Main article: History of Moscow
History
1300: Big Orda road in the area of modern Tatar streets
Presumably, the lane, which later received the name Klimentovsky, could have appeared in the XIII-XIV centuries, when the Bolshaya Orda road passed along the highway of modern Tatar streets. Crossed her lane, the original name of which remained unknown.
Middle of the XIV century: the village of Khvostovskoye behind the bay Great Meadow
In the middle of the XIV century, the territory of the later "Swamp," apparently, has not yet been built up. Here was the "great meadow behind the river," occupying a large area in modern Zamoskvorechye. Moscow specific and great princes for a long time held him in their hands, highly appreciated this possession and especially mentioned in their spiritual letters. The floodplain meadow with juicy forbs was a fine horse grazing.
The meadow separated the posad and [the Kremlin] from the village of Khvostovsky, located in the area of the later Khvostovy lanes in Zamoskvorechye. This village belonged to the noble boyar and thousand-strong Alexei Petrovich Khvost[1].
In the second half of the XIV century, the settlement in Zarechye spread strongly[1].
1365: First mention of Zarechye. Fire
After the appearance of a new channel of the old man, the Moscow River turned into a chain of lakes and swamps that remained after the Moscow floods, which flooded the entire area every spring, and sometimes in rainy autumn.
During the time of Dmitry Donskoy, the narrow space between the bank of the Moscow River and the swampy old land began to be built up.
The first mention of Zarechye (the older name of Zamoskvorechye) in the annals dates from 1365. The Simeon Chronicle tells:
"In the summer of 6373 (1365) there was a fire in Moscow, the Church of All Saints caught fire and that pogor the whole city of Moscow and the posad and the Kremlin, and the country, and the river. Byashe bo was boiled at that time, and the drought was great and hot, and besides, the storm was very windy, for ten yards the heads were throwing, and the logs with fire would throw the storm... "
From this chronicle record it follows that already in the XIV century Moscow was divided into four parts - the Kremlin, Posad, or Great Posad (modern China City), Zagorodye (Zaneglimenye - the territory beyond the Neglinnaya River) and Zarechye.
The first settlements in Zamoskvoerechye arose along the river bank and land highways that led to other large cities. For a long time, this part of Moscow was just a suburb of the capital. On the site of the current streets Bolshaya Yakimanka and Bolshaya Polyanka, the first roads in Zamoskvorechye passed. They began at one point - the place where there was the only crossing over the Moscow River (on the site of the modern Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge).
The city grew mainly east of the Kremlin (Kitai-Gorod). This caused the emergence of new crossings and, therefore, new highways in Zarechye - the future streets Bolshaya Ordynka, Pyatnitskaya and Novokuznetskaya. Such "movement" has become one of the fundamental factors in the development of the system of streets and lanes in Zamoskvorechye[2].
A road to the Horde passed along Zamoskvoreche, the direction of which is determined by modern Horde. Nowhere in Moscow does you feel such a strong Tatar element in topographic names as in Zamoskvorechye.
In 1365, Zarechye was a small settlement on the very bank of the Moscow River, which also served as a defensive point that protected the Kremlin from enemy raids. The settlement of this area began much earlier than the date[2] Zamoskvorechy mentioned[2] annals].
1415: The possible existence of the monastery of John the Baptist
At the end of the XIV - beginning of the XV century in Zarechye, there may have been a monastery of John the Baptist near Bor, located on the site of the modern Church of the Beheading of the Head of John the Baptist near Bor in the area of Pyatnitsky Street. Read more about the difficulties of accurately determining the presence of a monastery in this place here.
The spiritual letters of Prince Basil I (no later than 1425) show how the urban area was still limited. The village of Khvostovo in Zamoskvorechye stood outside the city[1].
1451: Tax exemption after Tatar invasion
The medieval custom of artisans to settle in separate quarters (in Russian - settlements) was widespread in Russia and Western Europe.
Wanting to populate a certain territory, its owner (prince, boyar, etc.) exempted some of his people from all duties. Hence the name "settlement," consonant with "freedom."
Each hundred constituted a special organization led by the Sotsky, or centurion. It is precisely known that later in the XVII century this position was elected, most likely it was so at an earlier time. By the hundred "pulled" the black people who were in it. The word "pull" had a diverse meaning - to belong to a particular society, pay duties with it, be in charge, etc. Black people paid taxes and duties from their yards, as can be seen from one article of the agreement between Dmitry Donskoy and Vladimir Serpukhovsky: if someone bought the lands of black people after 1359, who can redeem them, let him redeem, and cannot redeem, let those lands "pull" to black people. And whoever does not want to "pull," then let him give up the land, and the land will pass to black people for nothing. Such a resolution has a general character and applies not only to urban black people, but concerns them primarily[1].
The refusal to "pull" taxes and duties together with black people caused damage to the gravitators of black hundreds who paid from a certain number of yards. Each yard that passed into the possession of people who did not "pull" with black hundreds, therefore, was excluded from the total number of black yards, and thereby the share of taxes and duties imposed on the hundred increased accordingly. Therefore, in the XVII century, it was necessary to decide, "so that henceforth out of hundreds of draft did not decrease, and there was no tax in that hundred people." However, such decrees were violated by the great princes themselves, and Ivan III himself, for example, confirmed the inviolability of his "strong" granted letters given to boyars, princes and children of the boyars for yards "inside the city on Moscow and outside the city for posadeh... fatherland and purchase. " Posad suffocated and fiercely fought with various "White Mests," including the entire Moscow nobility.
