Streletsky riot of 1682

Main article: History of Russia

The death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich and the warring parties

On April 27 (May 7), Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich died in 1682. The current situation led to a clash in the struggle for power between the relatives of the first and second wives of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin. The next oldest son of Tsar Alexei from his first marriage, 16-year-old John, was to inherit the throne. However, he was extremely painful. Moreover, evil tongues called him weak-minded. According to some modern researchers, Ivan suffered from epilepsy and scurvy. But the Miloslavsky family supported Ivan's candidacy as a contender for the throne.

However, the sympathies of most members of the Boyar Duma were on the side of another heir - the son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his second marriage (with Natalya Kirillovna from the Naryshkin family), Peter. With the assistance of the Naryshkins, nine-year-old Peter Alekseevich (future Tsar Peter I) was declared tsar on May 7, 1682.

Social revolution of serving people against patrimony and landowners

The court infantry, whose elected representatives had already squeezed into the de facto state power, represented the interests of not patrimony and landowners, but serving people according to the apparatus of citizens (archers) and free state peasants (elected soldiers). In fact, the Uprising of the Archers of 1682 was a social revolution, the driving force of which, with all the shortcomings in ideological terms, was perfectly organized.

Subsequently, Peter І will have to do with considerable difficulty what Sophia will not be able to - completely eliminate the infantry created in the XVІ- XVІІ centuries. infantry as a serving estate, replacing it with an army of peasant recruits under the leadership of the nobles. And during the Streletsky riot, a significant part of the ruling class was in ^[1].

Murder by archers of the head of the Streletsky order I.Yu. Dolgorukov and reprisals against objectionable

Miloslavsky took advantage of the general discontent of the Moscow archers and started a rumor about the murder of Tsarevich John, giving the archers a list of "traitor boyars," which the archers believed.

On May 15, 1682, armed archers led by Prince I. A. Khovansky came to the royal palace in the Kremlin. They almost managed to calm them down, presenting John and Peter alive and well, but the head of the Streletsky order, Prince M. Yu. Dolgorukov, a supporter of the Naryshkins, intervened in the matter. He began to scold the archers, threaten with reprisals, for which he was killed on the spot. For the next three days, the archers carried out merciless reprisals against the "traitor boyars" and streltsy commanders.

The rebels themselves declared the main reason for their speech the urgent need to protect the state from the "traitors of the boyars and Duma people" who killed the good Tsar Fedor and usurped power: "take possession of the state," placing the young Tsar Peter on the throne instead of the adult heir, Ivan, in order to uncontrollably rule the country, rob and oppress the whole people. Having restored Ivan's rights, the rebels did not return all power to the suspicious "tops" for them, but placed their elected representatives in the Boyar Duma and central order departments, in the intention to exercise constant control over ^[2].

At the request of the archers, the Zemsky Cathedral approved the primacy of Tsar John under the rule of Tsar Peter and the regency of Princess Sophia (instead of Tsarina Natalia Naryshkina).

Ivan Khovansky "Tararuy" headed the Streletsky order

Against the background of the uprising, Streletsky's order was headed by Prince Ivan Khovansky, who tried to maneuver between the official government and the archers, and his influence on the political processes in the country increased sharply.

Ivan Andreevich by the time of the Streletsky uprising was already a famous person. He fought with the Swedes and Poles, defended the southern borders of the Russian state from raids by the Crimean Tatars and Turks, managed to be the head of several orders (a kind of ministries), including Streletsky and Sudny.

At the same time, among the people, he received the nickname "Tararui" - a chatterbox, a pustomel, which in this case is supplemented by a combination of swaggering tyranny and impassioned impunity with complete irresponsibility. According to Andrei Matveyev, Ivan Khovansky "popularly, Tararuy was called the reason that he, where he served as governor at the regiments, everywhere by inconsistency and insane cowardice is not a safe case to find over the enemies... missed, but also lost different Russian people everywhere "Matveev ^[3]..

But the archers of the prince knew and he enjoyed respect among them. It was "Tararuya" that Sophia put at the head of the archers. She hoped that with his help she would be able to establish control over the rebels and make them her reliable support.

The Sagittarius were renamed the "court infantry" (an analogue of the guard) and achieved recognition of their actions not as a riot, but as a fight against the "traitors." The text of the corresponding letter of merit was recorded on a stone pillar installed on Red Square.

