Libya

Main article: Africa

Population

Main article: Population of Africa

People

Tubu - black "desert lords"

The Tubu (Teda Daza) are a Nilo-Saharan black people living in southern Libya, northeastern Niger and northern Chad.

Nomadic shepherds, they are divided into 36 clans and consider the Tibesti mountain range in northern Chad to be their homeland. However, continuous civil wars forced the tuba to move to the South Libyan oases of Kufra and Fezzan, where up to 50 thousand tuba live in 2020.

Tuba in the southern Libyan deserts was also not particularly welcomed - Gaddafi tolerated them only then to put pressure on the government of Chad. The fact is that in 1997-2010. the tuba-inhabited north of Chad was under the control of rebels supplied by Gaddafi through the Libyan tuba.

And although the rebellious tuba were reconciled and integrated into the Chadian government, many began to smuggle around Libya, Niger, Chad. Someone rushed to mine gold in Tibesti, someone - to fight Gaddafi, and after his defeat - with the Arab and Tuareg militias. Here, on the ownerless Libyan south, many Tuba from Niger poured.

Before that, Tubu was a rather "anarchic" people, prone to forceful resolution of conflicts and frequent change of leaders, which were first imposed on them by the French, and since 2006 - by the Chadian authorities. As a result, most tubus in 2020 answer to two to three chiefs.

Formally, at this time, all their clans are governed by hereditary derde chiefs from the Tomagra clan. But after the uprising was crushed by 2011, the derde's power weakened. The "reformer" Hokai appeared - an opponent of Tomagra, a contender for the title of derde and a supporter of the reform of customary law, who turned his back on N'Djamena and in 2016 agreed with Misrata.

With the influx of AK-47, FAL and easy money, their elders, the Bugudi, began to lose power and authority. In a word, the tragedy of a divided and absent-minded people multiplied to the collapse of traditional power relations and militarization, as well as embittering Chad and his friends, wrote the telegram channel Zangaro Today.

Well, the authorities of Tobruk and Tripoli, the Tuareg and Arab communities turned out to be no better - for a long time they opposed the legalization of their civilian status. Tubu quarreled with the Tuareg gaddafists back in 2014, when they were knocked out of the caravan routes. Tubu became "rebels" and "mercenaries" for Chad and "strangers" - for Libyan military-political blocs.

But the tuba was also the key to Haftar's seizure in January 2019 of the Fezzan oasis and its rich oil fields. Neutrality, situational alliances and "monetary diplomacy" provided the LNA with relative control over the region, and the tuba was guarded by agreement by the oil fields inherited by Haftar.

But soon all Tubu - largely under pressure from Chad - LNA began to qualify as "Chadian rebels" and nightmare up to ethnic cleansing. The tuba from Fezzan was pressed out and - the France closest ally of Chad. Well, Haftar himself, an Arab nationalist, naturally tried to please primarily the Arab tribes, including the Gaddafists from Awlad Suleiman and Magarhi.

The arrival of groups of Darfur Janjaweed to help Haftar, many of whom are "allergic" to black Ted, finally isolated the tuba and prompted negotiations with the PNS.

But the huge Fezzan is a good third of Libya, home to the two largest oil fields - Ash Sharara and El Fil - as well as important caravan routes that carry drugs, alcohol, gold, weapons, artifacts and migrants. And teda are the best guides, drivers and travelers who know the desert along and across and surpass even Tuareg in this craft. For good reason, they boastfully call themselves "masters of the desert."

It is physically impossible to keep the region without tuba support - and in 2020 Fezzan again becomes a "gray zone" of smuggling, organized criminal groups, slave traders and Islamists. Whether the LNA will hold the key region that has become the gateway to Tripoli is a very big question.

Tuaregs

Main article: Tuaregi

Migration

2021: Net population inflow in 4 years

Marriages

Allowed to have more than one spouse

Overweight

Mortality

2018: Average accident death rate

2016: Low opioid death rate

Main article: Drugs

Dual power: PNE and PNS

Since 2011, there have been clashes between various armed groups in Libya. Despite the formal end of the civil war, since 2022, the country has a dual power represented by the Western-recognized Government of National Unity (PNE) in Tripoli and the Government of National Accord (GNA) in Sirte. At the same time, even they do not control part of the regions in the desert area.