The existence of the "Moskovskaya rati," in which a prominent place belonged to black people, the great economic importance of Moscow as a craft and trading city forced the grand dukes to pay special attention to the needs of Moscow citizens.
An expressive picture of the relationship between the Grand Duke and black people is depicted before us in the story of the "imminent Tatar region" in 1451. As a result of the Tatar raid, the city posads burned out, but the Kremlin survived. The Grand Duke, who returned to the city, consoled, according to the annals, "the city people," saying: this trouble was found on you for the sake of my sins, but you do not lose heart, let each of you put houses in your places, and I am glad to favor and give a privilege. What the "benefit" was expressed, we know from other evidence - it was exemption from taxes and duties for a certain time. Mikhail Andreevich Vereisky (circa 1450) received a "benefit" for some of his volosts not to pay the Horde tribute for 5 years[1].
1475: Moscow - agglomeration of settlements and villages
In the fire of 1475, which began in Zamoskvorechye, near the church of St. Nicholas, "called Borisova," many courtyards burned down. During fires, the flame often spread from one side of Moscow - the river to the other. This shows that the structures came very close to the banks, and the river did not serve as an absolute obstacle to the flame.
Apparently, the characterization of Ivan Zabelin is also fair for later Moscow, all the more true for the capital city of the time of Ivan III:
"The most characteristic feature of ancient Moscow as a city consisted in a great many fields and floods, meadows located inside the city and separating its settlements from each other...."
Only in his will (1505) did Ivan III declare all of Moscow the patrimony of the heir (however, in reality, extremely confusing property rights remained). During his lifetime, the capital city was still an agglomeration of the patrimonial possessions of not only members of the grand ducal house, but also other service princes. We add to this the boyars - Old Moscow and new, who arrived at the court together with the specific princes who went to the service of Ivan III and we will get a rather eloquent image of settlements and villages spread across the hills, separated by deep ravines and swampy floodplains of rivers.
The posad in Zamoskvorechye was already quite large, since the envoy of Venice Ambrogio Contarini, who passed Moscow in 1476 , mentions "many bridges," referring, of course, to the floating [3]
Contarini also mentions the winter bargaining on the ice of the Moscow River:
"... everything freezes; there are shops for various goods on it, and all the bazaars take place there, and then almost nothing is sold in the city. Horse races and other entertainments are arranged on the ice of a frozen river.... "
In the immediate vicinity of the Kremlin was a vast "great meadow," mentioned in the wills of the grand dukes. The characteristic name "Swamp" preserved the memory of modern Muscovites about the former "great meadow" lying opposite the Kremlin. Another name, "Balchug," as the passage from Moskvoretsky Bridge to Pyatnitskaya Street was called, is produced from the Tatar word "balchek" - dirt. However, according to Dahl, the word "balchuk" meant "fish bargaining, bringing, bazaar." And that's probably a more acceptable explanation for the word than balchek is dirt.
1480: In Zarechye raise the alarm about the fire in Moscow
The story about the fire in Moscow in 1480 reports that the flame in the Kremlin was seen from Zarechye and began to shout "hail is burning, but no one has seen in the city," because the fire happened at night[1].
1493: Fire
In 1493, a fire began in Zamoskvorechye and covered all of Zaneglimenye[1].
1495: After the fire, Ivan III ordered to set up a fruit garden in Zarechye with settlements of gardeners
In 1495, the courtyards in Zarechye burned to the ground. Ivan III ordered to arrange a large orchard on the fire. Palace gardeners settled nearby.
1514: First mention of the Swamp. Bargaining on ice in winter
The fireplace near the old man of the river remained empty when the courtyards were already crowded around. Muscovites called him - Swamp. In written sources, this name has been known since 1514.
Century after century, Moscow was advancing on the Swamp. Drainage ditches - "roves" (hence the name of Roushskaya, now - Raushskaya - embankment) were dug, houses were placed on high wooden bases. But it was not possible to defeat the tops. Only in winter they were chained by ice, and then here, on a flat area, bargaining was boiling.
XVII century
1611: Prelude to the uprising: Muscovites on the Swamp refuse to sell oats to Poles
In the Time of Troubles in February 1611, one of the first clashes between Muscovites and foreign interventionists who settled in Moscow took place at the bread market on the frozen Swamp. According to the testimony of the German landsknecht in the Polish service of Konrad Bussov, the traders refused to sell oats for horses to the Poles at a similar price. The dispute escalated into a massacre. The victims were from both sides. When the commander of the Polish garrison, Alexander Gonsevsky, who arrived at the scene with the troops, threatened the crowd with the use of armed force, one of the Muscovites replied with a phrase that became winged: "We will throw hats on you without weapons and without clubs!" This event was a prelude to the general uprising of the townspeople, to whose aid the zemstvo militia came.
