Red Square
The main square of Russia in the historical district of Kitay-Gorod in Moscow.
The main articles are:
Buildings
2003
1989: Archaeological excavations
1987
Matthias Rust's Red Square touchdown
1977
1963
1961
1960
1955
1953: Stalin's Funeral
1945: Victory Parade in the Great Patriotic War
On June 24, 1945, the first parade of troops of the army, the Navy and the Moscow garrison was held in Moscow on Red Square to commemorate the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War.
It was decided to bring the Red Banner from Berlin, which was hoisted over the Reichstag on April 30, 1945 by scouts of the 150th Infantry Division Egorov and Kantaria.
1941: Fighters from the parade leave for the front a few kilometers away
Main article: World War II
1938
1936
1932
1930: End of trams on the square
From 1909 to 1930, a tram ran along Red Square in Moscow. Tram tracks painted a kind of loop from the Historical Museum to GUM, passing the monument to Minin and Pozharsky, and to the Church of Vasily the Blessed. Already from there, the tram followed the Vasilievsky descent to the Moskvoretsky bridge. Then the rails were moved from the central part of the square to the Kremlin wall. And already in 1930 they were finally removed.
1928
1927
1925
1920
1919
1918
For the celebration of May 1, 1918, Red Square was first decorated by Fedor Fedorovsky.
1915
1914
1913: Palm bargaining
Palm bargaining or "Verba" is an annual spring bazaar that was organized on Red Square on Lazarev Saturday and Palm Sunday.
At the bazaar, they traded toys, icons, Easter eggs, living and paper flowers, sweets, books, and, of course, willow, which was supplied from the villages with whole cabins.
You could buy a few modest twigs or a whole bunch decorated with rag and paper flowers, wax cherubs or papier mâché. For wealthier buyers, willow bouquets with cherubim made of painted porcelain or blown glass were offered.
In Orthodox culture, willow, one of the first flowering spring plants, is a symbol of the two-day feast of the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem. At the same time, it was customary for the sacred willow to easily "fight" in order to strengthen health and get rid of evil spirits and evil eyes.
Palm bargaining on Red Square is mentioned by publicist I. S. Shmelev in the novel "Summer of the Lord":
"Gavrila is preparing the front flight - for the" palm skating "on Red Square, where the palm bargaining, which is called" Verba, "is already making noise. At the Kremlin itself, under the ancient walls. There, throughout the square, near Minin-Pozharsky, under the church of St. Basil, under the Holy Gate with a clock, they are called "Savior Gates," and they always take off their hats - "willows walk," the great bargaining is a festive commodity, Easter toys, images, paper flowers, all sorts of sweets, Easter different testicles and - willow. Gorkin says that this is how it happened from antiquity, for the Bright Day you need to save yourself, this. We go with Gorkin to Kazanskaya, ringing, early. They go to meet and go with "Verba," carry wreaths on images, red balloons, boys whistle at whistles, knock "blacksmiths," blow into tin pipes, fight with verbs, fools. They go and go, and all willows, with leaves of lingonberry, which slept in the winter in the greenery under the snow. "
One of the last "Verbs" in the Russian Empire was captured by Alexander Alexandrovich Gubarev (1862 - after 1937) - an amateur photographer who left pictures of many streets of the pre-revolutionary Mother See. The photographs were acquired by the Historical Museum from the author.
1910
1903
1901
1900-1901 years. Author: Pavlov P.P.]]
1900
1899
1897
1896: Celebration of the Coronation of Nicholas II
1895
1884
1852: Map
1818: Opening of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky by sculptor Ivan Martos
On March 4, 1818, a monument to Kuzma Minin and Prince Pozharsky by sculptor Ivan Martos was inaugurated in Moscow on Red Square.
1813: The appearance of a boulevard along the Kremlin wall and the death reconstruction of the Old Rows according to the Beauvais project
The existence of the ensemble of trading rows, created earlier presumably according to the project of Quarenghi, turned out to be short-lived: after the fire of 1812, a boulevard along the Kremlin wall appeared on the site of the New Rows, and the Old Rows were reconstructed according to the project of O. I. Beauvais and received empire processing, which changed the character of the ensemble.
1795
Delabart gained fame thanks to a series of 16 species of Moscow (1794-1798), later engraved. Images of Moscow gained particular popularity after the Patriotic War of 1812: during the hostilities, many buildings were destroyed and burned, and Delabart's work remained invaluable evidence of the lost appearance of the city.
