Antibodies and immunity to COVID-19 coronavirus

Main article: Coronavirus COVID-19

COVID-19 Antibody Tests

Main article: Tests for antibodies to COVID-19

2022: Coronavirus-blocking compounds found in marijuana

On January 10, 2022, information appeared that compounds contained in marijuana can prevent infection with the virus causing coronavirus infection (COVID-19) by blocking its entry into cells, according to a study published by scientists from the University of Oregon. The study report was published in the monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal Journal of Natural Products. More details here.

2021

Gamalei Center: Revaccination is more effective than the first vaccination

In the Center named after Gamalei, who developed a drug for the prevention of the disease of coronavirus infection "Sputnik V," said that revaccination is more effective than the first vaccination. This was announced by the deputy director of the institution Denis Logunov at a meeting with President Vladimir Putin.

According to Logunov, the effectiveness of revaccination exceeds the effect of primary vaccination against coronavirus by about 1.6-2 times. According to the registration of incidence in Russia and abroad, six to eight months after the first vaccination, there is a decrease in its effectiveness. In order to compensate for this decrease, revaccination is used, he said.

Gamalei Center: Revaccination is more effective than the first vaccination

Denis Logunov emphasized that it is recommended to undergo repeated vaccination against coronavirus infection once a year with a favorable epidemiological situation.

In conditions where we do not have such a large epidemiological rise, vaccination is possible and will be recommended once a year, "said the deputy director of the Gamalei Center.

The Sputnik Light vaccine can be used for primary vaccination against COVID-19, according to updated recommendations of the Ministry of Health, which determined the procedure for vaccination against COVID-19.

Since the end of November 2021, all vaccines registered in the country, including the one-component Sputnik Light, can be used for the first vaccination, and for repeated, and for those who were not ill, and for those who are vaccinated after the infection.

The Russian authorities initially set the goal of achieving collective immunity to COVID-19 at 80%. However, on November 10, 2021, Deputy Prime Minister Tatyana Golikova said that in reality, according to experts, 90-95% of the population must be vaccinated to protect the population from coronavirus. The Deputy Prime Minister also warned that failure to achieve collective immunity in time could lead to negative consequences. By the end of October 2021, more than 2.5 million people revaccinated in Russia.^[1]

300 antibodies - required level for protection against delta strain of coronavirus

On November 8, 2021, the Gamalea Center, which created the COVID-19 Sputnik V vaccine, named the antibody level necessary to protect against the delta strain of coronavirus.

We found that 300 antibodies (international units) protect against the "delta" completely. If less, then you need to be vaccinated by Sputnik Light. If you received 350-400 as a result of Light vaccination, you can be provoked by the second component of Sputnik. If you have 500 units and more, then this is ideal for protection against COVID-19 infection, "Alexander Ginzburg, director of the Hamalei Center, told Izvestia, referring to the results of a study of 4,000 Muscovites.

The developer of the Satellite V vaccine named the desired level of antibodies to protect against the delta strain of coronavirus

We are talking about 300 international units (banding antibody units, neutralizing units of antibodies), which were introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO). Previously, WHO faced the problem of different tests that determine the number of antibodies in their units. By November 2021, each company that produces its own system is obliged to introduce a system of conversion to WHO units. Therefore, according to the scientist, now Russian doctors need to compare immunity indicators by international units, and not by credits and positivity coefficient, as was done before.

Earlier, Albina Savochkina, professor of the Department of Microbiology, Virology, Immunology and KLD of the South Ural State Medical University, spoke about the level of G antibodies protecting against coronavirus. She said 95 percent protection against COVID-19 provides a level above 160 BAU/ml. If this figure falls below 10, there are no antibodies to COVID-19 in the blood.

According to the coronavirus operstab, by November 8, 2021 in Russia, more than 60 million people were vaccinated with the first component of the COVID-19 vaccine, about 57.3 million with two components. The collective immunity of Russians is 48% with a target of 80%.^[2]

Proven advantage of vaccines over transferred COVID-19

At the end of October 2021, specialists from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that RNA vaccines against COVID-19 coronavirus provide significantly higher immunity than the infection suffered.

