St. Petersburg
St. Petersburg is the most important economic, scientific and cultural center of Russia, a major transport hub. The historical center of St. Petersburg and related complexes of monuments are included in the List of World Heritage Sites. It is one of the most important tourism centers in the country.
Islands
Areas
Government of St. Petersburg
Main article: Government of St. Petersburg
News of St. Petersburg on TAdviser
Digitalization
Main article: Information technologies in St. Petersburg
- Committee for Informatization and Communications of St. Petersburg
- St. Petersburg Information and Analytical Center (St. Petersburg IAC)
- St. Petersburg IVC
- SPb GKU GMC - City Monitoring Center St. Petersburg State Treasury Institution
- Smolny PBX SPb PMT
- Ingria Technopark of St. Petersburg
Budget
- Committee for Economic Policy and Strategic Planning of St. Petersburg
- St. Petersburg Finance Committee
2023: Decrease in revenues by 15 billion rubles to 1 trillion 147.5 billion rubles
At the end of 2023, the budget revenues of St. Petersburg amounted to 1 trillion 147.5 billion rubles. For comparison, a year earlier, receipts to the city treasury were estimated at 1 trillion 162.9 billion rubles. Thus, a decrease of approximately 15 billion rubles was recorded. Such indicators were published on January 30, 2024 at a meeting of the government of St. Petersburg.
It is noted that the plan for the revenues of the city budget has been completed by 104.6%. The city treasury's own revenues amounted to 1.109 trillion rubles. Of these, the bulk is provided through corporate income tax - 34.3% (more than 380 billion rubles) and personal income tax - 39.7% (approximately 440 billion rubles). About 76 billion rubles brought revenues from small businesses and self-employed.
At the same time, tax deductions from former members of consolidated groups of taxpayers (CGN) in 2023 decreased by 63% compared to the previous year - to 85 billion rubles. In 2022, tax revenues in this area amounted to 232.5 billion rubles. Thus, the city received less than 147.5 billion rubles.
 | Of course, the city has lost a considerable amount due to a change in the rules for paying taxes of consolidated taxpayers, but this is not manna of heaven, which falls on the city. We counted on this money to create the appropriate infrastructure, - says the Governor of St. Petersburg Alexander Beglov. |  |
The expenditures of the city budget at the end of 2023 amounted to 1.174 trillion rubles with a planned volume of 1.199 trillion rubles. In absolute terms, expenses increased by 131 billion rubles compared to 2022. The city spent approximately 1.1 trillion rubles on state programs. The main directions were the transport system (261.6 billion rubles), education (250 billion rubles) and health care (177.3 billion rubles).[1]
Power
Healthcare in St. Petersburg
Main article: Healthcare in St. Petersburg
Investments
2024: The program of investments of 10 trillion rubles in the economy of St. Petersburg was approved
The authorities of St. Petersburg approved a program of investments in the city's economy in the amount of 10 trillion rubles until 2030. This large-scale plan covers all signed agreements, announced and implemented projects, as well as previously undertaken obligations and expenditures on the development of the city budget. This became known at the end of June 2024.
According to the Governor of St. Petersburg Alexander Beglov, the city relies primarily on high-tech production. He stressed that the approved amount of investment is not final, given the significant potential of St. Petersburg for further economic growth.
Within the framework of the program, it is planned to implement a number of flagship projects. Among them are the "Island of Forts" in Kronstadt, the Latitudinal Highway, the Technological Valley and the High-Speed Railway. Most of these projects are expected to be completed by 2030.
It is worth noting that in June 2024, the city entered into agreements for a record amount of 1.227 trillion rubles. These funds will be used to expand, modernize and create new industries in various sectors of the economy.
The investment program pays special attention to the revival of the automotive cluster. All production sites previously owned by Western companies received a new impetus. In addition, important agreements were concluded with pharmaceutical concerns, food industry enterprises, manufacturers of radio electronics, electrical engineering and building materials.
