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The main articles are:
GDP
2022: GDP size - $0.10 trillion
2018: GDP - $891 per person
Financial system
National debt
2023: State debt - 46% of GDP
2017: State debt - 54% of GDP
External debt
2019: Debt to China - $6.5 billion
with the
Inflation
2022: Inflation in November - 31.7%
Minerals
2022: 1.3 million people involved in small-scale mining
Power
Hydropower
2025: Ethiopia suffers severe electricity shortage due to mining - accounts for a third of energy consumption
Mining of cryptocurrencies in Ethiopia consumes a third of the country's total energy consumption, which is 8 TWh of electricity . Data centers for the extraction of digital assets are creating a critical load on the power system, which is already experiencing serious problems with energy supply. The data are given in the report of the relevant ministry for 2025 and published in early July 2025.
Demand from miners will reach 30% of the country's total electricity consumption in 2025. Ethiopian authorities have planned a dramatic reform of tariff policy to address the energy crisis.
Over the course of four years, electricity prices for businesses will rise by 400%. The cost of a kilowatt-hour will increase from 2.12 birr to almost 10 birr by 2028, equivalent to an increase from $0.015 to $0.075.
The authors of the ministerial report believe that the increase in tariffs will reduce the attractiveness of investments in cryptocurrency mining. New demand from data centers creates an additional burden on the energy system, which does not cope with current needs.
About a quarter of the country's generating capacity is idle due to a shortage of imported spare parts for equipment repairs. Large industrial consumers face an average of thirty-nine blackouts per month, totaling twenty-one hours.
Ethiopia's power system is 100% based on renewable energy sources, predominantly hydroelectric power plants. The key facility is the GERD hydroelectric power station, which provides a significant part of the national energy balance.
Progress in electrification of the population remains extremely slow. Only 22% of households have a legal connection to the national electricity grid, which indicates serious problems in the energy infrastructure.
The government is simultaneously stimulating the transition to electric transport. By 2030, electric cars should make up 28% of the country's total fleet, which will require additional energy capacity.[1]
2020: Very low energy consumption per capita
and
2019: Electrification rate 47%
Industry
2020: Industrial parks with tiny salaries
Ethiopia is undergoing a huge transformation by continental standards. Back in 2014, in accordance with the plan of economist Arkebe Okubay (for 2020 - special adviser to Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed), the country began forced industrialization. And while industrial production is still a modest 10% of GDP, Ethiopia should have 30 industrial parks in textile and light industries, machine manufacturing, IT and communications by the end of 2020.
There is only one problem. In the Hawassa Industrial Park - the flagship of Ethiopia's industrial breakthrough - enterprises, H&M Levis and others pay about $26 a month, which is the lowest salary in the world (in DR Congo Mozambique and pay more, and in similar positions in Myanmar and - Bangladesh so in general under $95). According to Arkebe Okubai, low salaries are necessary: this is how companies help out funds for investments, and if salaries are high, then, in his opinion, neither new jobs nor economic growth are expected.
Against the background of rising salaries in China, Malaysia, Indonesia and Bangladesh, the Ethiopian government successfully took advantage of its country's competitive advantage and lured leading international companies with tax holidays, ready to pay $35-50 at best instead of $300 from China.
High labor supply and high youth unemployment stimulate arbitrariness in the workplace. Managers shamelessly dismiss those who are confused in the restrooms, and the Nobel laureate appeals to the dissatisfied to consciousness and patriotism.
But despite the boom in self-help literature and Tony Robbins-esque workshops, thousands of Ethiopians do not linger in sweatshops and drive back to the village or emigration. Together with acquired skills and experience. So, in the famous Hawassa Park in 2017-2018. personnel turnover amounted to about 100%.
In addition, Arkebe Okubaya's reasoning is very vulnerable. An unshared graduate of a university in neighboring Kenya - the most powerful economy in East Africa - receives 4 times higher in real terms than an honored professor at Addis Ababa University with 30 years of experience, and the salaries of experienced teachers differ six times.
Ethiopia IT Market
2024: Ethiopia's digital transformation strategy approved
Ethiopia has approved a digital transformation strategy aimed at creating an innovative and sustainable economy. The program is based on a holistic approach that combines national development goals and the desire to introduce digital technologies in various areas. The results of the implementation of the strategy in mid-December 2024 were reported by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Ethiopia (MoIT).
We are talking about the comprehensive initiative "Digital Ethiopia 2025" (Digital Ethiopia 2025). One of its main tasks is the transition to a more diversified economy, including production, services and IT services. The focus is on creating new jobs, particularly in digital, with the aim of reducing unemployment and involving young people. There are plans to improve service delivery in both the public and private sectors through digital platforms. Transformations are underway in key areas, including agriculture and manufacturing. In addition, it is planned to use digital tools to promote the cultural and natural heritage of Ethiopia, which should contribute to the development of tourism as a source of foreign currency.
Ethiopian Minister of Innovation and Technology Yishurun Alemayehu noted that the Digital Ethiopia 2025 strategy has increased the number of Internet users in the country from 17 million to 42.5 million. The government built a number of large data centers, and private sector investments contributed to the formation of three three-tier data centers. The implementation of the strategy helped improve the availability of electricity.
The country's authorities stimulate the creation of a favorable regulatory framework that encourages innovation, protects data and contributes to the growth of digital literacy of the population. Cooperation between the Government and the private sector is encouraged to make better use of resources.[2]
2022: More than 10 start-ups
Agriculture
2023: Fifth place in coffee production (3.56 million tonnes)
2021: Share of farmland - 36%
2019: Low use of pesticides in agriculture
Equestrian industry
Foreign trade
2023:33% of wheat supplies come from Russia and Ukraine
Consumption
2023: Beef is the most consumed type of meat
2019: Low rice consumption: 4.1 kg per person per year
2018: Vegetable consumption - 14 kg per capita
R&D
2020: R&D expenses - $787 million
Alcohol market
2018: Minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages - 15 years
Transport
2025: Railway gauge - 1435mm
Notes
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