Main article: Culture of Russia
Control structures
Film studios
Film directors
Main article: Filmmakers of Russia
Film festivals
- Lighthouse (Gelendzhik Film Festival)
Cinemas in Russia
Main article: Cinemas in Russia
Cartoons in Russia
Main article: Cartoons in Russia
Film revenues and losses
2022: Only one of the films supported by the Film Foundation paid off at the box office
At the end of 2022, the film "The Young Man" with Pavel Tabakov, Danya Poperechny and Danila Kozlovsky in the lead roles became the only project that paid off, shot with the support of the Film Foundation. This was reported on February 10, 2022 by RBC, referring to the Unified Automated Information System (UAIS) of the Cinema Fund.
In 2022, 26 films were released in wide distribution, which received funding from the Film Foundation. The film "Young Man" with a budget of 64.8 million rubles (of which 30 million is an irrevocable subsidy of the Cinema Fund) raised 192.2 million rubles.
Five projects supported by the Cinema Fund were able to recapture the budget spent on production, but not pay off, taking into account the distribution of part of the funds to cinemas in 2022.
- This is Finnik (fees - 442.7 million rubles with a budget of 325.2 million rubles);
- "Heart of Parma" (fees - 932.1 million rubles with a budget of 714.4 million rubles);
- "Three cats and a sea of adventures" (fees - 138 million rubles with a budget of 93 million rubles);
- "Chuk and Huck. Big adventure "(fees - 248.4 million rubles with a budget of 200.2 million rubles);
- "Lovers" (fees of 170.9 million rubles with a budget of 93 million rubles).
The Ministry of Culture believes that the current support tools "are enough to ensure the payback of the invested amount of private investment funds in the production and rental of national films."
Sergei Lavrov from Cinemaplex attributes the low fees of most Russian films to the lack of proper advertising in 95-98% of films.
 | Often marketing budgets exceed production budgets, "Lavrov explains. - However, in our country they amount to a maximum of 125-150 million rubles, excluding advertising on the channel "Russia 1." According to Lavrov, only a change in the subsidy distribution system itself and a rejection of the so-called list of film industry leaders, which includes companies that receive priority support for film production, can turn the tide with the low payback of films shot with state participation.[1]film[2] |  |
2019: Only 19 supported films turned profitable
As of June 2019, only 19 supported films became profitable, the remaining 141 did not pay off.
History
2024
Ex-CEO of the Russian office of Sony Pictures became the owner of 34% of the manufacturer of TV series for online cinemas
Former CEO of the Russian office of Sony Pictures Anton Sirenko acquired a 34% stake in the company "Committee," which produces series for video services. This became known on May 29, 2024. Read more here.
How much do they earn in Russian cinema
Russian actors earn from 100 thousand rubles to 2 million rubles a month, while first-plan actors in mass cinema receive from 50 thousand to 150 thousand rubles per shift. This is stated in the study "Kinopoisk" and "Moscow School of Cinema," the results of which were published on May 20, 2024.
It is noted that the film industry continues to develop rapidly in Russia. It has a cohort of stars and superstars, and every year a lot of young specialists appear. At the same time, there is no clear understanding of the level of fees on the market. For example, if the role of the first plan in a low-budget television series brings the actor about 10 thousand rubles per shift, then participation in a large-budget project for streaming - from 50 thousand rubles for the same work. On average, the study says, for the debut role of the first plan in a big movie, an actor can receive from 200 thousand rubles, depending on the number of shifts (usually a full-length film takes 10-20 shifts, but their number can reach 60).
The study involved 130 professionals who answered questions about earnings in their specialties. It turned out that in the case of a piecework payment system, the highest paid, in addition to the actors themselves, are operators and scriptwriters. The authors of the study emphasize that the industry is reluctant to talk about rates and working conditions, and information about vacancies is irrelevant to the market. In general, the rating is as follows (based on income per month):
- Actors - from 100 thousand to 2 million rubles;
- Operators - on average from 500 thousand to 1.2 million rubles;
- Production designers - from 400 to 800 thousand rubles;
- Editing directors - on average from 250 to 400 thousand rubles;
- Scriptwriters - an average of 300 thousand rubles;
- Producers - from 150 to 600 thousand rubles;
- Sound engineers - from 150 to 300 thousand rubles;
- Directors - from 100 to 350 thousand rubles;
- VFX specialists - from 80 to 230 thousand rubles;
- Composers - from 30 to 500 thousand rubles.[3]
Deepfake Yuri Nikulin played in the new film
Main article: Yuri Vladimirovich Nikulin
March 26, 2024 it became known that one of the heroes of the family comedy "Manyunya: Adventures in Moscow" will be the image of the Soviet actor and circus artist Yuri Nikulin, formed using artificial intelligence technologies. This is the first successful experience in Russia to recreate the appearance and voice of the late actor through a neural network. Read more here.