The approved investment program is designed to contribute to the further economic development of St. Petersburg, to strengthen its position as one of the key industrial and innovative centers of Russia. The implementation of the planned projects will create new jobs, increase the competitiveness of the urban economy and improve the quality of life of residents of the Northern capital.[2]
Real estate market
Education
St. Petersburg Education Committee
Transport
Main article: Transport in St. Petersburg
Trade
2024: Internet sales in St. Petersburg in 2023 increased to 386.6 billion rubles
Sales on the Internet in St. Petersburg in 2023 reached 386.6 billion rubles against 348.7 billion rubles a year earlier. This is evidenced by the data of the Association of Internet Trade Companies (AKIT), with which TAdviser got acquainted in mid-June 2024. Read more here.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in St. Petersburg
Culture
- Committee for Culture of St. Petersburg
- Committee for State Control, Use and Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments
Museums
Libraries
St. Petersburg State Budgetary Institution "Centralized Library System of the Kronstadt District of St. Petersburg":
Ecology
2021: ESG Report Issue
St. Petersburg was the first in the history of Russia to present a regional ESG report (from the English Environmental, Social and Governance). This was announced on November 26, 2021 on the official website of the Government of St. Petersburg.
ESG-transformation is aimed at ensuring a course towards compliance with environmental and social priorities, as well as the principles of governance transparency in planning industry and corporate development.
The document was edited by Stanislav Kazarin and Chairman of the Committee on Informatization and Communications Yulia Smirnova based on data from open sources. This is a report on the environmental situation in St. Petersburg in 2020, a report on the progress of the implementation in 2020 of the Action Plan for the implementation of the Strategy for the Socio-Economic Development of St. Petersburg for the period up to 2035. As of the end of November, the first regional ESG report in the history of Russia was undergoing a wide public and expert discussion, following the review, it was planned to publish an adapted final version by the end of 2021.
| | "St. Petersburg in its strategy of socio-economic development for the period up to 2035 is already guided by goals that meet the principles of ESG. The Strategy for the Digital Transformation of St. Petersburg has been approved, an action plan has been developed, but what is most valuable is that all projects are aimed at the integrated sustainable development of St. Petersburg for the period up to 2030, since all documents of the city's strategic planning are interconnected, "Stanislav Kazarin said. | |
In the ESG-rating of Russian regions for 2020, compiled by the agency "RAEX-Analytics," St. Petersburg is in the top 25 Russian regions, in the direction of "social sphere" - in the top 10, in the quality of management - in the top 20.
In the field of human capital development, St. Petersburg strives for a sustainable natural growth of the population, strengthening its health and increasing life expectancy, improving the quality and accessibility of education for all segments of the population, and the level of physical culture. The Northern capital considers the keystone indicator in this area to increase the level of well-being of citizens and the development of a system of social protection, support and social services of the population.
In the field of improving the quality of the urban environment for St. Petersburg, the priority is to ensure environmental well-being and improvement of the territory of St. Petersburg.
Alan Salbiev, head of the Academy of System Analysis, compiler of the report, believes that "St. Petersburg, in fact, has become the base region for all constituent entities of Russia to work out the methodological, organizational and strategic principles for ensuring sustainable development with the widespread use of technologies and approaches to digital transformation. Petersburg, in fact, introduces into the principles of ESG a new component "D" - digit. " For the first time in Russia, the relationship between the sustainable development agenda and the digital transformation strategy (D-ESG concept) has been proposed[3]
For more information on the ESG report of St. Petersburg for 2020, see the link.
History
2022: Gazprom Neft received permission to build an office center on the site of Nienschanz
On March 2, 2020, Gazprom Neft JSC presented the concept of building the territory of the former Nienschanz fortress, developed by the Japanese workshop Nikken Sekkei. She won during the closed competition.
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The project also provides for a public park around the new building. It will include those pieces of Nienschanz that the state has taken under protection as monuments of archeology of federal significance. These are the edges of the five-sided.
On September 15, 2022, Gazprom Lakhta LLC, the legal successor of IFC Lakhta Center JSC, received permission to build a public and business center of Gazprom Neft PJSC here. According to the document, the general designer is Metropolis LLC. A seven-story building with a operated roof should appear here. The building area will be 3.4 hectares.
2018
2010: Refusal to build a Gazprom skyscraper at the mouth of the Okhta on the site of Nienschanz
4.7 hectares between the Okhta River, Krasnogvardeiskaya Square and Malookhtinskaya Embankment have been owned by Gazprom structures for many years. In 2006-2010, they wanted to build a 400-meter skyscraper "Okhta Center," but under pressure from the public, the project changed its address and was moved to the Lakhta area.
