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Prerequisites for conflict
Yemen is a country with a huge number of different clans with a stable importance of tribal ties, and possessing their own zones of influence and interests.
In the 1980s, there was a civil war in Yemen between the then Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, which led to their unification into a modern state in 1990.
Despite the concluded peace, the contradictions between the south and north remained. Southerners represented by the Southern Transitional Council (UPC) and supported by the UAE are still dreaming of sovereignty with the creation of a separate state with its capital in Aden.
Since 2015, the Emirates has expanded its influence in the region, supporting the UPU with military and economic resources.
As of April 2023, the strategically important coast of the Gulf of Aden from Al-Mukala to the Bab al-Mandeb Strait falls into the area of actual interests of the UAE.
In 2022, UPC forces went on the offensive in the south, expanding the buffer zone and displacing pro-Saudi formations of the Rashad al-Alimi-led "Presidential Governing Council" (PRC) from several districts in Shabwa and Abyan provinces.
Due to deepening disagreements, the Saudis urgently sent subordinate forces of the National Shield Forces, also known as the "Yemeni Al-Said units," to protect the oil-rich province of Hadramaut. This situation actually divided Yemen into North and South, as during the civil war.
2023: Main Active Forces
In early April 2022, the warring parties, including the Houthi organization Ansar Allah and the coalition in Yemen, entered into a ceasefire agreement for two months. It was subsequently extended twice for the same period in June and August until October.
But on October 2, the truce came to an end. Relative stability lasted almost six months and to some extent contributed to the stabilization of the situation in the country. Nevertheless, despite periodic shelling and recriminations, full-fledged hostilities never resumed. There are no serious prerequisites for aggravating the situation either. But existing contradictions, including between members of the Saudi-led coalition, cast doubt on the relative stability in Yemen.
What political forces are the main parties to the conflict in Yemen and what do they control?
The main operating groups for January 2023:
Ansar Allah supported by Iran and Oman
Ansar Allah is a paramilitary Shia group operating in 15 provinces in western and central Yemen. The Houthis control the capital Sanaa, major cities and areas where most of Yemen's population lives. The organization is supported by Iran and recently the Omani sultanate.
In mid-January 2023, French Navy special forces intercepted a batch of weapons in the Gulf of Oman. More than three thousand Chinese Type-56-1 assault rifles, VPO-158N-06 carbines, machine guns and more than half a million rounds of ammunition were seized, as well as 23 ATGMs.
The incident occurred on a route that the United States believes is used to transport weapons from Iran to Yemen, for the Ansar Allah paramilitary group.
This is the fourth interception of illegal arms supplies in recent years. In just a month, with the participation of the fifth US fleet, it was possible to seize more than five thousand weapons and more than one and a half million ammunition.
According to the source of the Rybar channel, the weapons will partially be on the black market, and will partially be transported to Rzeszów in Poland, a city that has become a hub for arms supplies to Ukraine. This practice has been in effect for several months.
In January 2024, the United States declared the Houthis terrorists after an increase in the number of their attacks on ships in the Red Sea, which were associated with the support of Palestine in the fight against Israel.
Saudi-led coalition "Presidential Leadership Council"
- Mansour Hadi's government is retired. Hadi's supporters hold control of the 13 provinces with the largest area of territories, a significant part of which are desert and uninhabited areas. However, huge oil reserves and strategically important points on the south coast of the country are concentrated in this zone.
- "Southern Transitional Council" (USP). Under the Pod Kontrolem of the UPC are Aden Province, most of Lahij and Abyan, partially Al-Dali, Hadramaut and Taiz. It consists of the main tribal currents in southern Yemen, the purpose of which is to separate from Yemen and create a separate state in the south with complete control over the ports in the Gulf of Aden. In the cabinet, UPS supporters hold the post of prime minister and 12 out of 24 seats in the government. Some rebel groups support the authorities, UAE Sudanese mercenaries are fighting on their side.
- " Islah Party." Pods Kontrolem the radical religious organization - a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood international Islamist group - are the cities of Marib, Taiz, Seyun, the desert regions of El Jawf province and parts of Shabwa and Hajjah provinces. The group enjoys the support of the Turkish authorities and cooperates with the terrorist organization al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. This was the reason for the accusations of its members of collusion with militants.
- "Yemen National Resistance" (forces of Tarek Saleh). The movement controls the southwestern part of Yemen, including Hayes in southern Hodeidah, the western regions of Taiz, and Bayhan and Ain in Shabwa province. The group is led by the former president's nephew Tarek Saleh. The organization acts in the interests of Saudi Arabia, but a small part is on the support of the UAE.