An unsuccessful attempt by the Old Believers to restore the "old faith." Dispute about faith and the execution of Nikita Dobrynin

Until 1682, part of the archers stationed in Moscow (primarily Titov's regiment), the civilian population of Moscow and even the nobility (Prince I. Khovansky) continued to more or less openly adhere to the "old faith." From the Old Believer clergy in Moscow at that time the priest Stefan constantly lived, about whom Protopop Avvakum mentions in his writings. Without staying here for a long time, hegumen Dosifei and Sergius (Simeon Krasheninnikov)^[4] often visited Moscow].

The hope for the restoration of the "old faith" in the Moscow state at that time was still simmering among some of the adherents of "ancient piety." The idea of ​ ​ filing a petition about the restoration of the "old faith" was in circulation during the life of Archpriest Habakkuk and was actively supported by Hegumen Dosifei. The uprising of the archers (or, as they said, "serving audacity in everything and embarrassment in the state") and the nomination of the head of the Streletsky order of Prince I.A. Khovansky to the post of actually "first minister" in the government of Princess Sophia even more encouraged the Old Believers. Now there was a great opportunity to file a petition directly through Prince Khovansky.

On May 18, 1682, at the "servicemen" (archers of the Titov regiment) and "posad" (i.e. Old Believers from Moscow settlements) people, the "Duma and Council of the Edino" took place. At this council, it was decided to file a petition so that "in the reigning city of Moscow, the old Orthodox faith would be renewed." With the blessing of Hegumen Sergius (Simeon Krasheninnikov), the petition "on behalf of all regiments and prunes" was made by Sava Romanov, Pavel Zakharyev, Nikita Borisov, S.I. Kalashnikov and others. Having received the petition, representatives of the Titov Regiment "will be surprised" by her syllable and the detailed "description of heresies in new books." Sava Romanov read the text of the petition to the Sagittarius.

Then the elected posad and streletsky representatives, headed by Hegumen Sergius, filed a petition to Prince I.A. Khovansky, who told the petitioners: "Az and himself, sinful, I wish that in the old way it was in the holy churches unanimously and completely. Ashe, reche, and sinful, but invariably I hold the old piety and honor according to the old holy books and imagine for myself on my faces my sign of the cross of two fingers. " When it came to a person who could represent the Old Believers in a dispute with bishops and power, Khovansky proposed Protopop Nikita Dobrynin with the words: "I know that priest much. Anti-Tovo they (i.e. church authorities) have nothing to say; that mouth will burn them, and first of all, none of them can stand against him, but just the foliage of the padosh. "

So by June 1682, Moscow had a "headquarters" of "zealots of ancient piety" consisting of Nikita Dobrynin, Sava Romanov, a student of Avvakum, priest Sergius, Savatius Solovetsky, hegumen Sergius and others. They began to plan the arrangement of a public dispute. The venue for the dispute was proposed to appoint the Front Place, and on Sunday afternoon, June 25, the day of the wedding of Tsars Ivan and Peter Alekseevich. However, such an idea of ​ ​ Prince. Khovansky, fearing to provoke the authorities to use force, did not support.

The dispute ("Prya about faith") was scheduled for July 5, 1682. By this time, Khovansky and supporters of the petition about the restoration "in the reigning city of Moscow of the old Orthodox faith" were supported by 9 Streltsy regiments (from 700 to 1000 people each) and gunners. Already in the morning of July 5, while Patriarch Joachim served the luncheon in the Assumption Cathedral, and supporters of the "old faith" led by Fr. Nikita, gathered in the Titov Regiment for Yauza, with icons, books and lit candles went to the Kremlin, crowds of people began to gather on the Kremlin square.

After lunch, Princesses Sophia and Tatiana, Dowager Queen Natalya, clergy led by Patriarch Joachim and the boyar gathered in the Granovite Chamber, categorically refusing to hold a dispute with the people on the square. Then representatives of the Old Believers, namely about. Nikita Dobrynin, the monk Savaty Solovetsky, about. Sergiy, Sava Romanov and others, accompanied by Streltsy electors and guards, arrived at the Granovite Chamber.

The questions compiled conclusively were read out by Protopop Nikita Dobrynin even before the meeting began. A dispute has begun. The patriarch could not object to the arguments made by Father Nikita. Then, trying to help him, Bishop Athanasius of Kholmogorsk intervened in the dispute, whom Nikita "will take away with little hand" with the words: "What are you, leg, above the head, I am not talking to you, but with the holy patriarch."

