunar missions.
The head of Roscosmos, Iouri Borisov, said that Russia could repeat the mission to the South Pole of the Moon in 2025-2026. He noted that designers and scientists are "burning with the idea" of continuing the program.
| | There is no need to make a tragedy out of this, it is necessary to draw conclusions and continue work in this direction, - the press service quotes the head of Roscosmos. | |
The final causes of the accident have to be clarified by a special interdepartmental commission.[2]
Station crash due to abnormal engine shutdown
On August 19, 2023, in accordance with the flight program of the Luna-25 automatic station at 14:10 Moscow time, a pulse was given to transition to pre-landing orbit. However, during the operation, an abnormal situation occurred on board the automatic station, which did not allow the maneuver to be performed with the specified parameters.
Due to the deviation of the actual pulse parameters from the calculated ones, the automatic station switched to an odd orbit and ceased to exist as a result of a collision with the lunar surface, Roscosmos said in a statement on August 20, 2023.
An abnormal shutdown of the engine of the Luna-25 apparatus was the main reason for the crash of the station, the head of Roscosmos Iouri Borisov said on August 21, 2023. Instead of the planned 84 seconds, the Luna-25 engine worked 127 seconds.
"Russia must participate in the lunar race," Borisov said. Due to the interruption of lunar programs for 50 years, technology has to be re-mastered, he lamented, calling the failed mission an invaluable experience. The emergency commission has already been created and started work, its results will be taken into account when planning the next missions.
| | "The modern never Russia once planted spacecraft on other space bodies. Of course, the USSR had extensive experience with landers: the first soft landing on, Moon the first soft landing on, Mars the first soft landing on - Venus they are all for the USSR. But since Soviet experts successfully put their last device on the moon, 47 years have passed... Those people have been on for a long time, and pensions many are not with us at all. Luna-25 was created by a new generation of developers who need to gain experience from scratch, "Igor Egorov, head of the plasma rocket engine laboratory at the Institute of Laser and Plasma Technologies, shared his opinion on the reasons for the disruption of the Luna-25 space mission. NRNU MEPHI | |
Igor Egorov also recalled that before the Soviet "Ye-6 Program" ended with the successful landing of the Moon-9, three devices (Luna-5, Luna-7 and Luna-8) crashed on the Moon, and others flew by altogether, or did not fly.
| | "Luna-25 was able to successfully enter the lunar orbit and test its devices on it - this is no longer enough for the first attempt," the scientist states. This allows us to expect that the next device - Luna-26, designed specifically for orbital work - will fulfill its program in full. Now it is important to understand exactly what the flaw of the Moon-25 was, and by the time the next lander, Luna-27, was launched, to take into account and correct these points, "the expert is convinced. | |
Lunar Surface Survey
The Luna-25 automatic station, flying in a circular artificial orbit, satellite Moon filmed the lunar surface with television cameras of the STS-L complex. This was Roskosmos reported on August 17, 2023.
A picture taken at 08:23 BST today shows the southern polar crater Zeeman on the far side of the moon. The coordinates of the center of the crater correspond to 75 degrees south latitude and 135 degrees west longitude.
The Zeeman crater, invisible from the Earth, is a unique object on the lunar surface and is of great interest to researchers - the height of its surrounding shaft reaches 8 kilometers above the surface of a relatively flat bottom. The images obtained significantly complement the currently available information about this crater.
The world's first image of the far side of the moon was obtained in October 1959 by the Soviet automatic station Luna-3.
The STS-L television complex was created at the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Also, the Luna-25 automatic station was monitored using ADRON-LR and PMl devices created at the IKI RAS, and ARIES-L, created at the IKI RAS in cooperation with the Astron Electronics company. Gamma ray and neutron flows from the surface of the Moon were measured, as well as parameters of the lunar space plasma and the gas-dust exosphere in the lunar orbit were obtained.
Details of aircraft systems and ground systems for "Luna-25"
The onboard systems and ground complexes developed by the Russian Space Systems Holding (RKS, part of the Roscosmos State Corporation) provide flight control and information reception from the Luna-25 automatic interplanetary station, launched on August 11, 2023 from the Vostochny cosmodrome.