1612: The site of the main battle of the Battle of Moscow
During the first stage of the#.D0.9E.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B6.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.B1.D1.8B.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.B9_.D0.B2_.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B5 Moscow battle on August 22, 1612, Prince Trubetskoy held an observational position. The prince's troops were in no hurry to help Pozharsky, who fought in the west of the Kremlin, saying: "The rich came from Yaroslavl and alone can fight off the hetman." But in the afternoon, five hundred, which were attached to Trubetskoy's troops by Prince Pozharsky, and four Cossack chieftains with their detachments voluntarily separated from Trubetskoy and, crossing the river, joined Pozharsky. With the help of the arriving reinforcements (about 1,000 people), the onslaught of the Polish-Lithuanian troops was broken, and the hetman Khodkevich retreated, suffering heavy losses. According to the New Chronicler, more than a thousand corpses of hetman soldiers were collected.
Hetman Khodkevich moved to the starting position on Poklonnaya Hill, but on the night of August 23 (September 2) a detachment of 600 Hayduk from the Nevyarovsky detachment broke through Zamoskvorechye to the Kremlin to the Polish-Lithuanian invaders blocked there. This was the result of the betrayal of the nobleman Grigory Orlov, to whom Khodkevich promised to give the estate of Prince Pozharsky, but, in fact, only worsened the situation of the besieged, since new troops were added to the troops already sitting in the Kremlin, which also needed food and water. At the same time, Khodkevich's troops captured one of the fortified "towns" (St. George prison) near the church of St. George in Yandov and "disgraced" the church itself.
Before the decisive battle on August 23, Prince Pozharsky changed the position of his troops. The main forces were moved south to the banks of the Moskva River. The headquarters of Pozharsky himself was located near the church of Ilya the Ordinary (Ostozhenka). A detachment of Prince Lopata-Pozharsky also moved here.
The main place of the clash was to be Zamoskvorechye. Here Prince Pozharsky concentrated a significant part of his troops. The front line of defense was earthen ramparts with the remains of wooden fortifications. Yaroslavl militia, archers and two guns were located on the ramparts. Behind the ramparts on Bolshaya Ordynka near the church of St. Clement was a well-fortified Clement prison. Another prison, Georgievsky, was in the hands of Hetman Khodkevich.
The terrain was very inconvenient for the actions of the cavalry. To the numerous pits from the destroyed buildings, Pozharsky's people added artificially dug ones. Horse hundreds of the Second Militia and part of the hundreds of Prince Trubetskoy advanced beyond the ramparts of the Earth City. The main forces of Trubetskoy were to defend the Klimentievsky prison, where there were several guns.
On August 24 (September 3), 1612, a decisive battle took place. Hetman Khodkiewicz was about to hit the main shot from his left wing. The left flank was led by the hetman himself. In the center was the Hungarian infantry, Nevyarovsky's regiment and Zborovsky's Cossacks. The right flank consisted of 4,000 Zaporizhzhya Cossacks under the command of Ataman Shirai. As Prince Pozharsky later recalled, the hetman's troops went "a cruel custom, hoping for many people."
Mounted hundreds of the Second Militia held off the advance of the Hetman Army for five hours. Finally, they could not stand it and went back. The retreat of the horse hundreds was erratic, the nobles tried to swim to the other side. Prince Pozharsky personally left his headquarters and tried to stop the flight. This failed, and soon all the cavalry went to the other side of the Moscow River. At the same time, the center and right flank of the Hetman army managed to push the people of Trubetskoy. The entire field in front of the Earth City was left to the hetman. After that, the assault on the dilapidated Earth City began.
The Hetman infantry knocked the Russians off the ramparts. Continuing to develop success, the Hungarian infantry and Cossacks of Zborovsky captured the Klimentievsky prison and carved all its defenders. The garrison of the Kremlin also participated in the capture of the prison, which made a sortie to support the offensive. Hetman led this offensive himself. Witnesses recalled that the hetman "gallops around the regiment everywhere, the lion, roaring at his own, commands his weapon to the crepe."
The soldiers of the hetman Khodkevich strengthened in the prison, transported 400 carts with food for the Kremlin garrison there and hoisted the banner on the church of St. Clement. Seeing this state of affairs, the cell of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery Abraham Palitsyn, who came with the militia to Moscow, went to the Cossacks of Trubetskoy, who retreated from the prison, and promised them to pay a salary from the monastery treasury. As Abraham Palitsyn recalled, the Cossacks "ubo who ran out of the prison from Clement the Holy, and looked at the prison of St. Clement, see Lithuanian banners on the church... green-umiled and exhaled and wept to God, - not enough of their number, - and the tacos returned and rushed unanimously to the prison, and took him, the Lithuanian people of all the points of the sword of the forerunner and the reserves of their capture. Other Lithuanian people were frightened by the green and returned back: ovia to the city of Moscow, and to their hetman; Cossacks are chasing and beating them.... " The return of the prison at noon on August 24 ended the first half of the battle, after which an extended break came.
During the break, the Russian "infantry is light on pits and on ponds on the way, so as not to let the Etman into the city." This happened, apparently, at the initiative of the militias themselves, since confusion reigned in the leadership, "the steward and governor, Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky and Kozma Minin, were bewildered." Cossacks who recaptured the prison began to worry, reproaching the nobles who fled from the field.
Hetman, who lost his best infantry in the battle at the Klimentievsky prison, tried to reorganize his troops and launch an offensive again. The troops began to feel the shortage of infantry that was necessary for operations inside the Earth City.
Taking advantage of the respite, Prince Pozharsky and Minin were able to calm down and gather troops and decided to make an attempt to take the initiative away from the hetman's army. The governors sent Abraham Palitsyn to persuade the Cossacks, who, crossing the other side of the Moscow River, began to collect deserters with a bell ringing. With persuasion and sermon, Palitsyn managed to restore the morale of the Cossacks, who vowed to fight each other without sparing lives.
