Khojaev Emmanuel Baltazarovich

Khojaev Emmanuel Baltazarovich

Khojaev Emanuel Baltazarovich is a Russian architect of Armenian origin. He owns about 500 projects, of which up to 300 were carried out on the Caucasian mineral waters, in the Terek and Kuban regions. The main part of the buildings is located in Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk and Essentuki. In his works, he mainly used the Art Nouveau and Moorish neo-style.

Biography

Parents

Emanuel Khodzhaev came from Nakhichevan bourgeoisie. His maternal grandfather Nikita Artemievich Chelakhov (Chelakhyan) was a Nakhichevan merchant. But not the Nakhichevan in the historical part of Armenia, which according to legend was founded by the progenitor Noah, but the so-called new Nakhichevan, located on the right bank of the Don and named after the ancient city. Nakhichevan merchants conducted their trade throughout the South of Russia. Among these entrepreneurs was Nikita Chelakhov. Since about the year 1825, he traveled with goods to the Caucasian Mineral Waters. Chelakhov's trade business in Pyatigorsk flourished. His store was located on the main street, a throwing sign above the entrance read: "Depot of various haberdashery, cosmetic and Asian products." In fact, it was the city's first department store. In each department they traded a certain type of goods: in the pen - dry goods, in the other - Asian, in the third - silk, in the fourth - colonial and European wines. And on the fifth was the library.

The only daughter Elizaveta Nikita Artemievich successfully married the Armenian merchant of the 2nd guild from Nakhichevan-on-Don Balthazar Emanuilovich Khojaev (1835-1904). The entire fortune after the death of Chelakhov (1864) most likely went to her daughter Elizabeth in the marriage of Khojaeva. It was Khojaeva's estate that became the family nest of the wonderful and talented architect Emanuel Khojaev.

1861: Birth in Pyatigorsk and study in St. Petersburg

He was born on October 23, 1861 in Pyatigorsk. He was baptized in the Armenian Church of Georgievsk by priest Alexander Markarov (Markaryan) and named Emmanuel in honor of his paternal grandfather.

When the boy grew up, he was sent to Vladikavkaz, the center of the Terek region, where he studied in the preparatory department for two years, and from 1879 to 1882 he studied in three boundary classes of the Vladikavkaz military gymnasium. The certificate of Emanuel Khodzhaev, issued on April 20, 1882, testified to the diligent studies of a gymnasium student and decent behavior.

In June 1882, Emmanuel went to St. Petersburg with the firm intention of joining the number of academicians of a prestigious educational institution - the Imperial Academy of Arts. And for this it was necessary to pass the entrance exams in mathematics, physics and chemistry, which turned out to be extremely difficult for him. In order not to lose precious time, Khodzhaev enrolled as a free-coming student in architecture in the first-year head class. Finally, having passed the exams, in August 1884 he became a full academician. Emanuel Khodzhaev successfully graduated from the full academic course in 1891 with the title of class artist-architect of the 3rd degree.

During his studies, Khodzhaev underwent construction practice three times, participating in the creation and design of some facilities on the Caucasian Mineral Waters (KMV). His independent labor activity began in the Kuban, in the Armenian village of Armavir, where he built many houses, shops and other buildings.

1892: Beginning of work on the Caucasian mineral waters

In 1892, he returned to KMV, designed a lot and built on private orders. Perhaps Emmanuel first used his creative abilities when rebuilding his father's houses on Kursova Street (now Krasnoarmeyskaya) in Kislovodsk. The old buildings were rebuilt in the eclectic style of the classical direction. The new apartment building had 18 furnished rooms. On the ground floor there is a large store of pharmacist Andrei Ivanovich Rubanovsky. It was also possible to purchase mineral waters, medicinal salts and dirt, various cosmetics. Since 1892, Rubanovsky began to actively sell carbonated narzan in special two-liter bottles with a sealed cork. In 1896, the apartment building became known as the Central Hotel. Its owner was a distant relative of the Khojayevs, a merchant from Vladikavkaz Isaac Artemievich Ganzhumov.