Seeing such a situation, Princess Sophia tried to seize the initiative, shouting: "You see what Nikita is doing in our eyes, the bishop is beating, and without us he will kill for a long time." To which the "upcoming" answered her: "No de, empress, he does not beat, only with his hand he took him away and did not tell him to speak before the patriarch." However, Sophia, seeing the helplessness of the bishops in front of Fr. Nikita, began to reproach him for repeatedly writing penitential letters and petitions. To which Protopop Nikita replied that those letters were written to him "behind the sword and behind the log," and no one could give an answer to the petition, which he wrote for seven years and filed at the council.

Then the patriarch reproached the Old Believers that they did not want to "accept newly printed books, ignorance for the sake of and lack of grammatical reason." To which Fr. Nikita Dobrynin replied to him that we did not come about "grammar to argue, but about church dogmas and innovations in church worship, contrary to ancient tradition and customs."

After they began to read the petition of Protopop Nikita. In the course of reading, only Princess Sophia objected, but her objections were rather emotional. After the reading of the "great" petition, first Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, and then, announcing the termination of the debate and the transfer of the cathedral to Friday July 7, and Princess Sofia and the bishops left the Faceted Chamber. Neither the patriarch nor the bishops were able to refute the materials of the petition.

Leaving the Faceted Chamber, representatives of the Old Believers triumphed. "Victory, victory. So believe. We are all bishops with reproach and shame, "they admonished, raising their hands up with a double-edged pronunciation:" Make fingers in tacos. " Then an interview of the Old Believers with the people was arranged at the Frontal Place.

However, the victory did not have to be celebrated for long. No cathedral took place on July 7.

Princess Sophia, in order to finally lure the archers to her side and quarrel them with the Old Believers, took actions that are colloquially called soldering. "At that time he appeared to them (archers)," retells M.P. ^[5], - what rank of man is unknown and said: "Nobles and all the court infantry of the great sovereigns! Tsars-sovereigns favor you with a cellar. For ten people on the ears of beer, yes, as honey goes. " Sagittarius ran every dozen with their ears and drunken drunken. "On the next day, also from the Top [of the royal chambers] to the camp [one hundred], a person went around, and on the third day, and all the regiments went over like that. Sagittarius brought the guilty that they had no business before church issues and they would not continue to repair them. Fathers [that is, priests-Old Believers drunk [archers] began to beat: 'You-de rioters and the outrages by the whole kingdom. ""

Protopop Nikita (nicknamed Pustosvyat by his opponents) and other "split teachers" were bribed by Sophia to the authorities. The rest of the Sagittarius, attracted by rich gifts, did not want to intervene.

On the morning of July 11, 1682, Nikita Dobrynin was executed on Red Square. According to other sources, he was "executed by death on the Swamp" ^[6] (i.e. in Zamoskvorechye). The rest were exiled to various remote places.

The departure of the tsars and the court from Moscow to Kolomenskoye and then to Vozdvizhenskoye

The newly minted duma clerk Shaklovyny made an invaluable contribution to the series of operations of the government of Sofia and Golitsyn, which by November 1682 led to the complete pacification of the uprising and the return of the two tsars to Moscow. His first task was to prepare and carry out the departure of the tsars to the village of Kolomenskoye and collect the ranks of the Sovereign's court and serving foreigners there, evacuate them from Moscow, but partly search for villages. By September 2, this problem was solved as much as it was possible to do without noise and official announcement. Now it was necessary to force all this assembly, without running away, to slip out of the reach of the rebels in the village of Kolomenskoye and, without betraying its goal, to confuse the traces of the kings, actually heading for the strong walls of the Trinity-Sergius ^[7].

Fake denunciation of the Khovanskys, who allegedly organized the uprising of the archers, for their own accession

When everything was ready to flee, the operation entered the second stage: Izvet (denunciation) on Khovansky appeared at the gates of the royal court in Kolomensky. On September 2, 1682, the cry "Khovansky bit the kingdom" did not spread through the village!

The time has not yet come for Izvet to be widely announced. But both tsars, the cautious queen Natalia Kirillovna, the shy young widow of Fyodor Alekseevich, Tsarina Martha Matveevna and the most prominent boyars were impressed. On the same day, the entire royal court moved from Kolomensky to the village of Vorobyevo, reaching it lit up. The movement was prepared, which means that Izvet appeared at the gate strictly according to plan.

