Climate in Europe

Main article: Earth (planet)

Climate in Russia

Main article: Climate in Russia

Climate in Spain

Main article: Climate in Spain

Air temperatures

Temperature in January

Main article: Climate change on Earth

Temperatures in Europe in January 2023 were 2,2C higher than the 30-year average.

Temperature deviations in January on the planet and in Europe through 2023

Heat peak in summer

Heat peak time in Europe from 1981 to 2010

October

Average temperature in October. Berlin - 9.4 ° C

• Moscow - 5.6 ° C

• St. Petersburg - 5.7 ° C

• Kazan - 4.8 ° C

• Rostov-on-Don - 10.0 ° C

• Sochi - 15.8 ° C

• London - 13.5C

• Paris - 11.9 ° C

• Rome - 16.4 ° C

• Madrid - 15.4 ° C

• Berlin - 9.4 ° C

Winter weather records

Records for lowest temperature as of early 2022

Data at the end of 2018

History

39,280 hp: Volcanic winter from the mega-eruption of the Phlegrean fields

The earliest activity of the Flegrei Fields supervolcano in southern Italy began about 39,280 years ago and was accompanied by a powerful volcanic eruption and the release into the atmosphere of about 200 km³^[1] volcanic material].

The mega-eruption coincided in time with the eruptions of the volcanoes Kazbek in the Caucasus and St. Anna in the Southern Carpathians. According to seismologists and paleoclimatologists, it became one of the reasons for the "volcanic winter."

Sulfur has increased over Europe, absorbing and scattering sunlight. In the year following the eruption, temperatures across the planet dropped by 2 degrees Celsius, with a 5-degree decline in Western Europe.

Вулканические выбросы, постепенно оседая, оставили после себя след из пород, который в форме клина протянулся от Южной Italy northeast to the Southern Urals. 2016 study data