2023
The Russian film industry for the year showed an increase of 42.5%, up to ₽196,43 billion
The volume of the Russian film market reached ₽196,43 billion at the end of 2023, showing an increase of 42.5% in nominal terms. In real terms, including inflation, the increase was 31.2%, according to a study published in October 2024.
According to GuideMarket, the restoration of the industry is associated with the low base effect of 2022, state support and the resumption of previously postponed projects. The average annual consumption of film products per capita increased from ₽613,8 in 2019 to ₽1334,4 in 2023.
For 2023, online cinemas released 201 original projects, including documentaries and feature films, series and other formats. The development of the video services market is becoming a key distribution channel for film products.
Large audiovisual services are actively included in film production, opening their own production companies. The main focus is on the creation of serial content and the development of cooperation with independent producers.
The industry has seen steady growth since the 2020 downturn, when the market shrank 1% in nominal terms and 4.2% adjusted for inflation. In 2022, there was stagnation in real terms with a nominal growth of 10.8%.
The development of the industry is facilitated by the expansion of state support, an increase in the volume of Russian film production, the formation of regional film clusters and the development of multi-platform content consumption.
Technological modernization of the industry includes the introduction of digital solutions for the gaming industry, virtualization of film production and the development of new formats for distributing content through streaming platforms.[4]
Revenues of film studios in Russia for the year increased by 10.9% to 9.52 billion rubles
In 2023, the market volume of film studios in Russia reached 9.52 billion rubles. This is 10.9% more compared to the previous year, when industry revenues were estimated at 8.58 billion rubles. Such data are given in the review of the GuideMarket company, which was published on June 22, 2024.
According to estimates, in 2017, the revenue of film studios in the Russian Federation was approximately 5.25 billion rubles. A year later, the figure increased by 22.5%, reaching 6.43 billion rubles. In 2019, an increase of 6.2% was recorded with a final result of 6.82 billion rubles.
However, in 2020, the film industry amid the COVID-19 pandemic faced many problems: this is a decrease in demand, suspension of activities, an increase in the cost of equipment, the emergence of financial difficulties for both companies and counterparties. The spread of coronavirus infection led to the closure of borders and self-isolation of citizens, which also had a negative impact on the film market. As a result, the income of film studios decreased on an annualized basis by 7.4% - to 6.32 billion rubles.
But already in 2021, the industry returned to growth: revenues rose by 14.6%, amounting to 7.24 billion rubles. And in 2022, an increase of another 18.6% was noted. However, according to the study, due to the annual increase in prices in the film production market, the real growth rate of industry revenues is lower than in prices as of 2024.
The market also faced additional difficulties amid a worsening geopolitical environment. Among them are named an increase in the cost of production, a shortage of equipment and spare parts for it (hard drives, data processing units, movie cameras, lenses for cameras, power generation installations, etc.), an outflow of qualified personnel, a reduction in private investment from media holdings and funds.[5]
Decrease in the number of new films and TV series - from 870 to 850 pieces
At the end of 2023, the number of launches of new films and TV series in Russia (including full-length films, products for TV and various platforms, as well as mini-series) amounted to about 850. For comparison, in 2022 there were approximately 870 new projects in the area under consideration. Such figures are given in the study, the results of which were released on February 26, 2024.