The preparation of the nomination to Kolomenskoye took Shaklovitny 18 days, from 2 to 20 August, and the campaign from Kolomensky took 12 days. The thin place has always been the access under the tents and other property. Only the royal family lived during regular summer campaigns in the chambers of palace villages, few noble people settled in the huts, and most stood in a tent camp. In the tents, even with palaces, they lived. it happened, and the kings themselves. This camp had to be turned around, turned around and transported, horses, carts and teamsters were required. ^[8] not escape from the Kolomensky without preparation.

On September 4, the yard, according to bit records, left Vorobyov and arrived in the village of Pavlovskoye. On September 6, they moved from Pavlovsky to the Zvenigorod Savvo-Storozhevsky Monastery, where on this and subsequent days the kings prayed. On September 10, the courtyard returned to the village of Pavlovskoye, on September 12 it came to Khlyabovo, and on September 13 from Khlyabovo to Vozdvizhenskoye.

All this time, Izvet was not announced on Khovansky, although a circular letter of collection of military men sent from the Savvo-Storozhevsky monastery (i.e. from September 6 to 10) accused the senior prince of involvement in organizing the Moscow uprising.

Khovansky in Moscow already at that time knew about the accusations from the government. While the yard was rushing "in a strange way," I.A. Khovansky was preparing a retaliatory strike, arresting the slaves V.V. Golitsyn in his Moscow yard and interrogating them with addiction. At the head of government, Princess Sophia clearly wanted to concoct a case of treason. However, on September 11, 1682, Khovansky sent a tsarist decree to transfer these people, "and their drive and mural speeches" from the order of the Nadvornaya infantry to the Siberian order, loyal to Golitsyn judges.

Gathering of noble militia at the Trinity-Sergius Lavra

In the current situation, Princess Sophia managed to organize the beginning of the gathering of the noble militia. A handful of politicians who conferred with Princess Sophia at the Savvo-Storozhevsky Monastery let slip with fear, recognizing the Moscow uprising as the work of archers and soldiers. Fear is clearly indicated by the scale of mobilization indicated in the district letter. The call for a hasty gathering was addressed to "our steward, solicitor, Moscow nobleman, tenant, and the initial people, and the city nobleman, and boyar's child, kopeyman, reitar, salad, and all ranks of our great sovereigns, military people, and boyar servants." Everyone was called to the rescue of the tsars, except for the Moscow and city archers and elected soldiers lodging in the capital.

Reitars (from the German word Reіter - "horseman") - equestrian warriors of Peter. Reitar regiments were made up of Russian soldiers who were in the sovereign service, received salaries and weapons (carbines and pistols) for this, but they bought horses and clothes for themselves. They were trained in military affairs by foreign officers.

At this time, the Danish ambassador Gildebrandt von Horn, who had not visited Russia for the first time and knew Russian, came from Smolensk immediately to the Trinity and offered the tsars his sword. In a report to the king on October 23, he said that "the army gathered here consists of more than 150,000 people, and could reach 200,000; only because of difficulties with food, a considerable part of it was left, and they will continue to let people go home every day ^[9].

To openly and directly accuse the archers and soldiers, without even mentioning the Moscow posad that supported them, of rebellion and start a holy war against them, was to unite them in a single fear and anger, i.e. to force them to fight to death, in the absence of such acute motivation from the militia gathered against them. The nobles and their war slaves, not to mention the dachas, were not quite ready to serve, enduring hardships, and even more so they were not ready to die. This path would be suicidal for both the government and the rebels.

The task of the government was to set the Khovansky organizers of the riot and force the rebels to surrender, having refused to influence the orders, from the Letter of Merit on June 6, a monument to the victory over boyar treason and the very idea of ​ ​ this treason, from the honor of the court infantry, increased salaries and knocking out other income, from service exclusively in the capital, without grueling "parcels" to the outskirts for a year or more, from omnipotence, as the forces of law and order, on the streets, etc. The rebels received only one thing: the return of the old times and orders that led them to revolt, only without the extreme willfulness and cruelty of the chiefs. According to the plan, which Sylvester Medvedev attributed entirely to the "wise" princess Sofya, the government in return refused to consider them rebels and forgave their "guilt" ^[10].

Khovansky did not dare to oppose the noble army.