As of August 2024, Libya is a conglomerate of several quasi-states. Each of the regions of Libya has its own specifics. The central government actually administers only the city of Tripoli and its environs.

• In Sirte, on the Mediterranean coast, the Government of National Accord has settled under the leadership of the former Libyan Interior Minister Fathi Bashagi. It is supported by the House of Representatives in Tobruk (Libya East) and the LNA of Khalifa Haftar.

Dual power and competition between Bashagi's PNS and Abdel Hamid Dbeiba's PNE from spring 2022 are among the main causes of the clashes.

• The desert southwestern region of Fezzan, inhabited mainly by nomads, announced its autonomy back in late September 2013.

• To its north lies the Western Mountains region, centered in Zintan, with considerable autonomy.

• The city of Misrata east of Tripoli has effectively become a thriving city-state. The local council was able to withdraw all armed groups from the city and even send its own army to Tripoli.

The city was surrounded by a chain of checkpoints allowing only those people inside for whom a Misrata resident can vouch. Thanks to this, security was ensured in the city. At the moment, the country's largest seaport operates in Misrata.

Economy

GDP $6,639 per person

Minerals

Gas export

Oil Production and Export

2024: East Libya halts oil production and exports

At the end of August 2024, armed people broke into the Central Bank building in Tripoli and installed their deputy chairman.

The building of the Central Bank is only a screen, and the real power is in the hands of those who have access to the electronic system. Its management is in the hands of the Turkish protege Siddiq al-Kabir.

But the action was a success - the chairman of the Central Bank left the country, and the Americans announced the suspension of financial transactions between the countries.

Oil exports from western Libya were suspended due to increased risks and confusion.

Libya's oil production fell by 400,000 barrels a day.

2023

2021: Tenth country in the world for confirmed oil reserves

2018

Foreign trade

2023:47% of wheat supplies come from Russia and Ukraine

Agriculture

2021: Share of farmland - 9%

2019: Low use of pesticides in agriculture

2001: Main farming model - mixed

The main model of agriculture: without watering and mixed in arid areas. Grazing is the leading form of land use.

Tourism

2019: How much Libya is dependent on tourism:% of the industry in GDP

2018

Alcohol market

Minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages

Power

Electrification

Libya IT Market

2022: No start-up industry

Energy carriers

2020: Energy consumption per capita

and

Consumption

2023: Poultry meat is the most consumed type of meat

2019: Low rice consumption: 22.5 kg per person per year

Crime

2024: Central Bank Chief information officer abduction

On August 18, 2024, the Central Bank of Libya, based in Tripoli, announced that it would stop all operations and would not resume work until the director of the bank's information technology department, Musaab Muslam, who was kidnapped earlier in the day near his home, was released. Read more here.

Prisons

2019: Minimum age of imprisonment for children - 7 years

2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens

Terrorism

Education

Percentage of people who can read

Health care

Maternity leave

in

2020: Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave 6 months or more

History

2023: Storm kills more than 5,000 people

On September 10 and 11, 2023, a severe Mediterranean storm passed through eastern Libya, killing at least five thousand people and missing about 10,000.

Many towns have suffered significant destruction, with most of the homes destroyed and roads eroded and destroyed.

In the area of ​ ​ the city of Derna, the natural disaster was aggravated by the dams that collapsed as a result of the storm, which led to the flooding of entire blocks.

Libya's four major oil ports - Ras Lanuf, Zueitina, Brega and Es Sider - have been closed since the evening of September 9.

The authorities declared a state of emergency, closed schools and shops, imposed a curfew.

Representatives of governments in the East in Benghazi and the West in Tripoli appealed to the international community to provide humanitarian assistance.

Algeria Egypt Iran,,,,, and Tunisia Turkey EU have already United Arab Emirates indicated their readiness to provide support and send personnel to assist in search and rescue operations.

2021: Elections cancelled indefinitely

On November 14, 2021, it became known that the son of Muammar Gaddafi Seif al-Islam, who still retains a certain popularity among the people and among individual tribes, registered his candidacy in the presidential election.