The study used VISION network data collected from 187 hospitals in nine states in January through September 2021. Patients aged ≥18 years who underwent molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2 between 14 days and 72 hours after hospitalization, as well as having a diagnosis of COVID-19 or similar disease during January to September 2021, were considered to be eligible for hospitalization. Eligible patients also had to be tested at least once to limit the analysis to patients, patients not tested for SARS-CoV-2 ≥14 days prior to hospitalization were excluded.

At the end of October 2021, specialists from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that RNA vaccines against COVID-19 coronavirus provide significantly higher immunity than the infection suffered

Laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected among 324 times 5.1% of 6.3 thousand fully vaccinated persons and among 89 out of 1 thousand 8.7% of unvaccinated, previously infected persons. Among those previously infected, compared with those vaccinated, there were more patients aged 18-49 years 31% versus 9%, black 10% versus 7% and Hispanic 19% versus 12%. Among hospitalizations with COVID-19 and similar disease in individuals whose previous infection or vaccination occurred 90-179 days ago, the probability of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 was higher among previously infected, unvaccinated patients than among fully vaccinated patients.

In this study, the benefit of vaccination over non-vaccination infection was higher for Moderna vaccine recipients than Pfizer vaccines, consistent with the results of a recent study that showed higher efficacy of the hospitalization vaccine for COVID-19 for Moderna vaccine recipients than for Pfizer vaccine recipients. In this study, the protective effect of vaccination also tended to increase among adults aged ≥65 years compared to those aged 18-64 years. However, given the limited data by product type and age, more research is needed on relative protection of vaccination versus non-vaccination infection in different demographic groups and vaccine products, as well as vaccination of previously infected individuals.^[3]

Developer "Satellite V": Often revaccinated is useless

On October 25, 2021, the one National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after N.F. Gamalei of the Ministry of Health of Russia that created the coronavirus vaccine COVID-19 "" Satellite V reported the futility of too frequent revaccination. The optimal period of repeated vaccination is six months.

We have not only those mechanisms that allow you to produce a large level of antibodies, but also mechanisms that control this level of antibodies, and therefore if a person has a high level of antibodies, and he additionally introduces antigen in the form of a vaccine to raise it, then the level of antibodies does not increase much. But a person will not do any harm to himself with this, but at the same time he may not receive additional benefits, and he will have the same high level of antibodies that he had before revaccination, if he was high, "Alexander Ginzburg, director of the Center named after N.F. Gamalei, told TASS.

Developer "Satellite V": Often revaccinated is useless

According to him, it is six months that is the optimal period for revaccination because this is the minimum period at which previously developed antibodies remain at a high level, which provides protection. The scientist added that such a period is also due to the appearance now of the delta strain of the coronavirus COVID-19, because of which it is necessary to constantly maintain a high level of protective antibodies.

The head of the laboratory of especially dangerous infections of the Federal Research Center for Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Alexander Chepurnov, commenting on Ginzburg's statement, noted that it was too early to talk about the optimal time for revaccination from coronavirus by the end of October 2021, it was necessary to vaccinate at least half of the Russians. In his opinion, data on revaccination require early research. Cheprunov added that the issue of revaccination requires an individual approach, as well as a range of vaccines approved for this.^[4]

Transmission of antibodies to coronavirus from mother to newborn is recorded

At the end of September 2021, information appeared that women who received the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine during pregnancy transmit high levels of antibodies to their children.

The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines lies in their ability to induce the production of the right antibodies, blood proteins that can protect a person from infection. The question of whether this protection can be transmitted from mother to child before birth remains open.

The study, published September 22, 2021 in the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology Maternal-Fetal Medicine, was conducted on 36 newborns whose mothers received the Pfizer or Moderna vaccine during pregnancy.