It is noted that the industry of films and TV series in the Russian Federation has been actively developing since 2017 - after the exit from the crisis of 2014-2016. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a decline. The recovery began in 2021, when the total number of new films and TV shows reached 734. At the same time, 2022 was a record year in terms of the number of projects launched into production, as reported by the Telegram channel "Filmmaking News."
| | In 2022, more projects were launched than the industry, taking into account the resource it has, is capable of producing. A "bottleneck" arose at the resource-intensive stages of production and post-production. In the context of a limited market resource, inflation and budget competition have intensified, the study says. | |
In 2023, there was an optimization of project launches, while many TV channels reduced activity due to a reduction in advertising budgets. As a result, launches in the category of mini-series and television films decreased most noticeably to five episodes - by almost 40 projects compared to 2022 (from 245 to 207). At the same time, in the category of series with six or more series on an annualized basis, an increase in the number of projects was recorded - from 312 to 327. The number of full-length movie launches in 2023 was 316 against 313 a year earlier. Thus, the authors of the study say, in 2023 there was a beginning of stagnation of the Russian film production market.[6]
Named the top 5 largest film distributors in Russia
In early February 2024, the largest film distributors in Russia became known in 2023. According to the results of a study by Wanta Group, Central Partnership was recognized as the market leader.
In addition to the TsSHP, the top five leaders included NMG Film Distribution, Volga, Cinema Atmosphere and Our Cinema. Experts interviewed by Kommersant note that the Pushkinskaya Karta youth program of preferential ticket sales significantly helps distributors in the fees.
The fees of the Central School of Economics have grown significantly - 13.9 billion rubles against 4.1 billion rubles in 2022. At the same time, the company's market share doubled and now amounts to 46%, while this figure in 2022 was 21.5%. In 2023, the TsPSh worked on 25 releases, the highest grossing of which were the films "Cheburashka" (6.8 billion rubles according to the "Film Distributor's Bulletin") and "Challenge" (2.1 billion rubles).
The second place in the market was taken by NMG Kinoprokat (part of the National Media Group) with a market share of 14.5%. The total fees from the company's films amounted to 4.4 billion, among the most successful projects - the film "By Pike Command" (2.5 billion rubles). The independent distributor Volga, which took second place in 2022, dropped to third place in 2023 with fees of 2.8 billion rubles. Not a single release of "Volga" at the end of the year was included in the top twenty highest-grossing rental films in 2023.
2023 was the first year after the start of a special military operation in Ukraine, when the entire top 5 distributors were occupied by Russian companies. Atmosphere Cinema and Our Cinema took fourth and fifth places, thereby taking out Universal Pictures International and Sony Pictures Productions and Releasing (SPPR).
Experts interviewed by Kommersant suggest that the trend will continue and the CPS will dominate the Russian market, and their share will be at least 30%.
| | There are no prerequisites for this to change, given how shock they started the year with the Bremen Musicians (2.8 billion rubles on February 4) and Kholop-2 (3.7 billion rubles on February 4), essentially competing with themselves - said the editor-in-chief of Кино-театр.ру Jean Prosyanov.[7] | |
Putin instructed to provide support for Russian software for filmmaking
President RFVladimir Putin approved the list of instructions following a visit to the exhibition "Development of the creative economy in Russia" on May 30, 2023. One of them, as reported on the Kremlin's website, concerns support for software developers for the domestic film industry. Read more here.
Putin instructed to create a special economic zone in the film industry in Moscow
President RFVladimir Putin approved the list of instructions following a visit to the exhibition "Development of the creative economy in Russia" on May 30, 2023. One of them, as reported on the Kremlin's website, is the creation in Moscow of a special economic zone in the film industry - an international film cluster. Read more here.
2022
Ministry of Culture: State support for Russian cinema reached 14.9 billion rubles
In 2022, state support for Russian cinema reached 14.9 billion rubles. In particular, the funds went to the production of films and the modernization of cinemas, reported on June 21, 2023. Minister of Culture of the Russian federation Olga Lyubimova According to her, 59 international and Russian film festivals also provided support.
The head of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation said that in 2022, with financial assistance states , 406 domestic films were launched into production, and 111 films were released with the support of the department and the Cinema Fund. The total amount of box office receipts of Russian films in 2022, according to Lyubimova, amounted to 12.3 billion rubles. More than 46 million people watched domestic cinema in 2022, the agency reports. TASS
In addition, Olga Lyubimova noted that the digitization of films of the State Film Fund continues. In 2022, over 2.5 s thousand films were digitized, and during the implementation of the program - more than 12.5 film materials, she said.
In addition, Lyubimova said that outstanding cultural and art workers in 2022 were allocated about 300 million rubles as prizes.
| | 4 thousand state scholarships were provided to outstanding cultural and art workers in the amount of 288 million rubles, - said the Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation. | |
In addition, according to her, young (under 35 years old) cultural and art workers received scholarships. Every year, the Ministry of Culture provides 100 scholarships in the amount of 20 thousand rubles a month to attract them to work in regional cultural institutions. 27 million rubles were allocated for these purposes.