However, internal contradictions and power struggles led to another breakdown of the dialogue between the East and the government in Tripoli.

The elections, scheduled for December 24, 2021, were postponed due to the inability to organize them in the current conditions. The date of the new vote has never been announced.

2020

Establishment of a government of national unity

At the end of 2020, the Government of National Accord and the Libyan National Army agreed to introduce a permanent ceasefire, create a temporary Government of National Unity and hold elections.

Turkey announced billions in losses of its companies in Libya

In December 2020, Abdurrahman Bilgic, a member of the Turkish Democracy and Breakthrough Party (DEVA), said that Turkish companies that invested in Libya have suffered large losses since 2011 due to the civil war and cannot collect receivables. According to him, the total amount of pending projects put up for auction in the country amounted to $19 billion, and Turkish firms pay huge sums to mercenaries from Chad and Niger to protect their facilities.

In August, Turkey and the PNS signed an agreement to expand trade and economic ties. It was also supposed to solve problems with Turkish projects that began during the time of Gaddafi and stopped by the Libyan civil conflict.

But Abdurrahman Bilgic called this document a "dummy," which does not oblige Libyan companies to return debts to Turkish investors: the official claims that four months later, not a single company from Turkey managed to get its money back.

Agreement with Turkey to protect Faiz Sarraj's government

The Government of National Accord (PNS), sitting in Tripoli, Faiza Sarraja and Turkey signed a defense agreement on July 3, 2020, which gives Ankara the right to directly intervene in Libya, including to protect the capital's Cabinet.

The document was signed during a visit to Tripoli by Turkish Minister of National Defense Hulusi Akar and Head of the General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces Yashar Guler. In particular, it provides for the creation of a Turkish military base on Libyan territory and the presentation of diplomatic status to its personnel.

In addition, the agreement gives Turkish advisers and officers full immunity from prosecution, and Ankara a mandate "to protect the PNS and the capital."

The Turks also received the right to train and equip the police of the Tripoli Cabinet, help him in creating a new military intelligence agency and forming forces to protect Turkish companies that will work in Libya.

It is noted that Turkey plans to significantly expand hostilities in the Arab country in the coming weeks.

2019: Libyan currency party imprinted on Goznak arrested in Malta

On May 29, 2020, the US State Department published a message that in 2019 a batch of Libyan currency with a face value of $1.1 billion was intercepted in Malta.

The Russian Foreign Ministry commented on this statement, noting that the money in question is necessary to maintain the stable functioning of the entire Libyan economy.

Goznak also commented on reports of the detention of the party.

"The contract under which the discussed batch of banknotes was made was concluded by Goznak JSC with the Central Bank of Libya, located in Tobruk," they said, stressing that the right of the Central Bank in Tobruk was enshrined in 2016 by the decision of the Government of National Unity (Tripoli).

Goznak noted that the banknotes made are a modified series of previous banknotes and have visual differences compared to them, they were confirmed by representatives of the Central Bank of Libya, therefore, "the application of the term" fake "in relation to these banknotes is unreasonable and unlawful."

In addition, the supply of this circulation was the subject of consideration within the framework of the Expert Commission on Libya under the UN Security Council, which did not find violations of sanctions in the relations of this country.

"In violation of international law, Malta's customs in September 2019 detained containers with banknotes belonging to the Central Bank of Libya," Goznak said in a statement.

It is emphasized that only in May 2020 the Maltese customs authorities reacted with a statement, "the content of which significantly distorts the actual circumstances of the relationship between Goznak JSC and the Central Bank of Libya."

2015: Failed attempt to create a Government of National Accord

By the end of 2015, two cabinets were working in the country. The internationally recognized government was in Tobruk, and the cabinet was based in Tripoli, representing the General National Congress.

On December 17, 2015, warring political forces signed a document on the creation of the Government of National Accord.

The agreement was signed by members of two existing parliaments in the country and other participants in the political process. However, the Government of National Accord did not approve the support of Haftar and the Libyan National Army from the House of Representatives in Tobruk.

Thus, a new round of civil war began.

At the same time, fighting was fought against numerous gangs, Islamic State militants, as well as tribal and regional groups.