The first lunar vehicle for the Russian rocket and space industry was manufactured by NPO Lavochkina JSC in cooperation between enterprises of the aerospace industry. Luna-25 is designed to work out a soft landing, test new operating technologies, determine the survival features of the station on a lunar night. The scientific instruments of the device will study the exosphere and soil of the natural satellite of the Earth.
Luna-25 is equipped with onboard equipment of the command and measuring system (BA KIS), produced by the RKS holding for spacecraft of various purposes. Reliable operation of the KIS BA is required to land the station in the area of the South Pole of the Moon and conduct an annual scientific program. The RKS equipment, in cooperation with modernized ground systems and the Mission Control Center throughout the entire lunar mission, will transmit in real time telemetric information about the state of the onboard systems, monitor the opening of solar panels, check the activation and functioning of the orientation system, inform about the operation of other Luna-25 systems.
The ground control system will control the station during the flight and receive scientific information. It includes ground stations RKS, including those developed by OKB MPEI JSC (part of the RKS instrument-making holding). The equipment of ground stations is located on unique antenna systems with a mirror diameter from 64 meters to 70 meters.
| | "For Luna-25, engineers of the RKS holding have improved ground-based antenna TNA-1500 and P-2500 systems, which have become part of Russia the deep-space spacecraft control complex being created in the ground. The new developments will provide communication at any distances to the borders of Solar system domestic and international scientific missions, including the planned automatic interplanetary stations "Luna-26," "Luna-27," " "Spectrum-UV" Venus-D" and others. It is important to note that the Luna-25 project also involves the development of RCCs for other programs, in particular, a ground station for receiving scientific information created for Mars the Exo-2016 project, - said the deputy general director - general designer of the RCC for ground systems and complexes. Maxim Shcherbakov | |
The implementation of the Luna-25 space expedition will allow Russian specialists to assess the prospects for the development of the solar system in a new way. As of August 2023, a number of countries, including Russia, China, India, and the United States, have their own programs for studying the moon. Humanity's interest in the Earth's satellite is associated with the discovery of unique areas there that have favorable conditions for the possible construction of lunar bases.
Launch of the station from the Vostochny cosmodrome
The launch of the Luna-25 automatic station from the Vostochny cosmodrome took place on August 11, 2023.
The Soyuz-2.1b launch vehicle with the Luna-25 spacecraft was launched from the cosmodrome. After separating from the Fregat upper stage, she is heading for a natural satellite. Lands Ahead of the most difficult stage is the landing of the module on the moon, which is scheduled for August 21.
The station was supposed to begin research on the southern polar region of the moon, lasting at least a year.
Luna-25 was the first Russian apparatus since 1976 to go to the natural. satellite Lands The landing should take place in the area of the Boguslavsky crater - not far from the South Pole - the proposed location of the joint base, the creation of which space agencies China Russia agreed to in 2021. The research program will include the search for lunar water - using cryogenic drilling to a depth of more than two meters.
2022
Conclusion of state contracts for the implementation of two lunar missions
As it became known in early November 2022, Roscosmos concluded two agreements with the Scientific and Production Association (NPO) named after S. A. Lavochkin for the creation of two lunar missions. One of them is orbital, the second is a landing for taking soil, TASS reports with reference to materials on the public procurement website.
According to the first contract, the price of which amounted to 9.3 billion rubles in 2022-2024, an apparatus will be created to conduct remote research of the lunar surface. According to the second - for 7.2 billion rubles - in 2022-2025 they will design a space complex for contact research of the natural satellite of the Earth.
During the work, working design documentation, prototypes of spacecraft components (SCh) for autonomous tests, propulsion systems, flight samples of SCh spacecraft will be created. For the device, which will conduct contact studies of the moon, it is planned to manufacture and test landing and soil collection devices, as well as a manipulator.
This contract involves the creation of an apparatus in 2022-2024 for remote research of the lunar surface (code "Luna-Resurs-1" (OA-2021)). The second contract implies the creation in 2022-2025 of a space complex for contact research of a natural Earth satellite (code "Luna-Resurs-1" (PA-2021)).
| | Lead performer... undertakes to carry out development work on the topic: "The creation of space complexes for conducting contact and remote studies of the lunar surface in the near-polar region in terms of creating a space complex with an orbital spacecraft," the tender said. | |
By the beginning of November 2022, the first mission to the natural satellite of the Earth "Luna-25" is being prepared. It was supposed to be launched before the end of 2022.[3]
Date set for launch of the first moon mission in the history of modern Russia
Russia Moon The launch of the first modern mission in history is scheduled for July 2023. This was reported on September 20, 2022 by the news agency with TASS reference to the head of the Department of Nuclear Planetary Science (Space Research Institute IKI) of the Russian Academy of Sciences Igor Mitrofanov.