A research team led by the Grossman School of Medicine of New York University in the US found that 100% of infants had protective antibodies at birth. Antibodies can be produced as part of the body's natural response to infection or under the influence of vaccines.

The team was able to distinguish antibodies in neonatal blood that were created in response to natural infection from those created in response to vaccines. The researchers noted that the study's findings are relevant because the natural antibody response against COVID-19-causing SARS-CoV-2 virus is not sufficiently protective for many people.

Researchers observed the highest levels of antibodies in the umbilical cord blood of mothers who were fully vaccinated in the second half of pregnancy. According to them, this indicates transmission of immunity to newborns, which correlates with protection against infections for infants in the first months of life.

Research continues to confirm the importance of vaccines during pregnancy and their ability to protect two lives at once, preventing severe illnesses of both mother and child. If babies could be born with antibodies, it could protect them in the first few months of life when they are most vulnerable, says NYU Langone Health professor Ashley S. Roman.

The existing researches analyze antibodies only to protein of a thorn of anti-S IgG which can be present after a natural infection or vaccination, and do not include an antibody to protein of a nukleokapsid of anti-N IgG which is present only after a natural infection. Among the 36 samples collected, all had high levels of anti-S IgG and of these samples, 31 samples were tested for anti-N IgG and turned out to be negative.

The researchers emphasized that more research needs to be done to determine how effective antibodies are for infants, how long protection remains, and whether vaccination in the second half of pregnancy can provide higher levels of antibody transmission than vaccination in earlier pregnancy periods.^[5]

Found "SuperAnthant" vs. COVID-19

In July 2012, the Cancer Research Center in Seattle (USA) reported the detection of "superantheles" against various coronaviruses, including COVID-19. It, according to the results of a study published in the journal Nature, is able to attach to the binding domains of all sarbecoviruses, neutralizing their effect in living cells.

Examination of the molecular structure of the antibody showed that it targets a previously unnoticed, well-hidden region of the binding domain - a region that is only detected when the domain appears to bind to the cell receptor. Molecules targeting this region of the binding domain could provide protection against multiple viruses and be used in vaccines, according to the authors of the discovery.

"SuperAnthant" Found Against COVID-19

This is the coolest antibody we studied, said study co-author Tyler Starr.

According to scientists, a universal antibody is needed, since coronavirus (COVID-19) infection will continue to mutate. It is impossible to say for sure that the discovery can protect against new strains, but the identification of "superantheles" should prepare the world to fight the next coronavirus, the researchers say.

According to other experts, the "supranatello" identified by American scientists, which is able to combat various variations in coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, will not become a failure-free medicine for COVID-19. Its discovery may have theoretical rather than practical significance, they believe.

Earlier, scientists at Yale University found in patients with COVID-19 "wrong" antibodies that target the body and the human immune system, and not the virus. Conventional antibodies cling to proteins on the surface of viruses, thereby blocking their spread. Due to their irregular shape, autoantibodies act differently - they bind to proteins on human cells, attacking different parts of the^[6]

Russian rapid test for COVID-19 from Rapid Bio certified in the EU

The company Rapid Bio"," a resident, Skolkovo Foundation received the European a CE mark certificate - registration number DE/CA09/0170/R26/IVD/001. Express Antigen Test COVID-19 became the first Russian test registered in. European Union Read more. here

Immunity to COVID-19 after the Kovivak vaccine does not last very long

In early May 2021, the Federal Scientific Center for the Research and Development of Immunobiological Drugs named after M.P. Chumakov RAS named the timing of maintaining immunity to the COVID-19 coronavirus after vaccination a drug developed by him. More details here.

Registration in the Russian Federation of the first express test for immunity to COVID-19

In April 2021, the first express test for immunity to the COVID-19 coronavirus was registered in Russia. A product called Express-VAK SARS-CoV-2-IHA was developed by Rapid BIO. More details here.