The building of the former Central Hotel in Kislovodsk in the 1930s

In 1894-1895, in Kislovodsk on Sloboda land, at the expense of wealthy merchant Klavdia Gerasimovna Vostryakova (1853-1899), who donated 25 thousand rubles, a hospital named after Mother Pelageya Davydovna Khludova was built and equipped for free use of sick local residents. Presumably, the hospital building was built by architect E.B. Khojaev according to the project of the famous Moscow architect Lev Nikolaevich Kekushev (1862-1917), who built houses for the Khludovs in Moscow in the same years. The construction of a rather extensive building near the garden of Mordovtsev, on the slope of a steep hill at the end of Topoleva Alley began in the early spring of 1894. The hospital was built according to the then hygiene requirements - the corners in the premises are round, and the floors are lined with Metlakh tiles and have a slope, so that they could conveniently and quickly wash off. Ceilings were made without eaves, stoves with dust appliances. The hospital accommodated 14 permanent patients. It had two large common chambers (male and female) and two small common chambers. An operating room and dressing were arranged in the surgical department. There was a special room for anesthesia (chloroforming), a special room for disinfection and a doctor's office. The mezzanine housed a kitchen and household services with a separate entrance.

In 1894, the young architect E. Khojaev, who was well acquainted with the clan of Armavir merchants Tarasov and received a power of attorney from them to conduct business, turned to the construction department of the Terek Regional Administration for permission to build a merchant dacha according to his own project. This was one of the first Khodzhaev projects carried out in Kislovodsk. In May 1895, the cottage of the founder of the large merchant dynasty Aslan Alexandrovich Tarasov (1843-1916) with a two-pitched roof under the tiles and a two-level balcony on the facade was built, but work on the improvement of the house, cladding, including waterproofing the basement, continued for another two years. The building, in addition to a large living room on the ground floor, had at the time of construction 18 rooms of different areas, 4 bathrooms combined with bathrooms, a modern sewage system and even electric lighting.

1898: Marriage to Tatiana Balieva

In the fall of 1898, E.B. Khojaev married Tatyana Alekseevna Balieva (1872-1937). A year later, their first daughter Lucia was born. Probably, it was at this time that the architect decided to build a convenient mansion for the family, as well as a sick father in Kislovodsk, whose climate was noticeably better than Pyatigorsk. He quite cheaply acquired a large empty plot of Sloboda land on an uncomfortable slope near the newly rebuilt Khludov hospital. A beautiful mansion according to its own design was built and equipped by 1903. By this time, the son of Balthazar (1900) and daughter Elizabeth (1902) appeared in the Khojaev family. In 2011, a memorial plaque was opened on this building, where the N.A. Yaroshenko Children's Art School is now located.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Kislovodsk was decorated with a number of beautiful buildings, primarily hotels, boarding houses, cottages for a large resort public. They were built mainly according to the project of the first city architect Emanuel Baltazarovich Khodzhaev and were distinguished by special grace and rich architectural decorations. Let's identify some of them.

The cottage, associated with the name of the great Russian singer Fyodor Ivanovich Chaliapin (1873-1938), was built in 1902 in the Art Nouveau style by the wealthy Pyatigorsk merchant Mikhail Ivanovich Ushakov, honorary caretaker of the Pyatigorsk elementary school in Kabardinka, and is registered in the name of his wife Pelageya Stepanovna, trustee of real schools in the city of Pyatigorsk. Therefore, the letters "P" and "Y" appear on the facade. In 1903, a two-story outbuilding was erected next to the dacha in a short time, intended for rental by a rich exchange rate. In 1914, the estate passed to the new owner Cossack General Georgy Nazarovich Abrezov (1853-1917) from Vladikavkaz. Composer Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev (1891-1953) stayed here in 1911. And in 1917 the great Chaliapin lived. The singer's first visit to Sour Waters took place on June 15, 1899. Then he performed on the stage of Kurzal. On his last visit from July 23 to September 21, 1917, Chaliapin and his wife Maria Valentinovna Petzold and two daughters, seven-year-old Martha and five-year-old Marina, rented housing from General Abrezov. During the war years from August 1942, this building housed the headquarters of the German punitive battalion "Bergman" under the command of General Theodor Oberlander (1905-1998). Since 1989, the Literary and Music Museum "Chaliapin's Cottage" has been operating here.

Another mansion is located on a hill in the area of ​ ​ the railway station, more like a fabulous castle. The project of this dacha was compiled by the architect E.B. Khojaev in 1901. The building consisted of 20 rooms, richly decorated with turrets, terraces, and high stairs, diverse in shape. Initially, the owner of the dacha was the Pyatigorsk merchant Grigory Vasilyevich Alexandrov, then it was acquired by the Rostov merchant Matvey Osipovich Kulakov, and the last owner is the large Baku oil industrialist Murtuza Mukhtarov (1855-1920). Currently, the Zvezdny boarding house is located here.

In May 1902, the construction of a comfortable hotel "Russia" by owners Nikolai Egorovich and Vladimir Egorovich Zipalov was completed. The author of the project, presumably E.B. Khojaev. The hotel had a common reception room, a reading room with a free library and a music room with various instruments and a gramophone.