Following this, a large regrouping of troops began, which was noticed in the camp of Hetman Khodkevich. By evening, a militia counteroffensive had begun. Minin, with the squadron of captain Pavel Khmelevsky and three noble hundreds, crossed the Moscow River and marched towards the Crimean court. The Lithuanian company, standing at the yard, seeing the enemy, ran to the hetman's camp. At the same time, the Russian infantry and dismounted horsemen went on the offensive on the camp of the hetman Khodkevich, "from the pits and from the sprinkles of food with a dash to the camps." Polish witnesses recalled that the Russians "began to lean on the hetman's camp with all their strength."
The offensive was carried out on a wide front on the hetman's camp and the ramparts of the Earth City, where hetman troops were now defending. "The Cossack who managed to carry the great martyr of Christ Catherine to the convoy, and the speed of battle is great green and terrible; the Cossacks severely and brutally attacked the Lithuanian army: ovi ubo bosi, inia nazi, tocmo weapons in their own hands and beating them non-mildly. And the convoy was torn up by Lithuanian people. "
Hetman troops retreated along the entire front. The case was completed by the cavalry attack. The winners got a convoy, prisoners, tents, banners and timpani. The governors had to restrain their people, who were eager to go out of town in pursuit. The troops of the hetman Khodkevich spent the night without leaving the horses near the Donskoy Monastery. On August 25 (September 4), 1612, the hetman's troops advanced in the direction of Mozhaisk and further to the border.
Five carts of musical instruments burned in the Swamp at the request of Patriarch Joasaph
Main article: History of music in Russia
According to Olearius, under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, by order of Patriarch Joasaph (1634-1640), not only musical instruments were taken from buffoons, but also from house to house - five carts were taken to the Swamp in Zamoskvorechye and publicly burned as an instrument of the devil.
Settlements
According to information cited by S. K. Epiphany in his article on Moscow settlements, the following hundreds, fifty and a quarter of hundreds existed in Zamoskvorechye of the 17th century:
- Catherine's settlement in Zamoskvorechye on Bolshaya Ordynka (by the name of the patronage church);
- Kozhevnitskaya fifty behind Moscow - a river in Kozhevniki;
- Ordynskaya beyond Moscow - a river, along Ordynka and Pyatnitskaya;
- Pyatnitskaya beyond Moscow is a river, along Pyatnitskaya[1].
In the XVII century, several Streletsky settlements were formed in Zamoskvorechye. The sources mention that the archers used the undeveloped Swamp as a training ground - there were targets for artillery and rifle firing.
1638
1662: Execution in Zamoskvorechye of participants in a riot against traitor boyars who "reference sheets with the Polish king"
Interestingly, in the first three-plus centuries of the written history of Moscow, chroniclers never mention public executions. The first public execution recorded in the sources took place on August 30, 1379 on the Kuchkov field, in the area of the current Lubyanka and Sretenka. Then the noble man Ivan Velyaminov, who sedited against Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, sweats speed for treason. Muscovites, unlike residents of many Western European and eastern cities, were not pleased with such spectacles. Many in the crowd were sad about the fate of the executed.
Subsequently, public executions still entered urban life. The construction and existence of a single centralized state could not do without cool measures. Often executions were carried out in winter on the ice of the Moskva River near the Living Bridge, in summer - near it. Now at this place is the Big Moskvoretsky Bridge.
Later, gloomy ceremonies moved to Zamoskvorechye. In the summer of 1662, on the Swamp, the riotous heads of the head of the riot were folded.
The name "Copper Riot" is fundamentally incorrect, since the participants in the unrest on July 25, 1662 did not aim to achieve the abolition of copper money, and in general this money has only an indirect relation to what happened. They demanded that the king punish the traitor boyars who "refer to the sheets with the Polish king." Obviously, the reason for the incident was the spontaneous desire of the "world" to get rid of the traitors in the tsarist environment[4]
A crowd of about 7 thousand people, of which no more than a hundred were active rioters, came from Moscow to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to Kolomenskoye and demanded that the "traitors" be arrested. The king went out to the audience and promised to sort out the accusations against the boyars. Seeing that the crowd was not leaving, Alexei Mikhailovich ordered the guards to disperse it by force, saying, according to one foreigner, the phrase: "Save me from these dogs!" None of the audience was ready for such a turn of events, and people, seeing the archers advancing on them, rushed to flee. As a result, many people were killed, others rushed into the river in panic and drowned.
Then about 2 thousand people were arrested and charged with a riot ("gile"): they cut off their legs and arms, beat them with a whip, and then exiled to different cities. The authorities have not used such a brutal reprisal as a punishment since the era of the Time of Troubles.
1670: Execution of Abraham: Whipped and burned in a log house in Swamp Square
Abraham (Athanasius) participated in the famous cathedral, held in 1654 in the house of a certain Moscow God-lover. At the cathedral, Archimandrite Spiridon Potemkin, Hegumen Dosifei, Archpriest Habakuk and Daniel, Priest Lazarus, Deacon Theodore, monks Isaiah and Cornelius condemned the "Nikonian heresy."
