Main article: History of Moscow
History
Mid-14th century: Khvostovskoye village
In the middle of the XIV century, the territory of the later "Swamp," apparently, has not yet been built up. Here was the "great meadow behind the river," occupying a large area in modern Zamoskvorechye. The Grand Dukes speak of him especially in their spiritual letters, thereby noting his considerable economic importance. The meadow separated the posad and the Kremlin from the village of Khvostovsky, located in the area of the later Khvostovy lanes in Zamoskvorechye. This village belonged to the noble boyar and thousand-strong Alexei Petrovich Khvost[1].
In the second half of the XIV century, the settlement in Zarechye spread strongly[1].
1365: First mention of Zarechye
Annals and assembly materials paint us Moscow of the XIV-XV centuries as a large urban center of Russia, second only to Novgorod and, perhaps, Pskov. In the Zalesskaya land itself, by which our sources mean mainly between the Volga and Oka rivers with adjacent regions, Moscow was undoubtedly the largest city in these centuries. The Moscow population in 1382 before the invasion of Tokhtamysh is estimated at 20-30 thousand people. For comparison, in 1350 lived:
- in Beijing - 400 thousand inhabitants,
- in Cairo - 350 thousand,
- in Paris - 215-300 thousand,
- in Milan - 200 thousand,
- in Thessaloniki - 100-150 thousand,
- in Delhi - 125 thousand,
- in the Shed (capital of the Golden Horde) - 120 thousand,
- in London - 25-50 thousand,
- in Rome - 15 thousand[2].
The first mention of Zarechye (the older name of Zamoskvorechye) in the annals dates from 1365. The Simeon Chronicle tells:
"In the summer of 6373 (1365) there was a fire in Moscow, the Church of All Saints caught fire and that pogor the whole city of Moscow and the posad and the Kremlin, and the country, and the river. Byashe bo was boiled at that time, and the drought was great and hot, and besides, the storm was very windy, for ten yards the heads were throwing, and the logs with fire would throw the storm... "
From this chronicle record it follows that already in the XIV century Moscow was divided into four parts - the Kremlin, Posad, or Great Posad (modern China City), Zagorodye (Zaneglimenye - the territory beyond the Neglinnaya River) and Zarechye.
The first settlements in Zamoskvoerechye arose along the river bank and land highways that led to other large cities. For a long time, this part of Moscow was just a suburb of the capital. On the site of the current streets Bolshaya Yakimanka and Bolshaya Polyanka, the first roads in Zamoskvorechye passed. They began at one point - the place where there was the only crossing over the Moscow River (on the site of the modern Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge).
The city grew mainly east of the Kremlin (Kitai-Gorod). This caused the emergence of new crossings and, therefore, new highways in Zarechye - the future streets Bolshaya Ordynka, Pyatnitskaya and Novokuznetskaya. Such "movement" has become one of the fundamental factors in the development of the system of streets and lanes in Zamoskvorechye[3].
A road to the Horde passed along Zamoskvoreche, the direction of which is determined by modern Horde. Nowhere in Moscow does you feel such a strong Tatar element in topographic names as in Zamoskvorechye.
In 1365, Zarechye was a small settlement on the very bank of the Moscow River, which also served as a defensive point that protected the Kremlin from enemy raids. The settlement of this area began much earlier than the date[3] Zamoskvorechy mentioned[3] annals].
1415: The possible existence of the monastery of John the Baptist
At the end of the XIV - beginning of the XV century in Zarechye, there may have been a monastery of John the Baptist near Bor, located on the site of the modern Church of the Beheading of the Head of John the Baptist near Bor in the area of Pyatnitsky Street. Read more about the difficulties of accurately determining the presence of a monastery in this place here.
The spiritual letters of Prince Basil I (no later than 1425) show how the urban area was still limited. The village of Khvostovo in Zamoskvorechye stood outside the city[1].
1451: Tax exemption after Tatar invasion
The medieval custom of artisans to settle in separate quarters (in Russian - settlements) was widespread in Russia and Western Europe.
Each hundred constituted a special organization led by the Sotsky, or centurion. It is precisely known that later in the XVII century this position was elected, most likely it was so at an earlier time. By the hundred "pulled" the black people who were in it. The word "pull" had a diverse meaning - to belong to a particular society, pay duties with it, be in charge, etc. Black people paid taxes and duties from their yards, as can be seen from one article of the agreement between Dmitry Donskoy and Vladimir Serpukhovsky: if someone bought the lands of black people after 1359, who can redeem them, let him redeem, and cannot redeem, let those lands "pull" to black people. And whoever does not want to "pull," then let him give up the land, and the land will pass to black people for nothing. Such a resolution has a general character and applies not only to urban black people, but concerns them primarily[1].