He noted the merits of the developer of the Luna-25 automatic interplanetary station - the Scientific and Production Association (NPO) Lavochkin, who decided to postpone the launch of the mission, originally planned for 2022.
{{quote 'As a result of part of the tests, it turned out that there are areas where the risk of failure in this mission has not yet been completely countered. They needed additional time to deal with this risk, and now they have received this time, - said the expert. }} In the summer of 2022, it became known that the Doppler speed and range meter DID-LR manufactured by the Vega concern of the Rostec state corporation, which is necessary for the soft landing of Luna-25, was recognized as not fully meeting the requirements of the technical specification for accuracy. The device was sent for additional tests over the area that corresponds to the lunar surface as much as possible.
{{quote 'The fact is that it will be a polar landing, for the first time we will plant a spacecraft in the vicinity of the pole, "Mitrofanov emphasized. - Soviet "Luna-20" and "Luna-24" landed [on the moon - approx. TASS] is already quite reliable. Now you need to recreate many systems. }} According to the head of the nuclear planetary science department of the IKI RAS, specialists need to carry out additional work with devices that control the movement of the device during landing. Especially when it approaches the surface of the moon. He added that the transfer of the launch of the device to the moon is associated with overcoming technical risks.[4]
Putin: Russia resumes lunar program, it will begin with the launch of "Moon-25"
On April 12, 2022, on Cosmonautics Day, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin visited Vostochny cosmodrome the Amur Region. During this event, the Russian leader announced the resumption of the lunar program of the Russian Federation. It will begin with the launch of the Luna-25 automatic interplanetary station (AMS) to a natural satellite. Lands
Putin added that Russia will consistently and persistently implement all the planned plans in the space sphere, despite external pressure.
| | We will continue to create a new generation transport ship and nuclear space energy technologies, where we certainly have a very good and absolutely clear advantages. We will resume the lunar program, - said the head of state. | |
According to Vladimir Putin, Russia needs to successfully respond to challenges in space exploration in order to "effectively solve national development problems on earth, strengthen security and technological sovereignty, create advanced developments in the field of robotics and microelectronics, ecology and medicine."
Luna-25 is part of the Russian lunar program, the first Russian lunar mission carried out at the S. A. Lavochkin NGO for the study and practical use of the Moon and near-moon space by automatic interplanetary stations. The purpose of this project is to launch an automatic probe, the orbital part of which should carry out remote studies and select suitable sites for subsequent descent vehicles, and the lander will examine the surface in the south pole area, including cryogenic drilling to a depth of two meters (the main task is to search for water).
In April 2022, Roscosmos announced that Luna-25 would be launched in four months - in August - from the Vostochny cosmodrome.[5]
2020: Plan for the launch of the Luna-25 apparatus in the fall of 2021
Roscosmos plans to send a spacecraft to the moon in the fall of 2021. This was announced on December 19, 2020 by the general director of Roscosmos Dmitry Rogozin.
| | "The Luna-25 apparatus is almost ready, its developer is the Lavochkin production association in Khimki near Moscow. This device technologically must confirm our competencies, gently put the device on the moon, "the top manager said during a visit to the Polet enterprise. | |
After that, Luna-26 will be sent to the Earth's satellite.
According to Rogozin, this lunar remote sensing orbiter will shoot in detail the locations of all future landings. Then "Luna-27" will go to the moon.
Notes
- ↑ Lev Zeleny: "We will be the first explorers of the North Pole of the Moon"
- ↑ Luna-25: preliminary results of work to find out the reasons for the abnormal functioning of the station
- ↑ Roscosmos signed state contracts for the creation of two lunar missions
- ↑ The launch of the first moon mission in the history of modern Russia may take place in July 2023
- ↑ Putin announced the resumption of the lunar program of Russia
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