1994
1992
1991: Leningrad renamed St. Petersburg
Leningrad
1978
1966
1948: Cruiser Aurora is placed in eternal parking
1944: Complete lifting of the blockade
Main article: World War II
On January 27, 1944, during World War II, as a result of Operation January Thunder, the complete lifting of the blockade of Leningrad was completed.
1942
1941
1924: Renaming to Leningrad
Main article: Tsarskoye Selo
January 26, 1924, five days after the death of Lenin, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad.
Petrograd
1923
1920
1918: Transfer of the capital from Petrograd to Moscow
On March 12, 1918, the capital of Russia was moved from Petrograd to Moscow.
Capital of the Russian Empire
1917: February and October Revolutions
July crisis
July days (July uprising, July crisis) - anti-government protests on July 3- 5 (16 - 18), 1917 in Petrograd, following the military defeat at the front and the government crisis (the withdrawal of cadet ministers from the government under the pretext of concessions made by the government delegation in negotiations with the Central Rada).
The July events disrupted the unstable balance of power between the Provisional Government and the Petrosoviet ("dual power"). The unrest, which began with spontaneous speeches by soldiers of the 1st Machine Gun Regiment, workers of Petrograd factories, Kronstadt sailors under the slogans of the immediate resignation of the Provisional Government and the transfer of power to the Soviets, took place with the direct participation of anarchists and part of the Bolsheviks. Left-wing extremism has sparked pushback from right-wing forces. As a result, the demonstration on July 3-4, 1917 ended in bloodshed.
The July events led to the persecution of the Bolsheviks by the authorities, who put forward a version of Lenin's involvement in espionage in favor of Germany.
1914
1913
1911
1906: Opening of the State Duma
1904
1903
1894
1888
1828: The territory of the Okhta settlements is included in St. Petersburg
In 1828, the territory of the Okhta settlements was included in St. Petersburg as its XIII part.
1816: Augustine Betancourt heads the Committee of City Buildings
Since 1816, Augustine Betancourt served as chairman of the committee of city buildings and hydraulic work.
1800
1790
Main article: Joseph Hearn
1737: Commission on the St. Petersburg Building
In 1737, the Commission on the St. Petersburg structure appeared - even before Elizabeth on the throne. Urban planning is no longer the idea of the monarch and his entourage, but a complex process for which a small ministry is needed. The commission was headed by architect Peter Eropkin - he was among the first whom Peter I sent to study abroad.
1725: Schlotburg abolished, in its place Okhta Perevedensky settlements
By 1725, the so-called Okhta Perevedensky settlements were located on the rest of the Schlotburg posad - those who were transferred to live in the new capital were settled in the old estates. The area was later named Bolshaya Okhta. By this time, Schlotburg as a city was abolished, but the fortress was still preserved.
Administratively, this territory during the 18th century belonged to the Shlisselburg district.
1721: Decrees on the transfer of foreign trade from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg
Peter I sought that foreign ships would not come to Arkhangelsk, but to St. Petersburg - "all flags will visit us," as A.S. Pushkin wrote. However, an important problem arose - to ensure the connection of St. Petersburg with the domestic market. The bulk of the goods were then transported by water, but it was difficult to get from St. Petersburg along the rivers to central Russia. To change this situation, under Peter I, near the city of Vyshny Volochek, they began to build a canal system that connected the Volga tributary Tvertsa with the Msta River, which flows into Lake Ilmen, from which it was possible to get to the Neva and St. Petersburg along Volkhov and Ladoga Lake.
The Vyshnevolotsky system started working at full capacity in 1722, but even before that, Peter issued decrees restricting trade through Arkhangelsk. In 1721, it was allowed to deliver goods for export only from the Northern Dvina basin to Arkhangelsk. From the rest of the country, goods were sent to St. Petersburg. As a result, in a few years it was possible to expand all trade from Russia to St. Petersburg.
1714
The new Menshikov Palace is the first stone building in St. Petersburg
Menshikov's new palace in the style of Peter's Baroque became the first stone building in St. Petersburg.
At the first stage (1710-1712), the work was led by the Italian Giovanni Maria Fontana, who had previously rebuilt his Lefortovo Palace in Moscow for the prince.