The refusal to "pull" taxes and duties together with black people caused damage to the gravitators of black hundreds who paid from a certain number of yards. Each yard that passed into the possession of people who did not "pull" with black hundreds, therefore, was excluded from the total number of black yards, and thereby the share of taxes and duties imposed on the hundred increased accordingly. Therefore, in the XVII century, it was necessary to decide, "so that henceforth out of hundreds of draft did not decrease, and there was no tax in that hundred people." However, such decrees were violated by the great princes themselves, and Ivan III himself, for example, confirmed the inviolability of his "strong" granted letters given to boyars, princes and children of the boyars for yards "inside the city on Moscow and outside the city for posadeh... fatherland and purchase. " Posad suffocated and fiercely fought with various "White Mests," including the entire Moscow nobility.
The existence of the "Moskovskaya rati," in which a prominent place belonged to black people, the great economic importance of Moscow as a craft and trading city forced the grand dukes to pay special attention to the needs of Moscow citizens.
An expressive picture of the relationship between the Grand Duke and black people is depicted before us in the story of the "imminent Tatar region" in 1451. As a result of the Tatar raid, the city posads burned out, but the Kremlin survived. The Grand Duke, who returned to the city, consoled, according to the annals, "the city people," saying: this trouble was found on you for the sake of my sins, but you do not lose heart, let each of you put houses in your places, and I am glad to favor and give a privilege. What the "benefit" was expressed, we know from other evidence - it was exemption from taxes and duties for a certain time. Mikhail Andreevich Vereisky (circa 1450) received a "benefit" for some of his volosts not to pay the Horde tribute for 5 years[1].
1475: Moscow - agglomeration of settlements and villages
In the fire of 1475, which began in Zamoskvorechye, near the church of St. Nicholas, "called Borisova," many courtyards burned down. During fires, the flame often spread from one side of Moscow - the river to the other. This shows that the structures came very close to the banks, and the river did not serve as an absolute obstacle to the flame.
Apparently, the characterization of Ivan Zabelin is also fair for later Moscow, all the more true for the capital city of the time of Ivan III:
"The most characteristic feature of ancient Moscow as a city consisted in a great many fields and floods, meadows located inside the city and separating its settlements from each other...."
Only in his will (1505) did Ivan III declare all of Moscow the patrimony of the heir (however, in reality, extremely confusing property rights remained). During his lifetime, the capital city was still an agglomeration of the patrimonial possessions of not only members of the grand ducal house, but also other service princes. We add to this the boyars - Old Moscow and new, who arrived at the court together with the specific princes who went to the service of Ivan III and we will get a rather eloquent image of settlements and villages spread across the hills, separated by deep ravines and swampy floodplains of rivers.
The posad in Zamoskvorechye was already quite large, since the envoy of Venice Ambrogio Contarini, who passed Moscow in 1476 , mentions "many bridges," referring, of course, to the floating [4]
Contarini also mentions the winter bargaining on the ice of the Moscow River:
"... everything freezes; there are shops for various goods on it, and all the bazaars take place there, and then almost nothing is sold in the city. Horse races and other entertainments are arranged on the ice of a frozen river.... "
In the immediate vicinity of the Kremlin was a vast "great meadow," mentioned in the wills of the grand dukes. The characteristic name "Swamp" preserved the memory of modern Muscovites about the former "great meadow" lying opposite the Kremlin. Another name, "Balchug," as the passage from Moskvoretsky Bridge to Pyatnitskaya Street was called, is produced from the Tatar word "balchek" - dirt. However, according to Dahl, the word "balchuk" meant "fish bargaining, bringing, bazaar." And that's probably a more acceptable explanation for the word than balchek is dirt.
1480: In Zarechye raise the alarm about the fire in Moscow
The story about the fire in Moscow in 1480 reports that the flame in the Kremlin was seen from Zarechye and began to shout "hail is burning, but no one has seen in the city," because the fire happened at night[1].
1493: Fire
In 1493, a fire began in Zamoskvorechye and covered all of Zaneglimenye[1].