Director of the Gamalei Center: 20% of sick COVID-19 patients do not produce antibodies

A fifth of coronavirus COVID-19 patients do not produce protective antibodies to it. This was announced on March 21, 2021 by the director of the center named after N.F. Gamalei (developer of the Sputnik V vaccine) Alexander Ginzburg in an interview with the Vesti Nedeli program on the Russia-1 TV channel.

Among the sick [COVID-19] are good experimental data, at least 20% do not produce protective antibodies, TASS quoted the Russian News Agency as saying.

Alexander Ginzburg recommended that such a category of the population be vaccinated against coronavirus for guaranteed antibody production.

Alexander Ginzburg: 20% of sick COVID-19 patients do not produce antibodies

Earlier in March 2021, Ginzburg admitted that citizens suffering from COVID-19 would need to inject only the first component of the vaccine. It will consolidate the immunity received during the disease. The introduction of a second dose of the drug in this case will not lead to a negative effect, but will not increase immunity, the scientist said.

You will not do anything bad for the vaccinee, but this may just be unnecessary, "Ginzburg explained.

Earlier, the head of Rospotrebnadzor Anna Popova said that immunity after vaccination with a drug from coronavirus is not produced on average in 10% of those vaccinated regardless of the drug. At the same time, Popova noted that even those vaccinated or ill with coronavirus can infect other people, so in any case it is necessary to observe the rules of prevention.

TV presenter and doctor Elena Malysheva on Instagram posted a post where she answered frequently asked questions about vaccination against coronavirus. The host of the program "Live Great!" answered unequivocally.

Do you need to make a vaccine for those who have a coronavirus? No, you don't need to make a vaccine, "the doctor wrote.[7]

Birth of children with COVID-19 antibodies

In mid-March 2021, researchers reported that antibodies to the virus were found in a girl born three weeks after the introduction of the Moderna vaccine against COVID-19 to her mother. According to researchers at Florida Atlantic University, these antibodies penetrated the placenta and can protect the child during the first months of life.

Previously, there have been cases where mothers with COVID-19 have given birth to babies with coronavirus antibodies, but this is the first recorded case of antibodies in a child after vaccination of the mother during pregnancy. The researchers specifically found a pregnant woman who had not previously had a positive test result for COVID-19, but who received the vaccine in late pregnancy.

Babies with coronavirus antibodies began to be born

When the baby was born - "an energetic, healthy, full-term girl," doctors did an analysis of cord blood for antibodies. They were able to detect antibodies IgG to COVID-19, which are able to protect the child to some extent from the virus, although the duration or effectiveness of this protection is not yet clear. Further research should find out the ideal time for vaccinating a pregnant woman, capable of providing maximum protection for the child from the virus.

Previous studies have also shown that COVID-positive mothers can transmit IgG antibodies against the virus to their fetuses in utero. An article published in March 2020 described six women who were ill during childbirth. Antibodies were detected in five children, although the test for COVID-19 was negative. The October report also described a child born to a mother with asymptomatic COVID-19. IgG antibodies were detected in the baby, but the test for COVID-19 was negative, which indicates the development of "passive immunity" with antibody penetration through the placenta.

However, more research is needed to understand how disease severity affects antibody levels, what role infection time plays during pregnancy, and how strong and persistent the child's presumed immunity is.^[8]

WHO: Antibodies to COVID-19 have 10% of the world's population

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by the end of February 2021, about 10% of the world's population has antibodies to COVID-19 coronavirus .

WHO monitors seroepidemiological studies - according to recent estimates, about 500 such studies were conducted... Of course, in some places, especially in urban areas with a high population density, there are territories where 50-60% of the inhabitants were infected with the virus and have antibodies. However, this does not mean that the whole city, province or country has achieved collective immunity, "said WHO chief researcher Sumya Swaminathan in an interview that the organization published on its Twitter blog.