Since 1713, the leadership passed to the "master of chamber and plaster affairs" German Johann Gottfried Schedel. Permanent assistance to the construction was provided by Domenico Trezzini. In addition, Menshikov used the advice of all foreign architects who came to the city, including G.I.Mattarnovi, I.Braunstein, K.B. Rastrelli, and Zh-B.A.Leblon.
The central structure was erected quickly, the main work was completed by 1714, but the completion and decoration of the halls continued until its disgrace in 1727.
German architect Johann Braunstein is building in Peterhof, Oranienbaum, Strelna and Sarsky Selo
Main article: Braunstein Johann Friedrich
In 1714, the German architect Schluter died in St. Petersburg just a year after arriving in Russia. His place was taken by the assistant Johann Friedrich Braunstein who came with him.
in 1714-1716 he was responsible for all construction in Peterhof. In 1716-1719 he worked in Peterhof under the guidance of the French architect J.-B.-A. Leblona. After the death of Leblon, Braunstein continued to work on his projects, but in the early 1720s he again found himself in the background, behind the Italian architect Nicolo Michetti. Braunstein's attempt in 1722 to remove Michetti failed.
Braunstein had a great influence on the urban planning of Kronstadt, where he built the Italian Palace, and also worked in Oranienbaum (Grand Menshikovsky Palace), Strelna, Sarsky Selo (Palace of Catherine I).
1713: Architect Andreas Schluter moves from Berlin to Petersburg
Andreas Schluter, 1660-1714 - German architect, the brightest and most sought-after representative of the early Baroque in Germany. Schluter is the author of the complete reconstruction of the Berlin Royal Palace, one of the most significant baroque ensembles in northern Europe, whose name is named after the courtyard of the palace, after the death of the king he came to Russia. The architect was paid a salary of five thousand rubles a year. At first he was accompanied only by his eldest son, the rest of the family had to follow him.
Schluter settled in the Summer Palace of Peter the Great, for whom he performed a number of sculptures and reliefs. By 1714, thanks to him, the Summer Palace acquired its final current form. Schluter also set about designing a new Russian city - New Amsterdam on the island of Kotlin - the future Kronstadt. There is documentary evidence that the sketches and drawings of Schluter, which he brought with him to present to the Russian tsar, were used in the plan of the palace of A. D. Menshikov on Vasilievsky Island and in Oranienbaum, as well as the Kikin Chambers. It is also known that Schluter significantly expanded the palace of Tsar Peter in the Summer Garden, where, according to his plan, in 1714 they began to build the Grotto pavilion and construction work in Peterhof. This is not documented, but the influence of the Schluter style on these buildings is obvious. In addition, I. E. Grabar also suggested that for the tower of the St. Petersburg Kunstkamera, the building that G. I. Mattarnovi (who died the following year) began to build in 1718, was used, according to P. Bruce, "models and drawings" Schluter.
Valuable information about Schluter's activities in St. Petersburg was reported by Peter Henry Bruce, a Scotsman who served in the Russian service with the rank of artillery captain in 1711-1724:
"The emperor invited to his service a certain Mr. Schluter, a famous architect, with several good masters; he was settled in the Summer Palace to be near the king. Then this gentleman received many orders for the construction of palaces, houses, academies, manufactories, printed courtyards, and since he had only a few people to draw plans, I offered him my help in this matter with the condition that he teach me the rules of architecture. He happily agreed to it and I came to see him daily. The king often visited him and, seeing my drawings, was so pleased with them that later I did a lot of drawing his plans for civil and military architecture. Mr. Schluter had a weak, painful composition, and with so many works and constant worries, he fell ill and died, having lived in St. Petersburg for only a year. He spent a lot of time trying to invent the eternal motor, the excessive occupations of which greatly undermined his health; however, he still managed to prepare the engine for launch. The model of the machine was a circular brass frame 18 inches thick and 2 yards in diameter. Hollow plates made of the same metal were placed around in the inside, and a cannonball was lowered there. The plates were driven by springs, providing endless movement of the core in a circle. Each plate guided several wheels that performed many different actions. But the springs and wheels often broke, their repair took a lot of time. Working on the engine, Mr. Schluter always locked himself, and no one dared to enter him, except the king, who often closed with him. After the death of Mr. Schluter, his apprentice was engaged in the engine, but he also soon fell ill and died, and the car was locked. I never found out if anyone was trying to finish it. When I visited the architect, I only managed to see her twice. "
1710: Anna Ioannovna's wedding to the Duke of Courland in Menshikov's wooden choirs on Vasilievsky Island
By 1710, wooden choirs were built on the territory of the Menshikov estate on Vasilyevsky Island. This first residence of the prince was in the depths of the site, in the middle of a large garden with a network of paths, labyrinths and sculptures.