Then, according to Simeon Denisov in The Grapes of Russia, Athanasius lived in Nizhny Novgorod villages. It is known that he was tonsured a monk in 1665, and from the information contained in the "Acts of the Moscow Cathedral of 1666-1667," it follows that he was "a hieromonk from the monastery of the Most Holy Theotokos of Kazan, the village of Lyskova, the hedgehog in Nizhny Novgorod district."
In 1667, the monk Abraham appeared in Moscow and headed the Old Believer community here, conducted preaching activities, corresponded with the Pustozersky prisoners.
On February 8, 1670, when the letters of Archpriest Habakkuk were taken from him during a search, the monk Abraham was captured and imprisoned in the Streletsky order at the Mstislavov court. Here he was interrogated by Metropolitan Pavel of Krutitsky ("he beat his beard and beat his cheeks with his own hands"), Archbishop Simon of Vologda, Archimandrite Joachim of Chudovsky, Bishop Illarion of Ryazan, etc. About this interrogation, the monk himself later wrote an essay known under various names: "Question and answer of the elder Abraham" and "Answer to Pavel Krutitsky and the authorities."
Since he not only did not want to repent, but also continued to prove that the reform of the Russian church undermined the foundations of legal belief, he was put in iron and imprisoned. In conclusion, Abraham continued to write and maintain contact with Pustozersky, compiled a petition to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which was distinguished by a sharp tone, and "A message to a God-lover who is about the last time," where he interprets the signs of the advent of the Antichrist in the activities of Patriarch Nikon.
Soon Abraham was executed: beat with lashes and burned in a log house on Bolotnaya Square, which is opposite the Kremlin beyond the Moscow River.
1671: On the Swamp for several years, the dismembered remains of Stenka Razin hang on pillars and wheels
On the Zamoskvoretsky wasteland, the dismembered remains of ataman Stenka Razin, quartered in 1671, were exhibited to disgrace and intimidate all rioters and seditionists. They sagged on pillars and wheels for several years, until they were buried in the "Busurman cemetery" behind the Kaluga gate (now it is the territory of Gorky Park and the Mining University)[5]
1675: Map
1676: Execution on the ram of Stepan's brother Razin Frol, who could not find his treasure
In 1676, Stepan Razin's brother Frol, who, trying to save his life, promised to find the Razin treasure, took his death on the block, but for six years of imprisonment he could not indicate the exact place.
1682: The execution of one of the leaders of the Old Believers Nikita Dobrynin
On the morning of July 11, 1682, one of the leaders of the Old Believers, Nikita Dobrynin, "was executed by death on the Swamp" [6] after participating in sports about faith with the patriarch. According to other sources, he was executed on Red Square. For more details, see the Streletsky riot of 1682.
1689: The Burning of the German Mystic Quirin Kuhlmann
The Protestant eschatological preacher Quirin Kuhlman, along with his friend and co-religionist K. Nordermann, were burned in a log house on Red Square. According to other sources, they died at the stake in the German [7].. There is a third version: M.I. Semevsky cites A. Malinovsky's story about Golitsyn's fear of the revelations of Quirin Kulman: "Suddenly Kulman went into disarray, began to prophesy and proclaim his revelations, threatened millions of avenging angels, if only [during interrogation] he would be subjected to torture... The frightened prince ordered to cut it mercilessly with batogs and barely hastened to burn it publicly on the Swamp, in Moscow [8]., i.e. in Zamoskvorechye.
1696: Procession of Peter I from Kolomensky to the Kremlin through the Swamp on the occasion of the capture of the Azov fortress
In 1696, Peter I celebrated his first Victoria - the capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov - with a triumphant procession from Kolomensky to the Kremlin. The theatrical procession passed through the Swamp, impounded by the people, to the Stone Bridge, decorated with the first triumphal arch in Moscow.
18th century
Kamennomost State Drinking Warehouse
On the island of Balchug was the Kamennomost state-owned drinking warehouse, from which monopoly vodka was released in the taverns of the capital and suburbs in the 18th century.
1775: Execution of Emelyan Pugachev and his associates in the Swamp
The verdict was carried out on January 10 (21), 1775 on Bolotnaya Square.
All the huge space around the scaffold was cordoned off by infantry regiments. There was a fierce frost, however, according to the memoirs of the poet I. I. Dmitriyeva, "the roofs of houses and shops were dotted with people; the low area and the nearby streets are filled with carriages and strollers. " Pugachev was brought in high sleighs under the escort of cuirassier.
According to the stories of contemporaries (transmitted, in particular, in the Pushkin "History of Pugachev"), the executioner had a secret instruction from Catherine II to reduce the torment of the convicts, and Pugachev and his associate Afanasy Perfiliev first cut off their heads and only then quartered.
Standing on the scaffold, Pugachev was baptized at the cathedrals, bowed to all sides and said: "Forgive the Orthodox people, let me go of what I sinned in front of you... forgive me, the Orthodox people! "
In the crowd, many sympathized with the rebel, until the last minute they waited for news of his pardon. But the executioner did his job. A few minutes later, the head severed by the executioner was shown to the people and ended up on the spoke, the rest of the body - on the wheel.
Perfiliev's execution was the last official quartering in Russia.
Four of Pugachev's comrades-in-arms were hanged here. On that day, many Pugachevites were punished with a whip, some had their nostrils pulled out. By order of Catherine II, the bodies of the executed, the scaffold and the sled on which Pugachev was carried were burned.