The execution of Ivan and Andrei Khovansky in Vozdvizhensky

On September 14, Golitsyn moved on to the third stage of the operation. The tsars in Vozdvizhenskoye were officially summoned to the ranks of the Sovereign's court, from Moscow and villages, where many of them were hiding. The pretext for the urgent appearance of all nobility and Moscow nobles up to and including residents by dawn on September 18 was the meeting of the Little Russian hetman I.S. Samoilovich. Letters of collection were sent both to Prince I.A. Khovansky and other boyars left for management in Moscow, and to boyars, okolnichny and duma nobles personally, each to Moscow or the estate "where he is now."

On September 17, a detachment of boyars Prince M.I. Lykov, formed in advance of stolniks, solicitors and tenants with their military slaves, attacked Prince I.A. Khovansky, who was traveling with a magnificent retinue to Vozdvizhensky. The eldest prince was captured, but his youngest son Ivan, who was then at court, managed to escape, without roads, forests and swamps, to Moscow. However, Lykov did not fail the main business: the more dangerous eldest son of Khovansky Andrei, his people, carrying the tightly connected prince Ivan Andreevich, took him in his own estate.

Meanwhile, in the village of Vozdvizhensky, Tsars Ivan and Peter received the hetman Samoilovich the day before, whose arrival served as a reason for the general gathering of the court, and began to celebrate the day of the angel of their sister Sofia Alekseevna. The evening liturgy on September 16 continued on the 17th in the same church of the Exaltation of the Honest Cross with a service in honor of the Saints of Vera, Nadezhda, Love and their mother Sophia. Both tsars and the entire hard-assembled Sovereign's court in ceremonial vestments stood in the service. "And after the divine liturgies in the choir, the great sovereign, the faithful princess and Grand Duchess Sofia Alekseevna deigned the boyars, and the outskirts, and Duma people to favor vodka. Having drunk from the princess's hands (quite a bit, because the cups held barely 50 grams, and the Russian vodka reached the fortress of 40 degrees much later), the boyars, okolnichy, duma nobles and duma clerks received a decree from the tsars "everyone" to go outside the "front gate" of the royal court in Vozdvizhensky. There, by the big road, there were pews on which society sat down without any disputes, according to the traditional "places" for each. By order of the kings, the princes Khovansky captured by Lykov were brought here, and Shaklovny announced the verdict to them. "And after that scout, Prince Ivan and Prince Andrei Khovansky seem to be death in the village of Vozdvizhensky on the square near the larger Moscow road." "At that hour in the village of Vozdvizhensky on the square for all boyars and for all the people there cut off their heads" ^[11].

The execution made it possible to present, if not the whole rebellion, then a solid part of it as the guilt of the princes Khovansky, and pacify the court infantry, freeing it from responsibility for the events of the Moscow uprising.

The militia's fear of a real battle with the court infantry was justified, especially for soldiers who had experience in serving in regular regiments during the Turkish war, and the horror of a social explosion behind the nobles, on their estates, had been seriously pursued by the dominant class since the grandiose uprising of S.T. Razin. Only the ability of Sophia's government to end a dangerous business without a new civil war, in which the nobles had dubious chances of success, justified in their eyes the fact that the uprising in Moscow was not suppressed, did not end, as is customary, with the executions of rioters. For those who defended the kings and the Fatherland, this was, of course, wrong, but not outrageous, because they fulfilled their duty and unexpectedly survived.

Organization of armed defense of the rebels in Moscow

Moscow very orderly rebelled on the night of September 18, receiving news of the execution of the Khovanskys. The rebels, not only the court infantry, but also the Posad people, again showed incredible organization, which deeply struck their contemporaries on May 15, the day of their first campaign against the Kremlin.

According to the story of Isidore Snazin in the Mazurin chronicler, the rebels received news of the execution of the Khovansky from Prince Ivan at six o'clock in the morning on September 18, i.e. at one o'clock in the morning according to our account, and an hour later they hit Nabat on the Spasskaya Tower. According to Medvedev, since "in Moscow there is no one left in the reign of the boyars," several hundred servicemen raised Patriarch Joachim from bed and demanded that he explain the government's actions in the Cross Chamber. Having not received them, they felt for the best to proceed from the worst, and put the whole capital under arms. The stories of contemporaries, supported by bit records, paint the saddest picture for the government. All regiments of the court infantry instantly armed themselves and placed reinforced guards in Moscow. They opened the Cannon Yard and took an additional artillery with ammunition to the regiments along all the fortified borders of the capital, from the Earth City to the Kremlin. From arsenals intended in case of war, stocks of weapons were extracted: muskets, carbines, bipods for them, bandalers (kind of bandlets), gunpowder, lead and wicks; partly rearmed the regiments, partly distributed "different ranks to people" from the posad.