WHO: Antibodies to COVID-19 coronavirus have 10% of the world's population

In her opinion, collective immunity in the world can appear only through vaccination. That is why, as the specialist noted, the WHO insists that as many countries as possible join the COVAX program, which involves the supply of coronavirus drugs to poor countries. Until this happens, all possible precautions should be taken to reduce the spread of COVID-19, she concluded.

Sumya Swaminathan added that by the end of February 2021, the development of a new generation of vaccines for coronavirus, including single-component solutions, preparations in the form of spray and tablets, is ongoing.

Earlier in February 2021, WHO reported that the number of people vaccinated against coronavirus in the world exceeded the number of people infected, while the majority of those vaccinated were in ten countries. WHO also recommended that those affected by COVID-19 be vaccinated against coronavirus.

At the end of February 2021, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Alexander Gorelov revealed the number of Russians with immunity to coronavirus - about 8-9 million citizens have immunity to coronavirus, which is 5.7-6% of the country's population.^[9]

2020

6 months after illness, antibodies to coronavirus completely disappear

Lifetime of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the sick

Results of the DNCOM laboratory study published in the journal Consilium Medicum in December 2020

Key discoveries:

• in 6 months from the first day of a disease the level of antibodies of IgG to SARS-CoV-2 at the had patients, falls below a threshold of their definition;
• in severely ill patients, antibody levels decrease faster than in those who suffered an infection with moderate severity;
• antibodies may also appear very late, there were patients in whom antibodies were produced only after day 14, and even after day 44.

Invitro found antibodies to COVID-19 in half of patients in the Urals and Siberia

The average daily number of patients who received positive tests for class G (IgG) antibodies to SARS-COV-2 coronavirus infection in the Siberian and Ural federal districts of Russia from mid-November to mid-December 2020 exceeds 50%. Such data were released by the Invitro group according to the results of the project for observing mass testing for class G antibodies.

By December 16, 2020, more than 1,230,000 tests were completed, and the total number of positive results with a cumulative result on the scale of Russia is 25.1%. The maximum average daily result was noted in Novosibirsk, where the number of positive tests for class G antibodies in December exceeded 60%.

Invitro discovered antibodies to COVID-19 coronavirus in half of patients in the Urals and Siberia

For the other largest cities of the Siberian Federal District, the data are as follows:

• Novosibirsk - the average daily percentage of positive results in December 2020 was 62%;
• Krasnoyarsk - 58%;
• Omsk - 56%;
• Barnaul - 55%;
• Irkutsk - 54%.

Data from the largest cities of the Ural Federal District show a similar picture:

• Yekaterinburg - 52%;
• Chelyabinsk - 57%;
• Tyumen - 53%;
• Magnitogorsk - 57%;
• Surgut - 52%.

According to Andrei Pozdnyakov, an infectious disease doctor, the chief physician of Invitro Siberia, the growth of positive antibody tests is a reflection of the autumn rise in the incidence of coronavirus in Siberia and the Urals.

In Moscow and St. Petersburg, the picture looks different. In total, since May of this year, more than 286,000 tests have been performed in Moscow, of which 17.7% of people who underwent the study received positive results. The average daily percentage of positive results over the past month was 30%.

In St. Petersburg, more than 101,000 tests were performed during the same period, positive results were obtained in 25% of cases. The average daily percentage of positive results over the past month was 38%.^[10]

In Russia, the production of antibodies against coronavirus begins

On November 23, 2020, Pharmsintez announced a cooperation agreement with the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (IBH RAS) and the biopharmaceutical company HiFiBio Therapeutics. The agreement concerns the production and supply of antibodies against COVID-19 coronavirus. This method of treatment will be used in Russia for the first time. More details here.

Sputnik V developer: Antibodies to coronavirus after vaccine are poorly produced in drinkers, elderly and stressed

On October 20, 2020, director Gamalea Center Alexander Ginzburg named the categories of people in whom antibodies to coronavirus are poorly produced COVID-19 after the introduction of the vaccine. Among them are the elderly, drinkers, people under stress and taking anti-inflammatory drugs.