1786: Flooding washes up the banks of the Roush Canal and collapses the bell tower of George Church in Endow
There were two causes of floods in Moscow: melting snow and heavy prolonged rains. Basically, the Moscow River is fed by meltwater and surface runoff of atmospheric precipitation, they make up 73% of the runoff. The remaining 27% is groundwater. With this ratio, flooding could occur in summer and autumn after heavy downpours. An example of such a summer rise in water is August 1786.
At that time, the Great Stone Bridge was being repaired. To do this, the river was blocked off, and water was allowed into the Drainage Canal. He then reached only Balchug, turned sharply north and went to the Moscow River parallel to Balchug just east of the street. This section of the canal was called Roushsky. On its shore stood then the tent bell tower of the Church of George in Endov. And on August 26, 1786, due to heavy rains that lasted several days, the water level in the river rose sharply. The stormy flow washed out the banks of the canal, washed the foundation of the bell tower, and it collapsed, dragging the vaults of the refectory of the temple.
1797
1793: Books from the shops of Nikolai Novikov are burned on the Swamp by order of Catherine II
In 1792, book publisher Nikolai Novikov was arrested and sentenced to 15 years in prison in the Shlisselburg fortress. In Moscow, priest John Ioannov looked through books from Novikov's shops. The selected books were burned under the supervision of the director of Moscow public schools A.P. Kurbatov in three receptions (November 14, 1793 on Bolotnaya Square in Zamoskvorechye[9], April 20 and June 15, 1794). For more information on the case, see Catherine II the Great.
1872
1882
1884
1892
1896
1897
1898: A tenement house was built at 1 Balchug
After the fire of 1812, a small two-story building was built at the very beginning of the old Balchug Street. Its upper floor was given over to housing, on the lower there were shops and shops. In 1898, this building was demolished, and in its place, according to the project of architect A. Ivanov, a tenement house was erected with rusticated facades, arched openings in the upper floor and a corner turret. In addition to rented apartments, the stately building included a restaurant, shops, a bakery and even a laundry.
1907
1908: The largest flood in the history of Moscow: the water level in the river rose by 10.5 meters
The worst flood in the history of Moscow occurred on April 11, 1908. The water rose 10 meters 56 centimeters. For comparison: the rise of water in the largest, catastrophic flood of St. Petersburg on November 19, 1824 amounted to 4 meters 21 centimeters.
Usually, water in the river began to increase from about March 29. It rose slowly until April 8. Then, in favorable weather, there was a rapid rise in the river level, during the week it reached a maximum, after which the river quickly returned to its banks.
For large spring floods with a catastrophic rise in water, several conditions needed to coincide:
- snowy winter with a large snow reserve by spring,
- rapidly established average daily temperature not lower than 3 ° С and
- heavy rains with a total rainfall of at least 10 mm.
And then the waters of the Moscow River rushed to attack the city. The fast current carried ice from the upper reaches of the river, washed off the banks of the log, torn and broken boats, etc.
During floods, Muscovites hung special ropes with loops from bridges so that a person caught in the stream could catch and escape.
1908 Author: "Scherer, Nabgolz & C"]]
1909
1913
The building in the 1st Kadashevsky Lane, where the Tretyakov Gallery library is now located, was originally part of the estate of the 18th-19th centuries.
In 1813, the house was rebuilt by the merchant Khloponin. Ceiling paintings that appeared in the middle of the 19th century are still preserved. Later, the new owners of the house completed the third floor in the main house of the estate and outbuildings.
After the revolution , apartments were located in the house until the 1970s. After that, the house passed to the Tretyakov Gallery.
1914
1918
1922
Night shelters near the current exit of the Polyanka metro, on the site of the current book "Young Guard," 1922. Such overnight homes for the homeless were not only for a night shelter, but also helped control epidemics and, as best they could, prevented diseases, including the spread of the plague in the city.
1927
In his student years, the famous Russian poet-lyricist Afanasy Afanasevich Shenshin (Fet) lived here. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the house belonged to the widow of the Russian opera artist (bass) of the Imperial Theaters L. M. Vasilyeva. The intricate house was demolished in 1962.
1928
In 1928, the Novomoskovskaya Hotel was opened in a building on 1 Balchug Street. Later there was a hostel of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, and since 1957 - again a hotel, this time under the name "Bucharest."
1932
1934
The decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of 1934 "On the construction of a monument in memory of the polar campaign" Chelyuskin "of 1933-1934" signed by Kalinin and Yenukidze remained unfulfilled.
1935
1936
1937
1935-1937]]
1939
1941: Acquaintance of Akhmatova and Tsvetaeva on Bolshaya Ordynka
The two poetesses met less than three months before Tsvetaeva committed suicide in Yelabuga. Two months before she left Moscow for evacuation. Two weeks before the outbreak of the war, which mixed all plans for both (as well as for millions more Soviet people). Ho, after all, they managed to get to know each other and talk. Their communication lasted two days: June 7 and 8, 1941.
Before the meeting, they carefully studied each other's creativity for more than a quarter of a century.