On November 11, the wedding of the niece of the tsar, seventeen-year-old Anna Ioannovna, with the eighteen-year-old Duke of Courland was celebrated here on the basis of an agreement concluded between Tsar Peter I and the Prussian king Frederick William I.
On the occasion of Anna's marriage, feasts and celebrations in St. Petersburg lasted two months and, according to Peter's custom, moderation was not observed in either food or wine drink. As a result of such excesses, the newlywed fell ill, then caught a cold. Not paying attention to the cold, on January 20 (9, old style), 1711, he left with his young wife from St. Petersburg to Courland and died on the same day.
Later, these mansions of Menshikov were called the Embassies, since diplomatic receptions were often held in them.
In the same 1710, Menshikov ordered the start of the construction of a new stone palace, already located on the banks of the Neva.
1706
1703
First Square - Troitskaya
Near the "House" of Peter, close nobles began to build their homes, to whom plots were allocated on the Neva embankment. Closer to the fortress, the first city square Troitskaya was formed - with the first wooden living room.
Arrival of the first merchant ship from Europe
Everything in the city was "first": and the bridge thrown from Birch Island to Zayachy, and standing near the bridge "Austria of four frigates" - a large tavern, where Peter sometimes arranged holidays; and the pier, to which the first Dutch ship, loaded with salt and wine, moored in the fall of 1703. Back in May, Peter appointed 500 gold coins to the first foreign ship to come to St. Peter the Burch, and Menshikov, as governor, solemnly awarded the Dutch skipper.
So the city-fortress and the city-port were born.
Peter I gives Vasilievsky Island to Menshikov
Vasilievsky Island was presented to Menshikov by the king at the founding of the city in 1703. The next year, the prince laid a garden and vegetable garden on it. Until 1710, he himself lived next to the tsar in a wooden house on the Gorodova (Petersburg) side.
Laying in the fortress of the wooden church of Peter and Paul
On June 29, 1703, on the day of Peter's name day, in his presence, a wooden church was laid in the middle of the fortress in the name of Peter and Paul.
Red choirs - House of Peter I
The house of Peter I, the Original Palace or Red Choirs was built in 3 days from May 24 to May 26, 1703. It is the first building of St. Petersburg.
The place for the construction was chosen by Peter himself, who ordered to cut the forest and build a house from it. History has not preserved the names of its builders, however, the nature of the logging ("in the hexagon"), the layout features and the type of windows indicate that this is an example of Swedish folk architecture.
At the request of Peter I, all the buildings of St. Petersburg were supposed to be similar in architecture to the buildings of Amsterdam. To do this, the king issues a decree in which he prescribes to erect all buildings in a beam, and if they were built of round logs, then put them on boards, paint them with "cuttings and paint them in brick in the Dutch manner." The remains of the painting imitating the Dutch method of brickwork were revealed on the log house of Peter I during the restoration of 1971-1975.
At the end of summer, Peter leaves Petersburg for a long time, and by the time he returns, a warm Winter Palace is being built for him on the other side of the Neva.
The foundation of the fortress of St. Petersburg on Hare Island
On May 16 (27), 1703, on Zayachy Island in the Neva Delta, Peter I laid the fortress of St. Petersburg, later renamed Petropavlovskaya. In just four months, powerful fortifications of wood, turf and land were erected here.
The fortress of Nienschanz was re-taken by Russian troops under the command of B.P. Sheremetev. The city was renamed Schlotburg
During the Northern War, after a week-long siege, the Nienschanz fortress was retaken by Russian troops on May 1, 1703.
The garrison consisted of 600 soldiers with 75 guns and 3 mortars. The commandant was Lieutenant Colonel Apollov (Opalev), a sick and old man from the Russian family who switched to the service of Sweden. There were few officers. The small size of the garrison did not allow the proper protection of either the outer fence or the local fortification.
The Russian siege army numbered about 20 thousand people.