She also added that in 2022, five laureates of the Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation "Soul of Russia" were determined for their contribution to the development of folk art in the amount of 500 thousand rubles each.[8]
Russian films earned $17.1 million in foreign box office
In 2022, the income of Russian films in foreign film distribution amounted to $17.1 million, which is 6% less than a year earlier ($18.2 million), but immediately 3 times less than in 2019 ($52.5 million), when there was no COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. This is evidenced by the data of the publication "Bulletin of the film distributor," which were published by "Vedomosti" on March 6, 2023.
The publication says that in 2022, 62 full-length domestic films worked abroad, almost as much as in 2021 (63 films). In Russia, fees for 2022 fell by 41.9% to 23.7 billion rubles. This decrease is due to the fact that since March 2022, Hollywood majors have stopped releasing their new films in Russia. It was the films of American studios that previously accumulated the lion's share of the Russian box office, Vedomosti notes.
The most profitable Russian paintings abroad were cartoons. The leader at the end of 2022 was the painting "The Big Journey. Special delivery, "which raised 2.6 million. dollars Next in this rating are "The Nutcracker and the Magic Flute" ($2.4 million), "Beech. My favorite monster "($1.7 million) and" Snezhnaya Koroleva: Through the Looking Glass "($1.6 million). The highest-grossing Russian game tape at the foreign box office was the horror film "Row 19" ($1.5 million).
In seventh place is the "Dolphin Boy," which in Turkey alone mastered $478 thousand, and in total was able to attract $728 thousand. Closed the top ten cartoon "Pinocchio." True story, "in the asset of which $511 thousand.
The largest importer of Russian cinema in 2022 was Italy, where domestic cinema earned almost $2 million. Also in the top three were China and Mexico. The share of foreign fees relative to the box office of domestic cinema in Russia amounted to 9.5%. A year earlier, this figure was 13.1%.[9]
Prime Minister Mishustin allocated 5.5 billion rubles to support Russian cinema
In early May 2022, Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin signed an order that allocated 5.5 billion rubles to support Russian cinema. According to the press service of the Cabinet, the money will go to create more than 160 new films. Among them will be full-length films for a mass audience and for family viewing, non-fiction films and short films, as well as debut works of novice directors who are just graduating from universities.
In accordance with the order of the government, 4 billion rubles of them will be sent to the Cinema Fund]]. The Ministry of Culture is instructed to monitor the spending of this money and submit a report to the government by February 2023.
| | I am sure that new Russian paintings will find their audience, including among young people. Moreover, tickets for domestic films can now be purchased thanks to the "Pushkin Card," which will also become a significant support for our film industry, - said Mikhail Mishustin at a meeting with Deputy Prime Ministers on May 4, 2022. | |
In total, the federal budget for supporting the cinematic industry in 2022 provides for over 9 billion rubles. Thus, taking into account the additional allocated funds this year, the film industry will receive more than 14.5 billion rubles.
As Kommersant reminds, against the background of the Russian special operation in Ukraine, the film companies Walt Disney, Warner Brothers, Sony Pictures and Universal Pictures canceled the distribution of films in the Russian Federation. Streaming platform Netflix has suspended production of Russian series and refused to broadcast federal channels.
Russian cinemas have already begun unofficial screenings of Hollywood cinema. For example, in the WIP metropolitan area, viewers were shown "Batman" by Warner Bros. The organizers reported that this was a pirated copy, and called the premiere an art performance and an artistic commentary on the departure of foreign film companies from the Russian market.[10]
2021: TV series production in Russia increased 1.5 times
The production of TV series in Russia at the end of 2021 increased 1.5 times. This is evidenced by the data of the industry portal kino-teatr.ru, which were released on January 10, 2022.
According to statistics cited by Vedomosti, TV channels and video services released 229 TV series (more than four episodes) in 2021. 107 projects premiered on Internet platforms. In 2020, 152 projects were released, 52 - for the first time went online. TV channels are increasingly using the catch forward model for distributing content: projects are released first on platforms and only then on television.
It is noted that the content boom was preceded by a super-successful year for video services in terms of growth rates: at the end of 2020, the total revenue of Russian online cinemas soared by 66% (data from TMT Consulting). The pandemic (COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic) demand for content on the Internet contributed to the success of the video services business. Offline entertainment was constantly subject to restrictions, so Russians actively watched TV shows and films on the network, the publication said.