In 1915, 22-year-old Tsvetaeva wrote a famous poem: "You will be handed over by one broken black line. Cold - in fun, heat - in your gloom... In the morning sleepy hour, - it seems, a quarter past 4, - I fell in love with you, Anna Akhmatova. " This love was huge. Tsvetaeva dedicated poems and entire collections to Akhmatova, wrote letters to her: "Everything I have to say is hosanna!" "I do not appreciate or store anything, but I will take your books to the coffin - under the pillow!" "You are my favorite poet." 'I feel so sorry that it's all just words - love - I can't do that, I'd like a real bonfire where they would burn me.' It is easy to assume that this fanaticism, restrained by Akhmatov, was simply frightening.
Once Osip Mandelstam told Tsvetaeva that Akhmatova still read the handwritten poems that she sent her - and not just read, but "before that she informed them in her purse that there were only folds and cracks left." Of course, Tsvetaeva from this news was in ecstasy and wrote in the autobiographical excerpt "Non-local evening": "this is one of my greatest joys for life." Alas, alas. Akhmatova, having familiarized herself with "Not Here Evening" in 1958, angrily exclaimed: "This never happened. No poetry of hers in my purse, no cracks and creases. "
In the 1920s, it was said that Akhmatova treated Tsvetaeva the way Chopin treated Schumann (Schumann was a passionate fan of his colleague, but did not wait for mutual enthusiasm from him).
Tsvetaeva returned to the USSR only in 1939. And in 1941, Akhmatova came from Leningrad to Moscow - to work for her arrested son, Lev Gumilyov. She settled with the writer Viktor Ardov on Bolshaya Ordynka. Tsvetaeva was familiar with him and once asked: is it possible to visit, meet Anna Andreevna? Ardov's wife, actress Nina Olshevskaya, recalled that her husband with her conveyed this proposal to Akhmatova. "Anna Andreevna, after a long pause, answered with a" white voice, "without intonations:" Let him come. "
Soon Tsvetaeva called. Akhmatova began to explain to her how to get to Ordynka, but she said so confusingly that Tsvetaeva asked: "Is it bad for you to explain to me how to get to you?" Akhmatova handed the phone to Ardov, and he explained to her the way.
They recalled that in the first minutes after meeting Tsvetaeva kept very timid and tense. For some time, the poetesses drank tea with the Ardov family, then retired to the room where Akhmatova lived. Ardov out of delicacy left them alone, and what they talked about, we know only from the stories of Anna Andreevna.
Many years later, she recalled: "The Ardovs were then rich and sent a whole calf leg to my room." She also told how she began to read Tsvetaeva her "Poem without a Hero." But it turned out that in a quarter of a century Tsvetaeva's enthusiasm for Akhmatov's poems had faded somewhat. She quipped, "We must have great courage to write about Harlequins, Colombins and Pierrot in 1941." It seemed to her that the poem came out old-fashioned, in the style of the 1910s, "in the spirit of Benoit and Somov."
Tsvetaeva also asked Akhmatova: "How could you write:" Take away the child, and a friend, and a mysterious song gift "...? Do you not know that everything comes true in verse? " Akhmatova: "How could you write the poem" Well done "?" Tsvetaeva: "But I'm not about myself!" "I wanted to say:" Don't you know that in poetry - everything about yourself? "- but did not say."
Naturally, they talked not only about poetry, but also about life's troubles: Akhmatova's son was arrested, Tsvetaeva's husband and daughter. "They sat together for a long time, two or three hours," Olshevskaya recalled. - "When they came out, they didn't look at each other. But I, looking at Anna Andreevna, felt that she was excited, moved and sympathized with Tsvetaeva in her grief. "
And the next day, Tsvetaeva, accustomed to getting up early in Paris, called Akhmatova at seven in the morning. They agreed to meet again, no longer in the center of Moscow, but on its outskirts, which was then Maryina Roshcha.
In the draft article about Tsvetaeva, which has never been completed, Akhmatova ironically noted: "It's scary to think how Marina herself would describe these meetings if she remained alive, and I would have died on August 31, 41. It would be a "fragrant legend," as our grandfathers said. Maybe it would have been a lament for 25 years of love that turned out to be in vain, but if anything it would have been great.'
Akhmatova tried to speak with restraint about Tsvetaeva, but some protuberances broke out of this restraint every now and then. "Marina is a poet better than me," Akhmatova once told Isaiah Berlin.
And with her friend Lydia Chukovskaya Akhmatova discussed Tsvetaeva constantly. She was indignant at the fact that she writes about Pushkin ("Marina cannot be allowed to approach Pushkin by three versts, she does not understand a single sound in it... Osip and I said that it was impossible to write about Pushkin Marina "). She was also indignant about what she writes about other poets ("there are epiphanies and a lot of nonsense. In Mayakovsky, she did not understand anything... Some things are outrageous: well, how, for example, can you write: "Yesenin-Bloc line"? Block is the greatest poet of the 20th century, the prophet Isaiah and Yesenin. Nearby! Yesenin is a very small poetic and terrible for imitating Block. Remember, you once told me in Leningrad that Yesenin is a block symphony orchestra replayed on one string? It's true»).
In July 1960, she called Chukovskaya, asked to come as soon as possible in an alarmed and happy voice. Chukovskaya immediately came running; it turned out that several rare photographs were brought from the Akhmatova Literary Museum. She enthusiastically posted a photo of Tsvetaeva and her own in front of Chukovskaya, and asked: "Will you find out? Do you recognize the brooch? Same. Marina gave it to me. " "I looked in: certainly so. The same brooch on the dress of Tsvetaeva and Akhmatova. "
If Tsvetaeva dedicated her poems in batches, then Akhmatova dedicated to Tsvetaeva (and even then not one, but in company with Pasternak and Mandelstam) only one, short and unfinished poem written several years before her death in the summer cottage village of Komarovo near Leningrad.