After twelve hours of shelling and explosion of a powder warehouse, the fortress surrendered to the Russian army under the command of Tsar and B.P. Sheremetev.
An agreement was drawn up on the surrender of Nienschanz, subject to the free passage of the garrison to Narva or Vyborg with weapons, banners and 4 iron guns.
In honor of the victory, Peter I established a medal for the capture of the fortress with its own image, and the city was renamed Schlotburg (Netherlands. Slotburg - Zamok City).
Nienschanz was recognized as unfit for the Russian fortress, "little by little, far from the sea and the place is not much strong from nature."
Nien as part of Sweden
1702: Swedes burn Nien to defend fortress before Russian army advance
The population of Nienstadt was evacuated, and the city itself was burned in October 1702 by order of the Swedish military command. The reason for this was fears that its structures could be used by Russian troops to cover up during the assault on Nienschanz.
1698: Neva Estuary Map
By the beginning of the 18th century, numerous Swedish and Finnish suburban estates were built outside the city fortifications, some of which were located at a significant distance from the city - on the delta islands and along the banks of numerous rivers and branches of the Neva, and the bulk formed five new blocks of urban development already outside the fortifications.
One of these estates - the estate of the Swedish major Erich Berndt von Konow (Konau), which was a small house with a household yard and a garden - later became the Summer Garden of St. Petersburg.
1683: Ban on Izhora, Karelians and Russians to settle in Niena
During the superintendency of John Geselia Jr. (1647-1718), in the early 1680s, a period of cooling relations between Lutherans and Orthodox began. Geselius ensured that the Spasskaya Church was closed for some time, and the Orthodox subjects of the Swedish state - Izhora, Karelians and Russians - were forbidden to settle in Niena.
1680: Conflict between German and Swedish churches in Nien
After the Russo-Swedish War of 1656), a church operated for the German community, whose figures entered into confessional disputes with representatives of Swedish Lutherans, accusing them of ignorance of the foundations of Christianity. German pastors sought to play a dominant role in church life and began to aggravate relations with the higher church administration.
In 1680, Ingermanland superintendent Petrus Bong sent a letter to the royal administration complaining about the German Lutherans of Nien, who did not comply with the orders of their bishop. The conflict was also complicated by the fact that German pastors from 1671 had to serve in the Swedish church, since Swedish and Finnish priests were against the separation of the German community, as this would mean a reduction in their income. This ended with the fact that the pastor of the German church Joachim Meinke was forced to leave for Moscow, after which the conflict itself came to naught.
1677: Nien is surrounded by an outer ring of fortifications
Nien is surrounded by an external ring of fortifications c. 1677.
1663: Map of the Neva and Nienschanz until 1664
1658: Nienstadt returned by Russia to Sweden under peace treaty
Nienstadt returned Russia Sweden under a peace treaty in 1658.
1656: P.I. Potemkin took the fortress by storm. The township's population is carved almost entirely
In 1656, the governor Pyotr Ivanovich Potemkin took the Nienschanz fortress by storm. The population of Nien, according to the reports of the Russian command, was cut almost completely from small to large. Only those who managed to escape into the forest survived.
1650: Niena has 2,000 residents
Nien was the largest city of Noteborg Lena, much superior in size and wealth to the administrative center of Lena - the city of Noteborg (formerly Orekhov, later Schlisselburg): there were more than four hundred taxable courtyards in it, from which it follows that the number of houses was even larger - the "courtyards" did not include state buildings, houses of nobles and clergy, and the "courtyard" itself often included several capital buildings.
In the city, whose population by the middle of the XVII century. was about 2,000 people, lived Swedes, Germans, Russians and Finns, engaged in trade, crafts, agriculture, fishing and navigation. In the center of it were the town hall, two Lutheran churches, a school, a port and a trading square. The development was formed along the river Svartbäcken and the Chyorny Stream, which flowed into the Okhta in the city, as well as roads leading to Vyborg, Kexholm and Noteborg. In the vicinity of the city there was a hospital, brick factories and enterprises associated with shipbuilding.
1632: Nien receives city status
Swedish Nienstadt received city status in 1632. Over the next ten years, the Swedish queen Christina (1626-1689) granted him full city rights.