XVII century
1612: The site of the main battle of the Battle of Moscow
During the first stage of the#.D0.9E.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.8B.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B9_.D0.B2_.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B5 Moscow battle on August 22, 2016, Prince Trubetskoy held an observational position. The prince's troops were in no hurry to help Pozharsky, who fought in the west of the Kremlin, saying: "The rich came from Yaroslavl and alone can fight off the hetman." But in the afternoon, five hundred, which were attached to Trubetskoy's troops by Prince Pozharsky, and four Cossack chieftains with their detachments voluntarily separated from Trubetskoy and, crossing the river, joined Pozharsky. With the help of the arriving reinforcements (about 1,000 people), the onslaught of the Polish-Lithuanian troops was broken, and the hetman Khodkevich retreated, suffering heavy losses. According to the New Chronicler, more than a thousand corpses of hetman soldiers were collected.
Hetman Khodkevich moved to the starting position on Poklonnaya Hill, but on the night of August 23 (September 2) a detachment of 600 Hayduk from the Nevyarovsky detachment broke through Zamoskvorechye to the Kremlin to the Polish-Lithuanian invaders blocked there. This was the result of the betrayal of the nobleman Grigory Orlov, to whom Khodkevich promised to give the estate of Prince Pozharsky, but, in fact, only worsened the situation of the besieged, since new troops were added to the troops already sitting in the Kremlin, which also needed food and water. At the same time, Khodkevich's troops captured one of the fortified "towns" (St. George prison) near the church of St. George in Yandov and "disgraced" the church itself.
Before the decisive battle on August 23, Prince Pozharsky changed the position of his troops. The main forces were moved south to the banks of the Moskva River. The headquarters of Pozharsky himself was located near the church of Ilya the Ordinary (Ostozhenka). A detachment of Prince Lopata-Pozharsky also moved here.
The main place of the clash was to be Zamoskvorechye. Here Prince Pozharsky concentrated a significant part of his troops. The front line of defense was earthen ramparts with the remains of wooden fortifications. Yaroslavl militia, archers and two guns were located on the ramparts. Behind the ramparts on Bolshaya Ordynka near the church of St. Clement was a well-fortified Clement prison. Another prison, Georgievsky, was in the hands of Hetman Khodkevich.
The terrain was very inconvenient for the actions of the cavalry. To the numerous pits from the destroyed buildings, Pozharsky's people added artificially dug ones. Horse hundreds of the Second Militia and part of the hundreds of Prince Trubetskoy advanced beyond the ramparts of the Earth City. The main forces of Trubetskoy were to defend the Klimentievsky prison, where there were several guns.
On August 24 (September 3), 1612, a decisive battle took place. Hetman Khodkiewicz was about to hit the main shot from his left wing. The left flank was led by the hetman himself. In the center was the Hungarian infantry, Nevyarovsky's regiment and Zborovsky's Cossacks. The right flank consisted of 4,000 Zaporizhzhya Cossacks under the command of Ataman Shirai. As Prince Pozharsky later recalled, the hetman's troops went "a cruel custom, hoping for many people."
Mounted hundreds of the Second Militia held off the advance of the Hetman Army for five hours. Finally, they could not stand it and went back. The retreat of the horse hundreds was erratic, the nobles tried to swim to the other side. Prince Pozharsky personally left his headquarters and tried to stop the flight. This failed, and soon all the cavalry went to the other side of the Moscow River. At the same time, the center and right flank of the Hetman army managed to push the people of Trubetskoy. The entire field in front of the Earth City was left to the hetman. After that, the assault on the dilapidated Earth City began.
The Hetman infantry knocked the Russians off the ramparts. Continuing to develop success, the Hungarian infantry and Cossacks of Zborovsky captured the Klimentievsky prison and carved all its defenders. The garrison of the Kremlin also participated in the capture of the prison, which made a sortie to support the offensive. Hetman led this offensive himself. Witnesses recalled that the hetman "gallops around the regiment everywhere, the lion, roaring at his own, commands his weapon to the crepe."
The soldiers of the hetman Khodkevich strengthened in the prison, transported 400 carts with food for the Kremlin garrison there and hoisted the banner on the church of St. Clement. Seeing this state of affairs, the cell of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery Abraham Palitsyn, who came with the militia to Moscow, went to the Cossacks of Trubetskoy, who retreated from the prison, and promised them to pay a salary from the monastery treasury. As Abraham Palitsyn recalled, the Cossacks "ubo who ran out of the prison from Clement the Holy, and looked at the prison of St. Clement, see Lithuanian banners on the church... green-umiled and exhaled and wept to God, - not enough of their number, - and the tacos returned and rushed unanimously to the prison, and took him, the Lithuanian people of all the points of the sword of the forerunner and the reserves of their capture. Other Lithuanian people were frightened by the green and returned back: ovia to the city of Moscow, and to their hetman; Cossacks are chasing and beating them.... " The return of the prison at noon on August 24 ended the first half of the battle, after which an extended break came.