1904: Moving to Kislovodsk, appointment as first city architect

In the summer of 1904, E.B. Khojaev finally moved permanently to Kislovodsk, he became the first city architect and vowel of the City Duma. He continues his active architectural work. According to his original projects, more and more new buildings are created. By 1904, the cottage house "Retvizan" was built, which belonged to the Vladikavkaz merchant of the 2nd guild Andrei Vasilyevich Lekarev. The cottage got its name "Retvizan" (justice) in honor of the squadron battleship of the Russian fleet during the Russo-Japanese War. The area became known as the "Village of Retvizan," also included the mansions "Hut," "Bitusya."

In 1905, the Moskovskaya Hotel of a wealthy owner, horse breeder Emelyan Artemyevich Tambiev, was built on Kursova Street with 120 furnished rooms. Rooms had heating, plumbing, bathtubs, electric lighting.

One of the first summer owners of the so-called Rib Beam was a tobacco manufacturer from Rostov-on-Don, a merchant of the 1st guild Evstafiy Gerasimovich Kunduri. By his order, in 1905-1906, the architect Khojaev designed and built a beautiful cottage in the Art Nouveau style. The comfortable white villa was called "Elbrus." The western corner of the building is decorated in the form of an attached tower. The facades are decorated with stucco masks in the form of lovely female heads. In 1917 Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna Romanova (1854-1920) lived here with her son Andrei Vladimirovich (1879-1956). Now it is a medical corps of a military sanatorium.

A little further away was the building, which previously belonged to the assistant to the teachers of the boarding school of the Baku Real School, titular adviser Alexander Nikonorovich Agafonov. It was built around 1900, presumably according to the project of architect E. Khodzhaev with traditional elements of the Art Nouveau style. Here, in the old days, musical evenings were arranged, a salon worked, where an exquisite resort audience gathered. Currently - the theater-museum "Grace."

In the center of the resort area, a beautiful building rises on the hill, which is called the "Golden Castle" for its pompous appearance. The building was built around 1905 according to the project of E.B. Khodzhaev. The construction was financed by the Terek Cossack Timofey Varlamovich Astakhov (1834-1918). The dashing Cossack distinguished himself with his unparalleled courage in the Russian-Turkish war, for which he was granted plots of precious oil-bearing land near Mozdok. The wealthy servant decided to make an unusual gift to his only daughter Praskovya (married to Tvalchrelidze) and adopted grandson Yevgeny Astakhov. He built a dacha in Kislovodsk, where the whole family of his son-in-law, local historian and researcher Anton Ivanovich Tvalchrelidze (1854-1930), the author of the famous work "Stavropol province in statistical, geographical, historical and agricultural terms," soon moved. In 1915, the luxurious villa Tvalchrelidze was acquired for a fabulous price by Nikolai Vladimirovich Lezhnev, the owner of the Elansky stud farm for his sick wife Tamara, whom doctors strongly recommended treatment in Kislovodsk. In the mid-1990s, the old building was bought by an entrepreneur V.A. Bryntsalov for his wife and carefully restored it.

Another creation of the talented architect E. Khodzhaev is the Ganeshin guesthouse hotel, now a cardiology clinic (Yaroshenko St.). The building was built in 1905 by order of Sergei Nikitovich Ganeshin (1852-1933). It was the first hotel-guesthouse in the resort, including quite comfortable accommodation, tolerable food and decent treatment. At first, the first Art Nouveau building was built with spacious and bright rooms and large sunroom verandas. In 1907, another architect added another building, and to the south of its small house with a facade on the main street. At that time it was called Dondukovskaya (now Yaroshenko). The hotel had 72 separate rooms for 130 people. The daily fee for the room ranged from 2 to 20 rubles. A full monthly boarding house with a set of linen cost 90 rubles. After some time, the owner of the hotel equipped narzan baths, a mud bath, medical souls, built a special storage for mineral water. The institution worked year-round. It was available mainly to wealthy exchange rates. However, S.N. Ganeshin allocated benefits to the poor for the Society 5 large rooms with medical equipment, an outpatient clinic was also placed here for free admission of patients and the issuance of simple medicines to them. Paid popular science lectures were given in the large hall of the guesthouse hotel, and Ganeshin also handed over the fees from speeches to the Society for the poor for the construction of the so-called People's House. Many eminent personalities stayed in this institution. At the end of July 1910, the famous actor and director Konstantin Sergeevich Stanislavsky (1863-1938) lived here. He stayed at the hotel back in August 1912 and July 1913. The Russian artist, philosopher and archaeologist Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich (1874-1947), who first visited the resort in 1913, lived and was treated here.