Initially, there were two Lutheran churches in the city - for the Swedish and Finnish (Ingermanland) communities, while the Orthodox population was fed in the village of Spassky, located in the area of the modern Smolny Monastery and inhabited by Russians and Izhora. It is curious that the Swedish and Finnish parishes of Nien were also divided geographically - they were located on different banks of the Chyorny Stream.
1617: Stolbovsky world. Entry of the territory into Sweden
Main article: Russian Foreign Policy
On February 27, 1617, a peaceful treatise was signed, called the Stolbovsky Peace.
According to the text of the agreement, Novgorod lands were divided between the two states: Veliky Novgorod and the entire Novgorod patrimony, including Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Porkhov, Gdov with counties, as well as Sumersky volost (Lake Samro district, now Slantsevsky district of the Leningrad region) and all state and church property seized by the Swedes on this territory were returned to the Russian kingdom; The Russian cities of Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, Korela, the entire Neva and Oreshek with the county departed to the Swedish kingdom.
The Stolbovsky world completely cut off Russia from the Baltic Sea, which allowed King Gustav Adolf to consider the treaty a major victory for the Swedish army and diplomacy.
The Moscow authorities were also pleased with the conclusion of peace, albeit on difficult conditions. Firstly, they achieved the return of Veliky Novgorod with its lands, which refused to swear allegiance to the Swedish crown. Secondly, Moscow, providing the rear, was able to freely continue the war with Poland for the return of the captured Russian territories on the western borders.
1611: Foundation of Nienschanz fortress and transformation of Nevsky town into Swedish Nien
In 1611, the Nienschanz fortress was founded on the cape at the confluence of the Okhta River into the Neva, and on the other side of the Okhta, the city of Nien grew under the protection of the fortress, which became the largest settlement in modern St. Petersburg before its foundation. The main population of the city were Swedes and Germans, who were engaged in trade and crafts.
The history of the fortress and the city at the mouth of the Okhta can be traced to unique exhibits from the Hermitage collection: household items, household equipment, ceramics and fragments of military weapons.
Lands within the Russian state
1600: Sovereign's Reception Yard and Ship's Wharf
The document, dating from 1599-1601, mentions the presence in the Russian town of Nevskoye of the mouth of the Sovereign's Drawing Room, the ship's pier and the Orthodox Church. In addition, it is said that "volost people" lived in the town.
1585: Russian Nevsky town Swedes call Nien
The Russian settlement Nevsky Gorodok or Nevsky estuary served as the basis for the city, which was later built by the Swedes at the beginning of the 17th century, and gave it its name: since the Swedish word "nyen" means "Nevsky," it was used in relation to the Russian settlement even before the capture of Prinevya by Sweden.
In particular, on the schematic map of Karelia and the Prinev lands of the 1580s, compiled, presumably by order of Pontus Delagardi, the Nevsky town is designated precisely as Nyen. Moreover, it can be understood that the town already had a church.
1557: Ivan the Terrible engineers build a fortified port at the mouth of the Neva River
It is known that the fortifier engineer of Ivan the Terrible Ivan Vyrodkov, together with P. Petrov, in 1557 supervised the construction of a fortress port at the mouth of the Neva River.
1500: Nevsky town on the site of Landskrona, three Russian villages and a village
In the land inventory, which was compiled to facilitate the collection of sovereign taxes, the so-called. The scribe book of the Vodskaya Pyatina of 1500 provides the first description of settlements on the territory of modern St. Petersburg (three villages and a village in which there were 18 yards), which were located on Vasilyevsky Island, Fomin Island (now Petrograd side), in Lakhta and other places. Other documents mention the large settlement Nevskoe Ustye, or Nevsky town, which existed at the beginning of the 16th century on the site of Landskrona, whose inhabitants traded with Vyborg and other Swedish and German cities.
1478: The entry of land into the Russian state together with the Novgorod Republic
The lands in the lower reaches of Okhta have long belonged to two noble boyar families of the Novgorod Republic, and after its accession in 1478 to Moscow, they became part of the centralized Russian state.
Lands of the Novgorod Republic
1470: Two dozen villages of Novgorod Republic
According to Novgorod sources, in the 1470s there were many settlements in the Neva Delta: 15 villages in the lower Okhta, on the Petrograd side there were 30 yards, on Vasilyevsky Island - 24 yards, in the Admiralty part - 8, the village of 4 yards was on the site of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The vicinity of the Neva Delta was more densely populated.