Terrorist groups
- Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). It is active in remote areas of Yemen - deserts and in the north of Al-Bayda province. As of January 2023, AQAP militants do not control cities or districts, and their sphere of influence mainly includes uninhabited areas of Hadramaut, Shabwa and Abyan provinces.
- "Islamic State Vilayat Yemen." The local branch of IS was established on November 13, 2014, but the activities of terrorists are seriously limited by the Houthis and the coalition. The ranks of the Islamic State include members of tribes in the east and south of Yemen, as well as militants who have separated from other radical groups.
All of the above groups are the main active forces in Yemen, but they are not the only ones. Other movements represented by various tribes and radical Islamist groups are present in the country.
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External debt
2019: Debt to Russia - $1.1 billion
with
Power
2020: Low per capita energy consumption
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2022: US is the biggest export destination
Agriculture
2019: Low use of pesticides in agriculture
2001: The main model of agriculture - mixed in mountainous areas
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2023: Poultry meat is the most consumed type of meat
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2019: Number of years of education by citizens over 25
Health care
2021: Maternity leave
in
2020
Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave 6 months or more
Part of the population defecates on the street
Crime
Prisons
2021: 8th in the world in the number of death executions: 14 in a year
2019: Minimum age of imprisonment for children - 7 years
2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens
Religion
2020: The country in the world leaders in the share of Muslims in the total population
History
2024: Israel strikes oil storage facilities and power plants in Yemen's port of Hodeidah
On July 20, 2024, Israel struck oil storage facilities and power plants in the Yemeni port of Hodeidah.
The Yemeni Ministry of Health clarified the number of victims of the strike: three dead and more than 85 wounded.
Prime Minister Netanyahu called Israel's attack on Yemen's port of Hodeidah a direct response to the Houthi drone strike on Tel Aviv and "hundreds of other attacks." According to him, the port was used for military purposes, including for the import of Iranian weapons. "Israel intends to defend itself by any means, anyone who attacks it will pay a very high price."
The Houthis said Israeli airstrikes on the city of Hodeidah in Yemen would not go "without an effective response to the enemy."
On September 29, 2024, Israel again launched a series of airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen, dramatically expanding its offensive against Iranian-backed militants just two days after the assassination of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in Lebanon.
The IDF said dozens of warplanes were involved in Sunday's attack against the Hutists, with power plants, ports and other infrastructure targeted.
2023
Houthi Red Sea attacks on trade vessels linked to US, Britain and Israel to support Palestine
The range of weapons on the balance sheet of the Houthis is impressive, wrote "Rybar." In addition to long-range drones and missiles, which the Ansaralla fighters once fired at both Saudi Arabia and the UAE, they did not forget about anti-ship weapons in Sanaa.
At this time, the Houthis use cruise anti-ship missiles, and even ballistic ones. It was the Ansarall units that actually proved for the first time in practice the effectiveness of this type of missile to destroy moving surface targets.
The range varies depending on the type, but they include those that can attack targets at a distance of up to 800 km, which allows you to control ships throughout the Gulf of Aden and in the southern part of the Red Sea.
And their number can be quite significant, given that the Iranians regularly supplied the Houthis with everything they needed over the years. So Ansaralla is able to conduct hostilities in the same vein for a long time.
Mobilization to support Palestine in the conflict with Israel
The authorities of the part of Yemen, where the Shiite movement Ansar Alla (Houthis) rules, are conducting a general popular mobilization in December 2023 to prepare fighters to participate in hostilities on the side of the Palestinian resistance in the Gaza Strip, said Khuzam al-Assad, a member of the Politburo of the Ansar Alla movement.
"As for the general popular mobilization in support of our people in the Gaza Strip, it was launched in all provinces, training camps were opened, tens of thousands of young people volunteered to study the military craft, several groups have already graduated in various provinces of Yemen."
2015: 40,000 Sudanese military fighting on Saudi side in Yemen
Sudan in 2015 openly sided with Saudi Arabia in Yemen. The Sudanese ground military contingent for hostilities against the Houthis drew mainly from the Rapid Reaction Forces (a military structure parallel to government troops in Sudan). At the peak of its participation, up to 40,000 Sudanese participated in the Saudi coalition's war against the Yemeni Houthis. Sudan withdrew the vast majority of its forces from Yemen by late 2019 - early 2020
1967
200 g BC.
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