In citizens over 80 years, the immune system reacts poorly, much longer than in young ones, enzymes work worse, antibodies are produced worse. There are, of course, among them "preserved," those who lead a healthy lifestyle, swimming... Regular drinking of alcohol especially during the vaccination period in these three weeks of the first and three weeks of the second very negatively affect the amount of antibodies produced, "Ginzburg told Interfax.

Director of the N.F. Gamalei Center emphasized that poor antibody production is also observed in cancer patients and people exposed to constant stress.

The developer of Sputnik V said that antibodies to COVID-19 after the vaccine are poorly produced in drinkers, elderly and stressed

In addition, the scientist added, permanent stress conditions can negatively affect the reproduction of cells that produce antibodies. Cytostatic drugs, as well as antibiotics with very wide specificity, he said, can also have an impact.

Earlier, the chief freelance specialist-narcologist of the Ministry of Health Yevgeny Bryun reported that drinking alcohol on the day of vaccination from coronavirus infection threatens the patient with a complex toxic effect on the body.

The inoculation can be inefficient for people with an immunodeficiency, the doctor of medical sciences, the virologist Anatoly Altstein told the Ura.ru edition.

People differ in their ability to produce antibodies, but isolating them clearly into groups is quite difficult. This does not depend on the state of health, but on the peculiarities of the body, which no one knows about, "Altshein explained.

The doctor also expressed doubts about claims of poor production of antibodies from the vaccine in the elderly, people under stress, those who take anti-inflammatory drugs and citizens who abuse alcohol.^[11]

Rospotrebnadzor: 71% of children have immunity to coronavirus

In preschoolers and children of early school age, the indicator of collective immunity to coronavirus COVID-19 was up to 71%. This was announced on October 6, 2020 by Deputy Head Rospotrebnadzor Elena Yezhlova at the conference "Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety - 2020."

In serological studies, much work is being done using WHO protocols. 26 regions participate, almost 74.5 thousand people were examined, "she said.

According to Yezhlova, the level of seroprevalence varies from 6% to 50% depending on the region. In terms of socio-professional composition, the largest collective immunity was revealed in health and education workers - 48% and 42%, respectively.

Rospotrebnadzor reported that 71% of children have immunity to COVID-19 coronavirus

Among the regions, the lowest level of collective immunity (less than 10%) was identified in residents of the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Belgorod, Irkutsk, Nizhny Novgorod and Novosibirsk Regions and the Republic of Crimea. In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad and Moscow regions - the regions with the highest level of involvement with a new coronavirus infection - the indicator of collective immunity is more than 20%.

The deputy head of Rospotrebnadzor noted that the department has been investigating the incidence of coronavirus among high school students and students since September 2020. Among 4 thousand people, infection was detected in 2.6% of cases. Among students of secondary special educational institutions, this figure was 2.5%, in universities - 1.3%.

On October 6, 2020, the head of the Hamalea Center, Alexander Ginzburg, said that collective immunity to COVID-19 is unlikely to appear due to the fact that people will get infected en masse.

The duration of immunity depends on the form in which the disease occurred. For example, a mild form of the disease does not give prolonged immunity.^[12]

Siemens Healthineers Creates International Standard for COVID-19 Antibody Tests

At the end of September 2020, Siemens Healthineers AG, together with representatives of the US and European health authorities, began to develop an international standard for tests for antibodies to coronavirus. This standard will assess the level of protection acquired and thereby help identify patients who will require primary or repeated vaccination in the future.

The project of Healthineers, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the European Commission Joint Research Center is likely to take several weeks, not months, "Deepak Nath, president of Healthineers Laboratory Diagnostics, said in an interview.

Siemens Healthineers Creates International Standard for Coronavirus Antibody Tests

As Healthineers and other companies market complex tests capable of measuring the amount of antibodies in the blood and not just determining their presence, it is important to have a consistent criterion for assessing concentration. Healthineers joined the team to create such a standard because it is the first company to receive regulatory approval to produce quantitative analysis for antibodies to coronavirus.