The platforms allowed the creators, in particular, to experiment with formats, genres, meanings and release those projects that did not find space in the networks of broadcast channels, said Igor Mishin, general director of MTS Media (manages the Kion video service). The editor-in-chief of the kino-teatr.ru portal, Jean Prosyanov, among the reasons for the increase in the number of series, named the release of a number of projects postponed due to the pandemic, about 5-7% of the total number of series released. Another factor was the reduction in the number of episodes of series produced.
Against the background of an increase in demand for series by 30%, their cost increased on average - to more than 25 million rubles per episode. The most expensive projects, for example, the Vertinsky series, cost almost twice as much, over 50 million rubles per episode.[11]
1992
1987: Death of Andrei Mironov in Riga
In August 1987, the troupe of the Theater of Satire was on tour in Riga. During the performance on August 14, "The Marriage of Figaro," Mironov suddenly became ill. The great actor, who became one of the symbols of the Soviet era, was only forty-six years old. Read more here.
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981: Savely Kramarov emigrates to the US
On October 31, 1981, with documents to leave the USSR for Israel, but only reached Vienna - at that time there was no direct communication between the USSR and Israel, since the USSR in 1967 severed diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War. In Vienna, he was met by impresario Victor Shulman, who organized his tour in Europe, America, Australia, Israel, Japan.
In the United States, he settled in Los Angeles with his old friend - Ilya Baskin, with whom he starred in The Big Change. For some time he lived with him, then rented an apartment nearby. And a year later they starred together in the drama "Moscow on the Hudson." He played the role of the KGB worker Boris.
1977
The premiere of the film "Office Romance"
On October 26, 1977, the premiere of E. Ryazanov's film "Office Romance" took place in Moscow. The film has become one of the most popular in the USSR.
1976
Photo: Valery Plotnikov. Photo archive of the magazine "Spark"]]
1974
1973
1969
1968
1964
1963: "Three Plus Two," scripted by Sergei Mikhalkov
1960
1949
1947
1945
Main article: World War II
1943
| № | Title | Year | Comments | |
| She fought for her homeland | 1943 | |||
| In the name of the Motherland (Russian people) | July 20, 1943 | Directors Vsevolod Pudovkin and Dmitry Vasiliev based on the play by Konstantin Simonov "Russian People" (1942) | ||
| Air cab | 1943 | Director Herbert Rappoport |
1942
| № | Title | Year | Comments |
| District Committee Secretary | 1942 |
1936: " Circus" by Grigory Alexandrov
1928
1927: The film "October"
1919: The transition of cinema to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Education
On August 27, 1919, a document was signed entitled "On the transfer of photographic and cinematic trade and industry to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Education."
Since that time, all the photo - and the cinematic industry and trade was transferred to the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Education, which was headed by Anatoly Lunacharsky. In memory of this event, the date was August 27 and began to be considered the Day of Soviet Cinema, later the Day of Soviet Cinema was renamed Cinema Day.
Silent cinema of the Russian Empire
1915
- "Mirages" (directed by Peter Chardynin).
- "Shadows of Sin" (directed by Peter Chardynin). Shooting the final scene in the Neskuchny Garden in Moscow.
1914
The beginning World War I removes films Germany and Austria from the market. Paintings of allied countries with difficulty fall into. Russia Domestic cinema remains out of competition.
- "Nurse" (director Peter Chardynin)
- "Do you remember?" (director and performer of the role of writer Nilsky - Peter Chardynin)
1913
- "House in Kolomna" based on the work of A.S. Pushkin. Director: Peter Chardynin, cameraman: Vladislav Starevich, founder of volumetric animation.
- "Brothers" (director Peter Chardynin)
- "The Accession of the Romanov House" (directed by Vasily Goncharov and Peter Chardynin)
1911
- "Vasilisa Melentyevna" (director and performer of the role of Prince Vorotynsky - Peter Chardynin)
- "Eugene Onegin" (director and performer of the role of Onegin - Peter Chardynin).
1910
- "The Queen of Spades" (directed by Peter Chardynin)
- "Vadim" according to Lermontov (director Peter Chardynin)
- "Idiot" (director Peter Chardynin)
1909
- "Vasily Orsha" (director and performer of the role of father Peter Chardynin).
