Sudan

Main article: Africa

Geography

Climate

Supreme power

Sovereign Council

In August 2019, the formation of the Sovereign Council of Sudan was completed. According to the constitutional declaration, which replaced Sudan with the basic law, the Sovereign Council becomes the highest authority in the country for a transitional period of three and a half years.

It included:

1. Abdel-Fattah al-Burhan (General, TMC candidate, Chairman of the Council)

2. Muhammad Hamdan Dagolo "Hametti" (General, TMC candidate)

3. Shams al-Din al-Kabbashi (General, PVS candidate)

4. Yasser al-Atta (General, TMC candidate)

5. Ibrahim Jaber (General, TMC candidate)

6. Hassan Sheikh Idris (Legal Counsel, SDSP Candidate)

7. Siddiq Tauer Kafi (Professor, SDSP Candidate)

8. Muhammad al-Fakki Suleiman (journalist, SDSP candidate)

9. Muhammad Hassan al-Taayushi (Youth Representative, Former Head of Khartoum University Student Council, SDSP Candidate)

10. Aisha Musa al-Said (academic, SDSP candidate)

11. Raja Nicola Abdul-Masih (adviser to the Ministry of Justice, representative of the Orthodox Coptic population, candidate by agreement between the TMC and the SDSP)

The representative of the military should lead the sovereign council for the first 21 months, the remaining 18 - the politician chosen by the civilian forces. It was also decided to form a Council of Ministers. The prime minister will be called civilian forces, and the prime minister himself appoints ministers. At the same time, the military will retain the right to choose the ministers of the power bloc.

TMC - Transitional Military Council. SDSP (Forces of Declaration of Freedom and Change) - opposition.

Government

In September 2019, Sudan's first cabinet since a military coup in April was sworn in.

18 cabinet members, including four women and the first woman to head the country's Foreign Ministry, Asmaa Abdullah, 08.09.2019 took the oath of office at the presidential palace in Khartoum.

The cabinet's first priority is to revive an economy that is still in dire shape after months of political crisis.

Hunger

Economy

GDP $792 per person

Inflation

2022: Inflation in November - 103%

Unemployment

2020: Unemployment rate - 25%

Foreign Trade

2023:79% of wheat supplies come from Russia and Ukraine

Alcohol market

Minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages

R&D

2020: R&D expenses - $281 million

Sudan IT Market

2022: More than 1 start-up

Consumption

2023: Beef is the most consumed type of meat

2019: Low rice consumption: 1.2kg per person per year

2018: Vegetable consumption - 79 kg per capita

Power

Electrification

Energy carriers

2020: Energy consumption per capita

and

Population

Main article: Population of Africa

Population

2022:46 million people

Migration

2021: Net population inflow in 4 years

Marriages

Allowed to have more than one spouse

Overweight

Mortality

Traffic safety

Education

Percentage of people who can read

Health care

2021: Maternity leave

in

2020

Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave 6 months or more

Part of the population defecates on the street

Crime

Prisons

2019: Minimum age of imprisonment for children - 7 years

2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens

Cooperation with Russia

2023: Refusal to condemn Russia in Ukraine conflict

2022: Sudan for 5 years bought Russian drones worth 360 million rubles

Between 2018 and 2022, Russia exported drones worth 600 million rubles, and most of the supplies (about 62%, or 360 million rubles) fell on Sudan. This is stated in the strategy for the development of domestic unmanned aircraft systems (ALS) until 2030 published by the Ministry of Industry and Trade in April 2023. Read more here.

1848: Kovalevsky mission uncovers gold deposits in Sudan and organizes its mining

In 1848, a Russian mission led by traveler, writer, diplomat and orientalist Yegor Kovalevsky arrived on the territory of modern Sudan (before British colonization, these territories were controlled by Egypt, which was part of the Ottoman Empire). The goal of the mission was to search for gold deposits: the Russians managed to find gold deposits at the foot of the Kossan mountains and build a gold washing factory.

Later, the Russians discovered a new deposit in the upper Tumat River. The factories continued to function under the guidance of trained Egyptian engineers in the Urals.

Military base of Russia

2023: New Base Construction Agreement

The American edition of the Associated Press in February 2023 reported that a final agreement had been reached on the construction of a Russian naval base in Sudan. The parties came to an agreement during a recent visit to the country by Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov.

According to the Associated Press, Moscow agreed to provide the Sudanese with more weapons and equipment.

The American publication also reported that Russian politicians removed some "possible fears" of Sudan. In this vague wording, anything can be covered - from refusing to use the object against the United States to a commitment to support Sudan in disputes with Ethiopia.

The move of the North Caucasus Military District in Ukraine emphasized the insufficient combat capabilities of the Russian Navy. The shortage of floating personnel and the inability to assemble a connection away from their own shores without prejudice to the defense of border theater and structures do not allow to fully realize the potential of foreign military facilities.

However, in the conditions of unprecedented anti-Russian sanctions, the issue of restructuring the supply chains arose harshly. The base in Syria has become almost the only hub that provides supplies to Asia and Africa under international restrictions on air and sea transportation.