Researchers will also be able to use the standard to determine the level of antibodies that provide immunity against infection. Having such a standard, health workers will be able to determine whether patients who previously had a viral infection need vaccination, as well as identify patients with ineffective vaccination who require a repeated dose.

In addition, the standard can be used to monitor the effectiveness of vaccines after approval, as it will allow assessing the duration of their protective effect.

This work should be done, "Nat said. - As vaccines become available, diagnostic tools should also appear on the market to assess their use.[13]

Russian vaccine manufacturer COVID-19 called the duration of immunity to coronavirus

At the end of July 2020, the Vector State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology called the duration of immunity to the COVID-19 coronavirus. According to Ilnaz Imatdinov, head of the laboratory of vector systems based on viral genomes of the Vector Center, it cannot be expected that the increase in the number of patients with coronavirus infection COVID-19 will lead to the formation of collective immunity and interrupt the spread of the disease, making vaccination unnecessary.

If it really was, it would be good. Unfortunately, at the moment, epidemiological studies indicate the opposite situation. When people get sick in an easy form, their antibody titer persists for several months, after which it disappears, "he said on the Russia 24 television channel (quoted by RBC).

Imatdinov emphasized that due to the gradual disappearance of antibodies to coronavirus, those who were ill in their lung form may not be protected before infection in the event of the second wave of COVID-19 distribution and re-infected.

In the center "Vector" called the validity of immunity to COVID-19

Thus, an employee of the Vector center rejected earlier assumptions that by the time the vaccine appeared, the population would develop collective immunity, and it would no longer be needed. Mass production of the Vector center vaccine may begin in late 2020 or early 2021, Ilnaz Imatdinov said.

In mid-June, the head Ministry of Health Russia Mikhail Murashko said that the presence of immunity in about 60% of the population is guaranteed to interrupt the COVID-19 distribution chain.

Population immunity over 45%, and it's better that it approaches 50-60%, already guarantees interruption of the chain, "he said then.

According to Imatdinov, data on the development of a population immune response by July 29, 2020 is not enough. In particular, there is no confidence in maintaining immunity in patients for a long time.^[14]

Rospotrebnadzor: antibodies to COVID-19 developed in 20-25% of Russians

On July 28, 2020, Rospotrebnadzor reported that the presence of antibodies to coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in Russia is detected in about 20-25% of people who pass the corresponding analysis.

Antibodies to coronavirus is now one of the most popular tests. Of course, everyone hopes that the result will be positive, the Telegram channel of the стопкоронавирус.рф portal says with reference to the response of Rospotrebnadzor.

Rospotrebnadzor emphasized that so far there is no data on how long antibodies can be preserved in the body and whether re-infection is possible. To clarify this, as many people as possible need to be tested, the department explained, adding that the data will be useful for the effective use of the vaccine.

Antibodies to COVID-19 developed in 20-25% of Russian residents

When choosing a laboratory in which to pass the test, you should pay attention to its history, place on the market, the presence of a certificate. In addition, it is necessary to carefully read the description of the test - the method used and data on the manufacturer, told Rospotrebnadzor.

Do not compare the quality characteristics of tests of various manufacturers on their own. Choose a reliable laboratory, and trust the professionals to choose a test system. So you will get a true and reliable result, - said in Rospotrebnadzor.

As the head of Rospotrebnadzor Anna Popova reported on July 28, 2020, 118 test systems, more than 50 of them of domestic production, were registered in Russia to diagnose coronavirus infection. 92 solutions detect antibodies to the coronavirus virus and 26 with their help polymerase chain reaction is carried out.