And I retreated here from everything, From all earthly good. By Spirit, Keeper of "This Place" Forest driftwood has become.
All of us are a little bit of a visiting life, Living is only a habit. It seems to me on the airways Two roll call votes.
Two? A still y east wall, In thickets of strong raspberries, Dark, fresh branch of elderberry... This is a letter from Marina.
Author: Denis Korsakov
1947
1951
1957
1959
1963
1964
1967
1968
1970
1972
1973: Shooting the film "Ivan Vasilievich changes his profession"
Main article: Cinema of Russia
1974
1979
1983
1990
1991: Explosion of the headquarters of the Democratic Russia movement
Kommersant wrote then: "At 36 Staromonetny Lane, an explosion of great force was heard. The movement's file cabinet, subscription lists for the nomination of Boris Yeltsin as president of Russia and Gabriel Popov as mayor of Moscow, as well as a refrigerator, which usually stored food for striking miners, were destroyed. The only person who was in the building at the time of the explosion, an employee of "Democratic Russia" Alexander Fonyakin, was not injured - having regained consciousness, he climbed out into the street through the window. The windows of nearby houses were knocked out by an explosive wave. "
1993: Return of Maxim Gorky embankment of historical name - Kosmodamianskaya
In 1935, Kosmodamianskaya, Komissariatskaya and Krasnokholskaya embankments of Moscow decided to unite into one and named it the embankment named after Maxim Gorky.
However, in 1993, many objects of the capital returned their historical names. They decided to give the embankment a name for the oldest of the three - Kosmodamianskaya. This name was assigned to her back in the 18th century according to the church of Saints Cosmas and Damian in the Lower Gardeners.
1995
The murder of TV presenter Vladislav Listyev
On the evening of March 1, 1995, when returning from the filming of the Rush Hour program, its host Vladislav Listyev was killed at the entrance of his house on Novokuznetskaya Street, 30, p. 2. Both shots were fired from behind, at the moment when Leaves was climbing the stairs.
1997
1998
2000
2006: Inspiration Fountain Opens
One of the most unusual fountains in Moscow is the Inspiration Fountain. It was opened in 2006 in honor of the 150th anniversary of the Tretyakov Gallery. Granite slabs create a kind of bowl from which a blue tree grows. Three large frames rest on it - the famous canvas is encrypted in each of these frames.
If you take a close look at the images, you can find out "Tsar Ivan the Terrible" Viktor Vasnetsov, "Snead Moscow. Hles "by Ilya Mashkov and" Birch Grove "by Arkhip Kuindzhi.
Wonderful residents
- Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - From autumn 1857 to spring 1858 Pyatnitskaya No. 19, p. 8. Here he wrote the story "Cossacks," the stories "Three Deaths" and "Albert."
- Vasily Osipovich Klyuchevsky - In 1870 he settled at 28 Bolshaya Polyanka, and after a while he moved to house number 18 on the same street. In 1877-95, Klyuchevsky lived on Malaya Polyanka: first, for five years in house No. 9, and then another 12 in house No. 6 (a two-story mansion with a rounded corner part - now 1st Khvostov Lane, 6c 1), where he prepared lectures for the "Course of Russian History." All buildings except the last are lost.
- Yakov Alexandrovich Protazanov - Pyatnitskaya, 46.
- Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva - In 1912, in the house on the corner of Shchetininsky and 1st Cossack Lanes, immediately after the wedding, she settled with her husband Sergei Yakovlevich Efron. The house they bought was very similar to the house in Trekhprudny Lane, where the poet's childhood passed.
- Yuri Pimenov is a realist artist, born in Moscow and spent his entire childhood in Zamoskvorechye.
- Dziga Vertov (Denis Arkadyevich Kaufman) - Since December 1937, the director settled in the "House of Artists" (Bolshaya Polyanka, 28/2) in sq. No. 11. Here he lived for 11 years - until the end of his life.
Architectural monuments
- XV century - construction (temple/monastery?). Modern building - 1658 - Church of the Beheading of the Head of John the Baptist near Bor
- 1578 - Church of Michael and Fyodor of Chernigov. Modern building 1675
- 1588 - Church of the Great Martyr George the Victorious in Endov
Notes
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 TOC_IDAJ2RTU Mikhail Nikolaevich Tikhomirov. Works on the history of Moscow
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Denis Drozdov Bolshaya Ordynka Walk along Zamoskvorechye
- ↑ bridges S.M. Zemtsov, V.L. Glazychev "Aristotle Fioravanti," M., Stroyizdat, 1985 p. 76.
- ↑ of the CAUSE OF THE "COPPER RIOT" IN MOSCOW ON JULY 25, 1662.
- ↑ A.V. Borisov. Moscow swamp and its environs.
- ↑ Matveev A. Description of the indignation of Moscow archers//Birth of the empire. M., 1997. p.392
- ↑ settlement Choidr. 1909. T. III. S. 22-24
- ↑ "Semevsky M.I. Modern portraits of Sofia Alekseevna and V.V. Golitsyn. 1689//Russian word. 1859. N 12. S. 454
- ↑ A.V. Borisov Moscow swamp and its environs
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