The civil war significantly bled the parties to the inter-Libyan conflict, despite their foreign support.

2014: General Haftar starts fighting Islamists. Second Civil War

In December 2013, the General National Congress, which was due to cease operations in February, said it was extending its term until the end of 2014.

Major General Khalifa Haftar stood in opposition to the Congress. On February 14, 2014, he unilaterally announced the dissolution of parliament. On May 16, servicemen of the Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Haftar, attacked the bases of radical Islamists of the February 17 Martyrs Brigade group in Benghazi in eastern Libya, thereby initiating the second civil war in Libya.

In November 2014, the Libyan Constitutional Court, influenced by radical Islamists, announced the dissolution of parliament.

Later, the parliament refused to submit to the Constitutional Court, arguing that the decision was made under the threat of weapons.

2013

2012: Establishment of a constituent congress and selection of sharia as the basis of legislation

For the first time in 40 years, on July 7, 2012, elections to the constituent assembly, the General National Congress, were held in the country.

However, armed clashes between tribes, clans and factions continued throughout the country. The situation was complicated by the activity of radical Islamists, who established partial control over the activities of the congress.

In addition to the struggle for power with former members of the Gaddafi government, who sided with the militia in 2011, Congress turned a blind eye to the activities of the Islamic State (a terrorist group banned in the Russian Federation), was unable to create an effective police and adopted sharia as the basis of state legislation.

2011: First Civil War. NATO invasion and Gaddafi assassination

In January 2011, against the backdrop of color revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt, numerous anti-government actions began in Libya. The situation was fueled by foreign media and mass calls to protest against the "tyrannical" regime of Gaddafi.

In February, anti-government unrest escalated into an armed insurgency. Gaddafi's opponents on February 27, 2011 created a temporary authority - the Transitional National Council.

In March, with UN sanctions, a military intervention by NATO countries began to overthrow Gaddafi's hostile regime.

On October 20, 2011, as a result of prolonged fighting between rebels actively supported by NATO and Gaddafi's forces, he and his son Mutassim were captured and killed.

Gaddafi's death marked the end of Libya's first civil war.

2010: The open anti-Western policy of the head of the country Gaddafi

By 2010, socio-economic and political contradictions had accumulated in Libya. The problems of unemployment and corruption were acute in the country.

A significant part of government posts was distributed among the relatives of the head of the country Gaddafi. Among other senior and middle officials, various opposition groups began to form.

All this was accompanied by the activities of the United States and the EU countries to promote the Western way of life, create opposition movements, and finance protests through their NGOs.

The emergence of the conflict in Libya was facilitated by Gaddafi's open anti-Western foreign policy, including his statements regarding the creation of an alternative to the dollar in the form of a gold dinar. This currency, tied to the Libyan gold reserve, was to be used for trading in oil and other resources.

The fundamental cause of civil strife was the disunity of Libyan society. Despite the unifying figure of Gaddafi, the authority of tribal heads and local national leaders remained in a number of regions.

1986: Bombing of Libya by the US and British military

On April 15, 1986, the US Armed Forces conducted the Eldorado Canyon air operation, the purpose of which was to launch a massive air strike on Libyan territory.

24 F-111F bombers, as well as electronic warfare aircraft and tankers, flew from Britain in full radio silence.

A few minutes before the bombing, US Navy fighters attacked Libyan air defense facilities, destroying most of them, while the rest chose not to take any action against enemy aircraft.

The operation itself lasted about 20 minutes, after which the bombers went towards the sea.

The US officially stated that the physical liquidation of Muammar Gaddafi was not the goal of the operation, and the task was to destroy military facilities, but many questioned this statement, since the colonel's residence in Tripoli was also hit.

According to rumors, it was after this bombing that Gaddafi began to further distrust his army and cut its supply and weapons in every possible way, completely betting on his personal guard al-Kataib al-Amniya. There were rumors that the fools deliberately did nothing against the American bombers.

1976

1973

1914

As part of the Roman Empire

Main article: Roman Empire

129 BC.

500 BC: As part of the Achaemenid Persian State

Sport

2022: The most popular sport is football

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