"Uhar-merchant" by French directors and Vasily Goncharov
"Uhar the Merchant" is the first color (hand-painted) film shot in Russia. Discovered in 2022. The picture was staged by French directors and the role of Vasily Goncharov is not entirely clear.
"Mazepa," "Drama in Moscow" and "Vanka-Klyuchnik" by Vasily Goncharov
In 1909, Vasily Goncharov's "Russian Wedding of the 16th Century" and "Drama in Moscow" were released, "Vanka the Key" - a film illustration of the Russian song of the same name and "Mazepa" based on Pushkin's poem "Poltava."
"Sorcerer" Vasily Goncharov and Peter Chardynin
On October 28, 1909, the premiere of the film "The Enchantress" took place, shot on separate scenes from the tragedy of the same name by I.V. Shpazhinsky. Until 2023, it was considered lost until it was found and published on YouTube.
Peter Chardynin also plays the role of prince.
"Dead Souls" and "Marriage" by Peter Chardynin
From the memoirs of Peter Ivanovich Chardynin:
"In winter, for the upcoming Gogol festivals, I shot excerpts from Dead Souls and Marriage (both films have not survived). This was the first and only year without competition. From the next, many companies started working, and all foreign ones began to shoot Russian stories, since our competition was not for them in the morning. "
Pyotr Chardynin himself played Nozdrov in Dead Souls.
It is known that the film "Dead Souls," a comedy in five scenes based on the poem of the same name by N.V. Gogol, was subsequently used by the recitators of Zhdanov, "voicing" its display with replicas of characters.
"Power of Darkness" - Peter Chardynin's directorial debut
"The Power of Darkness" - Peter Chardynin's directorial debut - was shot in 1909. The film has not survived.
"The Death of John the Terrible" by Vasily Goncharov. Acting debut of Yakov Protazanov
In 1909, the premiere of the silent film "The Death of John the Terrible" by Vasily Goncharov based on the plays by A.K. Tolstogo took place. Acting debut of Yakov Protazanov.
"Song of the merchant Kalashnikov" Khanzhonkov
"The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov" by Alexander Khanzhonkov, 1908 Composer M.M. Ippolitov-Ivanov. The film has not been preserved.
1908
"Russian Wedding of the 16th Century" directed by Vasily Goncharov, Chardynin as his father
In 1908, the silent film "Russian Wedding of the 16th Century" was shot by director Vasily Goncharov.
The plot of this "historical picture in five scenes" is a summary of a romantic melodrama: a young boyar on the road accidentally knocks over an oncoming wagon in which hawthorn rides, which, fortunately, was not injured. Having parted with her, he arrives home, where his parents want to marry him with a girl whom he must not see before the wedding. After the wedding, the bride removes the veil and the boyar recognizes the stranger with whom fate brought him together on the road.
The acting debut of Peter Chardynin (real name Handsome) as his father.
Filmed on the stage of the Vvedensky People's House, one of the ten People's Houses of Moscow, built by decision of the Government of the Russian Empire in the outskirts of the city in order to educate the population.
The first Russian feature film - "Ponizova Volnitsa" or "Stepan Razin"
In 1908, the Russian public saw the first domestic feature film - Vladimir Romashkov's eight-minute film "Ponizova Volnitsa" (or "Stepan Razin"). Composer Mikhail Mikhailovich Ippolitov-Ivanov. So began the rapid development of a new form of art - cinema. The cameraman of the film is Alexander (Abram Iosifovich) Drankov, after the revolution he shot porn films in Yalta, and later immigrated to Constantinople and then to the United States.
Notes
- ↑ and media/10/02/2023/63e38a649a7947a68eb0b59d? from=from main 7? from=from main 7 Only one
- ↑ supported by the Film Foundation paid off at the box office in 2022
- ↑ How much do filmmakers earn in Russia?
- ↑ Growth and development of the Russian film industry
- ↑ Analysis of the film production market (film studios) in Russia
- ↑ The launches of Russian films and TV series into production in 2023 did not exceed the volume of 2022
- ↑ Russia rolled
- ↑ The total amount of state support for Russian cinema in 2022 amounted to 14.9 billion rubles
- ↑ Export fees of Russian films in 2022 almost did not decrease
- ↑ The government allocated another 5.5 billion rubles to support Russian cinematography
- ↑ The production of TV series in Russia has grown 1.5 times
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