1301: Destruction of Landskrona by Russian troops led by Andrei Gorodetsky
After the departure of the main forces, the Swedish garrison of Landskrona had no connection with Sweden. A significant part of the products deteriorated, which led to diseases and many deaths. The local population was turned against the invaders, and the garrison was under siege, unable to get fresh provisions. There are few people left in the fortress who can fight, and those that remain have lost their morale. The only hope was for help from Sweden, which was supposed to arrive with the beginning of navigation.
Russian troops led by the son of Alexander Nevsky, Andrei Gorodetsky, approached the fortress in May 1301. The assault continued without stopping day and night, the tired detachment was replaced by a new one. The Swedes did not have the opportunity for respite, and soon there was a fracture. A fire broke out in the fortress, the Russians burst inside and killed most of the defenders. A small group of warriors retreated to the tower and continued to resist for a while, but were forced to surrender. Landskrona fell on May 18, 1301.
Landskrona was burned and destroyed. Novgorodians returned home with prisoners.
After the fall of Landskrona, the war lasted more than 20 years, but Sweden no longer undertook such offensive operations. The failure of the campaign contributed to the fall of the head of Sweden Torgils Knutsson and the subsequent execution. The military operations of the Swedes consisted mainly of extortionate raids and piracy.
1300: The construction by the Swedes of the fortress of Landskron on the lands of Veliky Novgorod
The capture of the mouth of the Neva as the main Russian access to the sea put all trade and economic life of Veliky Novgorod and a significant part of Russia under Swedish control.
Novgorodians did not have any fortifications at the mouth of the Neva. From the nearest fortresses (Koporya, Ladoga and Korela) to the mouth of the Neva there were two or three days of travel, and from Novgorod the path took more than a week. The maintenance of the Russian fortress there would be worth large costs, and at the same time it would constantly be at risk of capture from the sea.
The plan of the Swedes was to build a strong fortress during the summer season, under the cover of a large army, the garrison of which would be able to withstand the attack of the Novgorodians during the winter, when the main part of the Swedish army returned to Sweden.
The Swedish government understood that the founding of the Swedish city on the Neva, affecting the vital interests of the Novgorod Republic, should have provoked much more powerful opposition from the Russians than the previous actions of the Swedes, so serious preparation preceded the campaign.
Ships and warriors from many areas of Sweden were collected, a large amount of food was purchased in advance. To participate in the campaign, an experienced fortifier from Italy was hired, who was to be helped by many master builders from Sweden.
At the head of the campaign was Torgils Knutsson, the de facto ruler of Sweden. It is assumed that 30-50 ships and 1,100 soldiers participated in the campaign (perhaps this number includes only "noble"). Never before has such a large enemy fleet entered the mouth of the Neva.
The place for the foundation of the fortress was most likely chosen in advance. Landskron's earthen fortress tree was built on a cape formed by the Okhta flowing into the Neva. It was the closest place to the sea, never flooded with water.
Landskrona was in plan a rectangle measuring about 15,000 m ² and was about twice as large as the Vyborg fortress. It was surrounded by two parallel ditches more than 2 meters deep.
The width of the outer ditch along the bottom is about 15 meters, the width of the inner, located 14-15 meters behind the first, is 11 meters. From swimming, the walls of the moat were laid out with wooden plaques - pine logs split in half, laid close to each other along the slope.
The fortress wall had eight towers, which housed throwing machines and easel crossbows.
1240: Battle of Neva
In the summer of 1240, Swedish ships arrived at the mouth of the Neva River. Having landed on the shore, the Swedes and their allies spread their tents at the place where Izhora flowed into the Neva. Since 1952, the village of Ust-Izhora, located on this site, has been part of the city of St. Petersburg.
In 1710, Peter I, in memory of the Battle of Neva, founded the Alexander Nevsky Monastery at the mouth of the Chernaya River (now the Monastyrka River) in St. Petersburg. At that time, it was mistakenly believed that the battle took place at this particular place.
1228: Izhora land is included in the Novgorod Republic
Since 1228, Izhora land was in the possession of the Novgorod Republic.
VIII century: Northern Russia - Izhora and Ilmen Slovenes
Main article: Northern Russia
In the VIII-IX centuries, the banks of the Neva were inhabited by Indo-European tribes, which were identified as Ilmen Slovenes.
Notes
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