The first thought of the rebels was a campaign to the village of Vozdvizhenskoye, but after advice in all regiments, a defensive plan was adopted. Families and belongings of the outward infantry were moved from the settlements beyond the stone walls of the White City, and the main border of defense was made the Earthen City, which was additionally strengthened. All over Moscow, punches were built on the streets. It took barely one day. At the same time, the rebels took care of strict policing, the capture of government agents, and the verification of all those entering Moscow. Medvedev noted the most important feature of events: the division of the country by class, as clear as in the tsarist district letter on September 6‒10. In Moscow, according to him, "except for archers and posad people, no other people then found themselves."

In doubt, as during the rebellion of the Old Believers, there was even an intermediary function of the patriarch. On the one hand, representatives of the rebels, in the absence of boyars and nobles in the capital, demanded that he be responsible for the actions of the government. On the other hand, they asked to write "letters to Ukraine so that serving people would go to us against the boyars to help." With the third ‒ "they said:" Let's take the patriarch and kill, for he and the boyars stand on us at the same time and advise! "" ^[12].

Negotiations between the parties

Under these conditions, the government of Sophia led, and the Discharge Order under the leadership of Shaklovitny continued to clearly fix the line on the ideological disarmament of the rebels by denying their responsibility for the "rebellion" with the help of the invented Khovansky conspiracy. This version could only be deceived by those "who are glad to be deceived themselves," but the princess with like-minded people diligently created a situation in which there were more and more of them.

Realizing the scale of the new uprising, the government on September 19 created a new series of letters to the patriarch and to all regiments. In them, repeating the gracious words of past letters and describing in detail the actions of the rebels in the defense of Moscow, Sophia and her comrades made three important proposals on behalf of the tsars.

The first is that the representatives of the court infantry "did not intervene in the execution of the Khovanskys, because the treason of them in search and according to the true testimony of us, the great sovereigns, is known to all people is obvious, and that execution was instituted by him by our great sovereigns by decree, and the court of mercy and execution was handed over from God to us... and they didn't talk about it precisely, ‒ they didn't even have a chance to think, and they didn't get any business. " Having recognized the government's write-off of all the events of the spring and summer of 1682 to the Khovansky conspiracy, the court infantry had to believe that there was no anger and disgrace over the past. Of course, it was a trap: together with the "traitors" Khovansky, the achievements of the rebels as saviors of the Fatherland from the "boyar betrayal" were also written off - but there was no question of this in the letters.

The second proposal consisted of "obedience" to the royal will: ending the "confusion" in Moscow and immediately sending regiments to serve in Kyiv. Sending regiments from Moscow, due to which unrest broke out back in August, was a querying position: everyone understood that it was difficult to fulfill. But the abolition of martial law in the capital, which creates many difficulties for the rebels themselves, was, in the opinion of the government, achievable.

The third proposal was that the servants of all regiments send their elected people on a royal campaign in Trinity to petition about all their "affairs." Simply put, for negotiations on the terms of subordination to the government. The offer was flattering and almost irresistible. Least of all, the court infantry, who considered themselves a pillar of law and order in the state, wanted to start a civil war against their own kings.

The letter of September 21 to the civilian population of Moscow briefly lists the charges against Khovansky by verdict and Izvet (attached in its entirety, although it is not in the text). Then it was told how the court infantry, according to the "vague words" of Ivan Khovansky, established martial law in Moscow, "unknown for chevo," "and from that great confusion and insurance in the city of Moscow reigning in Moscow." The letter, passing off wishful thinking, "praises" Muscovites for allegedly serving the kings "faithfully and do not believe any adorable and vague words." The meaning of its distribution was to declare the entire Moscow posad innocent of the tsars and, thus, to turn at least part of it away from the rebels.

All complaints of servants about the hardships of service, extortions, delays and cuts in salaries, the willfulness of the authorities in the new letters were reflected, and their political demands and actions disappeared completely, as they did not happen. In early November, Russia celebrated not the peaceful end of the Moscow uprising of servicemen and posad people, but the victory over the invented government of Sofia "Khovanshchina" ^[13].

Shaklovny heads Streletsky order

On December 10, 1682, the Duma clerk Shaklovitny headed the Streletsky order, developed and in a few years carried out a plan to neutralize the Streletsky and ^[14].

Reflection in culture

• Mussorgsky's opera Khovanshchina

Notes