During the break, the Russian "infantry is light on pits and on ponds on the way, so as not to let the Etman into the city." This happened, apparently, at the initiative of the militias themselves, since confusion reigned in the leadership, "the steward and governor, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky and Kozma Minin, were bewildered." Cossacks who recaptured the prison began to worry, reproaching the nobles who fled from the field.
Hetman, who lost his best infantry in the battle at the Klimentievsky prison, tried to reorganize his troops and launch an offensive again. The troops began to feel the shortage of infantry that was necessary for operations inside the Earth City.
Taking advantage of the respite, Prince Pozharsky and Minin were able to calm down and gather troops and decided to make an attempt to take the initiative away from the hetman's army. The governors sent Abraham Palitsyn to persuade the Cossacks, who, crossing the other side of the Moscow River, began to collect deserters with a bell ringing. With persuasion and sermon, Palitsyn managed to restore the morale of the Cossacks, who vowed to fight each other without sparing lives.
Following this, a large regrouping of troops began, which was noticed in the camp of Hetman Khodkevich. By evening, a militia counteroffensive had begun. Minin, with the squadron of captain Pavel Khmelevsky and three noble hundreds, crossed the Moscow River and marched towards the Crimean court. The Lithuanian company, standing at the yard, seeing the enemy, ran to the hetman's camp. At the same time, the Russian infantry and dismounted horsemen went on the offensive on the camp of the hetman Khodkevich, "from the pits and from the sprinkles of food with a dash to the camps." Polish witnesses recalled that the Russians "began to lean on the hetman's camp with all their strength."
The offensive was carried out on a wide front on the hetman's camp and the ramparts of the Earth City, where hetman troops were now defending. "The Cossack who managed to carry the great martyr of Christ Catherine to the convoy, and the speed of battle is great green and terrible; the Cossacks severely and brutally attacked the Lithuanian army: ovi ubo bosi, inia nazi, tocmo weapons in their own hands and beating them non-mildly. And the convoy was torn up by Lithuanian people. "
Hetman troops retreated along the entire front. The case was completed by the cavalry attack. The winners got a convoy, prisoners, tents, banners and timpani. The governors had to restrain their people, who were eager to go out of town in pursuit. The troops of the hetman Khodkevich spent the night without leaving the horses near the Donskoy Monastery. On August 25 (September 4), 1612, the hetman's troops advanced in the direction of Mozhaisk and further to the border.
Settlements
According to information cited by S. K. Epiphany in his article on Moscow settlements, the following hundreds, fifty and a quarter of hundreds existed in Zamoskvorechye of the 17th century:
- Catherine's settlement in Zamoskvorechye on Bolshaya Ordynka (by the name of the patronage church);
- Kozhevnitskaya fifty behind Moscow - a river in Kozhevniki;
- Ordynskaya beyond Moscow - a river, along Ordynka and Pyatnitskaya;
- Pyatnitskaya beyond Moscow is a river, along Pyatnitskaya[1].
1638
18th century
Kamennomost State Drinking Warehouse
On the island of Balchug was the Kamennomost state-owned drinking warehouse, from which monopoly vodka was released in the taverns of the capital and suburbs in the 18th century.
1797
1882
1892
1896
1897
1898: A tenement house was built at 1 Balchug
After the fire of 1812, a small two-story building was built at the very beginning of the old Balchug Street. Its upper floor was given over to housing, on the lower there were shops and shops. In 1898, this building was demolished, and in its place, according to the project of architect A. Ivanov, a tenement house was erected with rusticated facades, arched openings in the upper floor and a corner turret. In addition to rented apartments, the stately building included a restaurant, shops, a bakery and even a laundry.
1908: Flooding
1908 Author: "Scherer, Nabgolz & C"]]
1913
The building in the 1st Kadashevsky Lane, where the Tretyakov Gallery library is now located, was originally part of the estate of the 18th-19th centuries.
In 1813, the house was rebuilt by the merchant Khloponin. Ceiling paintings that appeared in the middle of the 19th century are still preserved. Later, the new owners of the house completed the third floor in the main house of the estate and outbuildings.
After the revolution , apartments were located in the house until the 1970s. After that, the house passed to the Tretyakov Gallery.