In the engraving from the picture, the square is called "Old" - in contrast, probably, to the new squares in the city center, outlined by the "Projected Plan" of 1775. In urban life, it was invariably called "Red." According to the "Projected Plan" behind Red Square, the position of the historical core in the city was preserved. The description of the plan indicated that "Red Square remains as it was." Nevertheless, she had to give the features of regularity and representativeness. The ensemble formed in the 1780s, the author of which is supposedly considered Giacomo Quarengi, is depicted by Delabart from south to north. It is significant that the Front Place and the Intercession Cathedral are left outside the painting: Delabart sees Red Square not as a historical monument, but as the center of renewed Moscow, the only ensemble in Catherine's time, completed according to the canons of classicism. He writes only the central part of the square, a kind of "square in the square" - "a quadrangular and oblong figure, arranged in a circle of two floors in rows." The old one-story shopping arcade opposite the Kremlin wall was built on and received a representative facade in the form of a solid two-story arcade with a ten-column portico in the middle.
On the opposite side, near the Kremlin, a symmetrical building was erected - the New Trading Rows, which had a passage to the Kremlin in the center, through which a view of the Senate was revealed from the square.
In the depths of the canvas - an old architectural complex at the Resurrection Gate. On the left and right, it is flanked by the same small buildings with two-story arcades, as if parting to make it visible from the square. Red Square has not yet been paved (the castle began in 1796), but is already lit by oil lanterns placed in a row on cast-iron pillars.
1718: Execution on the square of supporters of the first wife of Peter I Evdokia Lopukhina
After a brutal search, many supporters of the first wife of Peter I, Evdokia Lopukhina, were executed, others were beaten with a whip and exiled. In sympathy for Evdokia, monks and nuns of Suzdal monasteries, Metropolitan Ignatius of Krutitsky (Smola) and many others were convicted. Abbess of the Intercession Monastery Martha, treasurer Mariamna, nun Kapitolin and several other nuns were convicted and executed on Red Square in Moscow in March 1718.
1702: Kunst's German troupe gives musical performances on Red Square
Main article: Music in Russia in the XVIII century
In 1702, an ordinary troupe of entrepreneur Johann Kunst arrived in Moscow, who gave dramatic and musical performances in German for several years on Red Square in a specially built "comedy choir" for such an occasion. Then a long break followed in the development of such performances (1706-1731).
XVII century
1689: The burning in the log house of the German mystic Quirin Kuhlmann and his friend Nordermann
The Protestant eschatological preacher Quirin Kuhlman, along with his friend and co-religionist K. Nordermann, were burned in a log house on Red Square. According to other sources, they died at the stake in the German [1].. There is a third version: M.I. Semevsky cites A. Malinovsky's story about Golitsyn's fear of the revelations of Quirin Kulman: "Suddenly Kulman went into disarray, began to prophesy and proclaim his revelations, threatened millions of avenging angels, if only [during interrogation] he would be subjected to torture... The frightened prince ordered to cut it mercilessly with batogs and barely hastened to burn it publicly on the Swamp, in Moscow [2]., i.e. in Zamoskvorechye.
1698: Mass executions of archers. Corpses left lying in the square for five months
As N.I. Kostomarov pointed out, from October 11 to October 21, 1698, mass executions took place on Red Square every day. Some archers were hung, others were chopped, others were wheeled: they were broken bones and left to die slowly. And all this happened in front of the Streltsy wives and children.
Since there were not enough executioners, Peter I offered to try himself in this role to everyone, and to raise popular enthusiasm, he ordered to pour vodka on Red Square for free. In a drunken meltdown, volunteer executioners chopped the heads of rioters in the presence of the sovereign himself.
The corpses of the executed lay on Red Square until February 1699 - almost five months. Of course, in edification to others. Then the bodies were buried near the capital by the roads, as from ancient times it was customary in Russia to bury criminals.
1682: The execution of one of the leaders of the Old Believers Nikita Dobrynin
On the morning of July 11, 1682, one of the leaders of the Old Believers, Nikita Dobrynin, was executed on Red Square after participating in sports about faith with the patriarch. According to other sources, he was "executed by death on the Swamp" [3] (i.e. in Zamoskvorechye). For more details, see the Streletsky riot of 1682.
Area formation
Red Square finally took shape in the 17th century, when it was built up on all four sides.
1638
March on the donkey on Palm Sunday
In written sources, the march on the donkey on Palm Sunday is mentioned from the 16th century, when it was performed only in. Kremlin
Since the XVII century, the procession passed from the Assumption Cathedral through the Spassky Gate to the Entrance Jerusalem Chapel of the Intercession Cathedral (Church of St. Basil the Blessed) on Red Square.
After 1693, documents on the procession were not preserved.
15th century: Ivan III orders a ban on construction near the Kremlin to protect against fires
Red Square in Moscow arose at the end of the 15th century after the decree of Ivan III prohibiting the construction of any buildings near the Kremlin in order to prevent fires. The space that arose in front of the eastern wall of the Kremlin was first called the "fire."
Notes
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