In July 2020, the head of the Russian Ministry of Health, Mikhail Murashko, said that 23-24% of residents of Moscow and the Moscow Region have antibodies to coronavirus. In regions that are at the peak of incidence or have not yet reached the plateau, collective immunity is lower, he said.^[15]

14% of Russians found antibodies to coronavirus after 650 thousand tests

By June 10, 2020, 14% of Russians found antibodies to COVID-19 after 650 thousand tests. Such data were cited by the head of Rospotrebnadzor Anna Popova at the presidium of the government's coordinating council for combating coronavirus.

According to her, immunity is best formed in children. Among those examined under the age of 17 years, antibodies to coronavirus were found in almost 20%, in people from 18 to 64 years old - 14%, in people from 65 years old - 11%.

Immunity to coronavirus revealed in 14% of Russians tested

It needs to be meant, we need to protect people of the senior generation, advanced age, - marked out Popov, having added that the virus forever will remain "with us".

Testing for antibodies to COVID-19 was carried out  in 46 regions of Russia. A positive  antibody test suggests  that a person was infected  in the past with a new type of coronavirus  and developed a specific immune response.

The test system is designed to detect class G immunoglobulins to coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The study is carried out by enzyme immunoassay in serum or blood plasma samples. The disease sometimes goes asymptomatic. People may not know that they are carriers of infection. The test helps to find out whether a person has a coronavirus or not.

How long neutralizing antibodies can guarantee immunity is not yet known. But it is known that coronavirus has many varieties. But with a high degree of probability, it can be argued that if there are antibodies to one strain of COVID-19, then another type of virus cannot get sick, says Kirill Volkov, director of the Biobank Resource Center of St. Petersburg State University Scientific Park.

ServicePipe will allocate computing power to an international project to search for therapeutic antibodies to COVID-19

On May 25, 2020, ServicePipe, a company specializing in information security, supported an international action by Washington University in St. Louis (USA) aimed at combating the coronavirus pandemic . As part of this campaign, ServicePipe provides the amount of computing capacity of the company. They will be used to find therapeutic antibodies that block protein binding to human tissues. More details here.

14% of those tested at Invitro have antibodies to coronavirus

On May 22, 2020, the Invitro group summed up some of the results of testing Russians for antibodies to the COVID-19 coronavirus. In the four days since the start of the service, tests were taken from more than 40 thousand people.

A positive result indicating the formation of an immune response to COVID-19 was found in 14% of patients who passed the test. The presence of specific antibodies - immunoglobulins G (IgG) - in the blood serum suggests that a person suffered infection with coronavirus and formed immunity to it, explained in Invitro.

Invitro lab reveals results of testing for antibodies to coronavirus

The company also noted that immunoglobulins G begin to be produced in the body 21-28 days after contact with the virus, their level increases slowly, but can remain high for a long time. The very fact of the presence of class G antibodies does not exclude the risk of reinfection of SARS-CoV-2, but its probability is tens of times lower than in people in whom these antibodies are not determined.

Most of the sample (47%) as part of the calculation was made up of Invitro medical offices in Moscow and the Moscow Region, followed by the North-Western Federal District with 14.6% and the Volga Region with 9.5% of the total number of applicants. Residents of Siberia made up 8.6%, the Central Federal District - 7.9% of the tests completed.

Extensive testing of the population for the presence of an immune response to COVID-19 is extremely important for understanding its spread in the population. Data on the presence of specific antibodies provide valuable information necessary for making both social and individual clinical decisions regarding a particular patient, "said Natalya Kolesnikova, medical director of the Invitro group of companies.

A study for the presence of antibodies to coronavirus in Invitro costs 950 rubles, excluding the cost of taking the analysis. The result comes within three days.^[16]

For the first time in the world, they begin to issue cards to people with immunity to coronavirus

In mid-April 2020, the Chilean government announced that it plans to issue the world's first immunity cards for people who have successfully undergone coronavirus infection. The cards show that these people are no longer contagious and can return to work and live a normal life. The government will begin issuing COVID-19 cards in late April, Health Minister Jaime Manalich told reporters. More details here.

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