1914
1918
1922
Night shelters near the current exit of the Polyanka metro, on the site of the current book "Young Guard," 1922. Such overnight homes for the homeless were not only for a night shelter, but also helped control epidemics and, as best they could, prevented diseases, including the spread of the plague in the city.
1927
In his student years, the famous Russian poet-lyricist Afanasy Afanasevich Shenshin (Fet) lived here. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the house belonged to the widow of the Russian opera artist (bass) of the Imperial Theaters L. M. Vasilyeva. The intricate house was demolished in 1962.
1928
In 1928, the Novomoskovskaya Hotel was opened in a building on 1 Balchug Street. Later there was a hostel of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, and since 1957 - again a hotel, this time under the name "Bucharest."
1932
1934
The decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of 1934 "On the construction of a monument in memory of the polar campaign" Chelyuskin "of 1933-1934" signed by Kalinin and Yenukidze remained unfulfilled.
1935
1936
1937
1939
1951
1959
1963
1964
1968
1970
1972
1973: Shooting the film "Ivan Vasilievich changes his profession"
Main article: Cinema of Russia
1974
1979
1990
1991: Explosion of the headquarters of the Democratic Russia movement
Kommersant wrote then: "At 36 Staromonetny Lane, an explosion of great force was heard. The movement's file cabinet, subscription lists for the nomination of Boris Yeltsin as president of Russia and Gabriel Popov as mayor of Moscow, as well as a refrigerator, which usually stored food for striking miners, were destroyed. The only person who was in the building at the time of the explosion, an employee of "Democratic Russia" Alexander Fonyakin, was not injured - having regained consciousness, he climbed out into the street through the window. The windows of nearby houses were knocked out by an explosive wave. "
1993: Return of Maxim Gorky embankment of historical name - Kosmodamianskaya
In 1935, Kosmodamianskaya, Komissariatskaya and Krasnokholskaya embankments of Moscow decided to unite into one and named it the embankment named after Maxim Gorky.
However, in 1993, many objects of the capital returned their historical names. They decided to give the embankment a name for the oldest of the three - Kosmodamianskaya. This name was assigned to her back in the 18th century according to the church of Saints Cosmas and Damian in the Lower Gardeners.
1995: Murder of TV presenter Vladislav Listyev
On the evening of March 1, 1995, when returning from the filming of the Rush Hour program, its host Vladislav Listyev was killed at the entrance of his house on Novokuznetskaya Street, 30, p. 2. Both shots were fired from behind, at the moment when Leaves was climbing the stairs.
1997
1998
2000
Wonderful residents
- Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - From autumn 1857 to spring 1858 Pyatnitskaya No. 19, p. 8. Here he wrote the story "Cossacks," the stories "Three Deaths" and "Albert."
- Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky - In 1870 he settled at 28 Bolshaya Polyanka, and after a while he moved to house number 18 on the same street. In 1877-95, Klyuchevsky lived on Malaya Polyanka: first, for five years in house No. 9, and then another 12 in house No. 6 (a two-story mansion with a rounded corner part - now 1st Khvostov Lane, 6c 1), where he prepared lectures for the "Course of Russian History." All buildings except the last are lost.
- Yakov Alexandrovich Protazanov - Pyatnitskaya, 46.
- Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva - In 1912, in the house on the corner of Shchetininsky and 1st Cossack Lanes, immediately after the wedding, she settled with her husband Sergei Yakovlevich Efron. The house they bought was very similar to the house in Trekhprudny Lane, where the poet's childhood passed.
- Yuri Pimenov is a realist artist, born in Moscow and spent his entire childhood in Zamoskvorechye.
- Dziga Vertov (Denis Arkadyevich Kaufman) - Since December 1937, the director settled in the "House of Artists" (Bolshaya Polyanka, 28/2) in sq. No. 11. Here he lived for 11 years - until the end of his life.
Architectural monuments
- XV century - construction (temple/monastery?). Modern building - 1658 - Church of the Beheading of the Head of John the Baptist near Bor
- 1578 - Church of Michael and Fyodor of Chernigov. Modern building 1675
- 1588 - Church of the Great Martyr George the Victorious in Endov
Notes
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 TOC_IDAJ2RTU Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov. Works on the history of Moscow
- ↑ Early_Modern_era Historical urban community sizes
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Denis Drozdov Bolshaya Ordynka Walk along Zamoskvorechye
- ↑ bridges S.M. Zemtsov, V.L. Glazychev "Aristotle Fioravanti," M., Stroyizdat, 1985 p. 76.
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