Such structures are extremely important not only for military, but also for civilian routes with "gray" imports and exports, the Rybar channel noted. Therefore, in the current realities, the value of the future base in Port Sudan paradoxically even partially increased.

2021: Sudan breaks US-pressured base agreement

The agreement on the deployment of a base in Port Sudan in Russia was ratified only in 2020. Under the terms of the agreement, Sudan had to provide land for a Russian Navy post to accommodate no more than four ships. However, by that time, a military coup had already taken place in the African country, after which the new authorities headed for rapprochement with the United States and Israel.

By 2021, the internal and foreign policy situation has changed a lot: after the overthrow of Omar al-Bashir in 2019 and the resumption of relations with the West, sanctions were lifted from the country. The threat of an open attack by the United States has disappeared, and the benefits in the Russian base on Sudanese territory have become much smaller.

The reason for this situation was also the slowness and indecision of the official structures of Russia, which were in no hurry to sign the contract and start construction work. As a result, the Sudanese authorities had a reason to surrender and formed more favorable positions for bargaining.

As a result, in 2021, Khartoum announced the need to revise the signed agreement. And if until 2020 the Sudanese were ready to place the object for the supply of weapons, then they raised the price and demanded economic assistance.

Later, Bloomberg clarified that we are also talking about a ban on any new deployment of the Russian military in one of the bays of the republic.

2017: Talks to establish a base between Vladimir Putin and Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir

For the first time, information about the deployment of a naval logistics center on the Red Sea appeared back in 2017 during negotiations between Vladimir Putin and former Sudanese President Omar Al-Bashir.

History

2024

SBR mistakenly shoot down an Il-76T with a Russian crew, which was supposed to deliver them weapons from the UAE

At 4 am on October 21, an Il-76T transport plane was shot down by Sudanese rebels from the Rapid Response Forces, which have been waging war with the official government for the past year and a half. The militants immediately reported on this in their media, announcing the destruction of the army vessel.

The plane, as it turned out, belonged to their direct sponsors - the Emirati authorities. Using the Kyrgyz Airline Transport Incorporation FZC, they have been supplying militants over the past year, using Chad as a hub.

This time, the next flight with ammunition for the RBU was also heading to Chadian Amjaras, from where the rebels could get a replenishment. But it probably happened that the actions of the militants were not coordinated and the command in North Darfur did not know about the next deliveries, which is why the board was mistaken for the army.

Later it turned out that the crew consisted of Russian citizens working for Emirati carriers in the CIS countries. One should not be surprised by this - Russian pilots have proven themselves around the world and resort to their services in every corner of the globe.

Similar schemes were used in Libya during the active phase of hostilities. Emirati companies also used the services of Russians to transport military equipment to Benghazi. At the same time, losses in such a business are not excluded.

Britain and UAE use Rapid Reaction Force to seize power in Sudan

Sudan's Rapid Reaction Force (RBU) is closely linked to foreign mercenaries and political migrants from among local Democrats and their external sponsors. According to some reports, three-quarters of today's rebels are fighters from African countries.

This opinion was expressed in April 2024 by the Russian Ambassador to Sudan Andrei Chernovol. According to him, a number of factors have become the reasons for the current war in the country.

"The first time mine under the foundation of Sudanese statehood was laid by Westerners with their democratizing project back in 2019 after the dismantling of the Omar al-Bashir regime. Intrusive attempts to adjust Sudan to neoliberal standards that are deeply alien to the country's population have naturally led to a deep political and socio-economic crisis. "

The last straw was the Western-backed framework agreement concluded on December 22, 2022, which was promoted by the then UN envoy Volker Pertes.

"It implied the transfer of power to a Western-backed demactive. Not only did this document not pay enough attention to the most sensitive issues of the intra-judicial settlement, including the reform of law enforcement agencies, but its implementation was pushed through as soon as possible, without looking at the key problems that remained unresolved. "

The main problem of this agreement, Chernovol called the clause on the early integration of the RBU into the army. He was unacceptable to Westerners, who used the RBU as a force cover to keep them in power.

"When the military refused to follow the lead of the Westerners, the green light was given to forcefully overthrow the intractable generals at the hands of the RBU. However, the bet on the "blitzkrieg" failed. Subsequently, against the background of mass crimes against civilians, Sudanese society unconditionally supported the national army, around which all patriotic forces rallied, including former Darfur rebels. The RBU, on the other hand, began to be firmly associated with foreign mercenaries, the Comparador political emigration from among the local demactive and their external sponsors. "

On May 2, 2024, the Sudanese Foreign Ministry accused the British government of conspiring with the UAE in financing the operations of the Rapid Reaction Forces (RBU).

The reason was a sharp change in the format and nature of the UN Security Council meeting on Sudan, the original agenda of which was the condemnation of the Emirates.

On April 27, the Sudanese government announced that it had received UNSC approval to hold a special session on a complaint related to "UAE aggression" against Sudan. The meeting was scheduled for April 29.

However, a few hours before it was held, Britain filed a request to change the format of the meeting to closed consultations to discuss the situation in Sudan, which eventually focused on the military situation in general and the situation in Northern Darfur. Thus, the topic of "aggression of the UAE," financing the SBP, fell out of the agenda.