Among other things, Khodzhaev designs and oversees the construction of a number of public buildings, this is the Karachay school, the settlement school and the people's house. If you climb up from Colonnade along Mira Avenue, you involuntarily pay attention to the Art Nouveau mansion. Previously, it was the possession of the Maykop merchant Ivan Danilovich Ter-Pogosov. It was built in 1905-1909 according to the project of architect E. Khojaev. The merchant's large family - wife and four daughters (Nina, Olga, Anna and Rimma) moved to Kislovodsk for permanent residence. The lower floor of the building is adapted for shops. The house had its own power station and steam heating. In the courtyard there were outbuildings - a barn, a stable, an outbuilding with a laundry and a glacier, and others. The premises of the upper floors were intended for rental. The house was called "Record." After the revolution, the Cheka was located here, then Denikin counterintelligence. For about 50 years, the building housed the city party committee and the city executive committee. In 1968, it was transferred to the House of Pioneers, the new name is the Center for Creative Development and Humanitarian Education.

1910: Moving family to the dacha "Lizushka" on Pomerantsevskaya street

In the summer of 1910, in connection with the beginning of the education of children in gymnasiums, Khojaev and his family moved to his newly built dacha with the tender name "Lizushka" on Pomerantsevskaya Street (now named after E. Khodzhaev). He leased his mansion to a doctor from St. Petersburg Maria Dmitrievna Proskuryakova. She, together with her husband, Doctor of Medicine Sergei Fedorovich, opened a private boarding house-sanatorium here.

It is necessary to note the great social activity of the architect Khodzhaev, his patronage. He maintained a two-year Karachay school, participated in various kinds of charity events, was a member of the board of trustees of the women's gymnasium, chairman of the Society for Assistance to Needy Students of Gymnasiums of Kislovodsk.

In 1912, the Kars dacha was erected by order of the wealthy Moscow merchant Aslan Alexandrovich Tarasov (1874-1967) from an old Armenian merchant family. E.B. Khojaev completed not only the building project, but also directly participated in the construction of a new summer cottage, exercising control over the construction of the facility. But the internal design of the premises of the Kars dacha in the then very fashionable Art Nouveau style was carried out by Moscow architect and restorer Vladimir Dmitrievich Adamovich (1872-1941) at the personal request of Aslan Tarasov. The cottage is a three-story building in an ultra-fashionable, but somewhat simplified Art Nouveau style, very typical of that time. It consists of 16 rooms and voluminous glazed balconies, which are the hallmark of an architect who considered this attribute of summer cottage life necessary for future residents.

In total, over the period from 1891 to 1915, about 300 buildings were built in the Terek and Kuban regions according to the projects of Emanuel Khodzhaev. Being a famous and respected architect, Emanuel Bagdasarovich at the same time was distinguished by a quiet and soft character. He was fluent in German, played the piano, flute. As an expert and connoisseur of symphonic music, Khojaev was a music reviewer of the Kislovodsky Kurzal for a long time.

His youngest daughter Elizabeth also played the piano perfectly, which allowed her to continue to act as a professional accompanist. She married architect Miron Ivanovich Merzhanov (1895-1975). According to his own project, Miron Ivanovich, together with his father-in-law E.B. Khojaev, is building a two-story mansion in the style of a Swiss chalet. One floor was occupied by the Khojaevs, on the other - the Merzhanov family lived. Their only son Boris was born in this house on June 24, 1929. The Merzhanov's house was visited by eminent guests - poet and artist Maximilian Aleksandrovich Voloshin (1877-1932), academician of architecture Alexei Viktorovich Shchusev (1873-1949)^[1].

1932: Moving to Moscow

In 1932, E.B. Khojaev moved after his daughter's family to Moscow to the house of his son-in-law, a successful architect, where he died on January 2, 1939. He was buried in Moscow at the Armenian cemetery.

In December 2020, a monument to architect Khojaev was erected in Kislovodsk, its author is Moscow sculptor Ravil Yusupov, and Uritsky Street was renamed Architect Khojaev Street.

Family

The architect's children Lucius and Balthazar Khojaeva were forced to emigrate, lived and died in the United States. The youngest Elizabeth and her husband were arrested in 1943, died on September 19, 1947 in a forced labor camp near Karaganda, and a handful of land was later brought from there by their son Boris Mironovich Merzhanov to perform a symbolic burial of his mother in the Khojaev family plot at the Armenian cemetery in Moscow. Boris was also repressed, spent 4 years in camps, then became an architect, worked with his father, died in 2006.

Notes