"The UAE is exerting intense pressure on Britain to protect the Emirates in the UN Security Council," the Sudanese Foreign Ministry said, recalling that the UAE recently canceled four ministerial meetings with Britain to force it to influence the Security Council meeting initiated by Sudan.

The Foreign Ministry also said that Britain's actions are unfavorable echoes of the British colonial past in Sudan.

"Britain is the biggest financier of the war in Sudan. In addition, the British press previously reported on its secret meetings with the Rapid Response Forces, which makes it a supporter of impunity and another party responsible for the atrocities committed by these forces, "the Foreign Ministry added in a statement.

2023

More than 9 thousand people died in the armed conflict. Cholera epidemic

According to the UN, by October 2023, over 9 thousand people died during the war in Sudan. The number of internally displaced persons exceeded the 7 million mark.

Against this background, a cholera epidemic broke out in the states of Khartoum, South Kordofan and Gedaref. So far, 817 cases and 35 deaths have been officially reported.

The Sudanese pound has plummeted, losing 50% of its value since the war began.

Rapid response forces stormed the Central Bank building

On May 31, 2023, it became known that the Armed Forces of the Sudan (SCF) seized and blew up a printing press that was used by the Rapid Reaction Force (RBF) to financially support its military operations. In response, the SBR stormed the building of the country's central bank.

According to Bloomberg, at the end of May 2023, WSS detachments managed to get close to the SBR machine at a factory in Khartoum, which was used to print banknotes in order to further finance the hostilities. The installation was destroyed, which provoked an attack by the militia on the Central Bank. There is no information about whether the country's gold reserve was stolen. Other possible consequences of these mutual attacks have also not been reported. But it is known that attempts to get through to the Central Bank end in connection failures.

The Rapid Response Forces strongly condemn the Armed Forces of Sudan and their supporters associated with the former regime of military dictator Omar al-Bashir for violating the ceasefire agreement and humanitarian agreements, the RBU said in a statement released on Twitter.

It is also reported that during the six-week conflict between the WCC and the RBU, more than 1,000 people died, while hundreds of thousands were forced to leave their homes to seek refuge.^[1]

US interested in Sudan conflict

The war in Sudan, even if delayed by another truce, will almost certainly stimulate regional players to resolve long-standing conflicts through their proxies on the Sudanese battlefield.

First of all, we are talking:

• about Ethiopia, which will try to weaken forces loyal to Egypt in Sudan in the person of al-Burhan and put pressure on Cairo on the launch of the Ethiopian Renaissance dam;

• about Libya and Chad, where ethnic ties with Sudanese Arabs are strong, and some tribes are already expressing support for different parties to the conflict;

• about different influence groups in the UAE who are interested in maintaining chains for the export of Sudanese gold and maintain contact with both Burhan and Hamedti.

And what is the interest of the United States?

The United States seeks to prevent Russia from strengthening Africa, disrupt the project of the Russian logistics base on the Red Sea and, if possible, weaken the sovereignty of Egypt and Ethiopia. In this context, the civil war completely suits them, and the United States will do everything to ensure that it continues and in the future spreads to the entire region.

According to sources of the Rybar channel, in April 2023, American representatives are already negotiating with paramilitary groups in the Ethiopian Amhara region to take part in the conflict on the side of Hamedti in exchange for $140 million.

Renewed military standoff between Rapid Response Forces and Sudan's Armed Forces

On the morning of April 15, 2023, fighting broke out between the Rapid Reaction Forces (RBU) and the Armed Forces of Sudan in the capital of Sudan, Khartoum.

The RBU is a paramilitary formation, the number of which exceeds 100,000 and is comparable to the size of the army.

The RBU is commanded by Muhammad Hamdan Daglo, nicknamed "Khametti," who is part-time vice president of the Sovereign Council of Sudan.

On April 13 - two days before the escalation - Hamedti held meetings with special envoys, and in USA Britain Norway Sudan.

Hemetti and Chairman of the Sovereign Council Abdel Fattah al-Burhan cannot agree on the formation of a transitional authority. In particular, Burhan, with the political and financial support of Egypt, insists on the full integration of the RBU into the army structures. Hametti believes that having lost control of the RBU, he will lose his political position.

The catalyst for the escalation was most likely the appearance of the Egyptian Air Force at the base in Meroe and rumors about Burhan's intention to transfer the airport to Egypt for permanent use.

Meroe has been used for many years by Hametti forces to transport gold and weapons, and is an important part of the economic base of the RBU.

The army command said that the RBU tried to seize the building of the General Staff of the Sudanese Armed Forces and the presidential palace. In response, the army launched airstrikes on the RBU headquarters in Khartoum.

It is also known that the Rapid Response Forces took full control of the Meroe airfield in the Northern Province of the country, where the Sudanese authorities deployed Egyptian aircraft.

Photos of captured Egyptian commandos from the El-Sa'ka Forces detachment and information about three captured MiG-29s have already appeared on social networks.

Sudan's Armed Forces storm the airport building in an attempt to free the Egyptians and defeat the RBU forces.

Fierce fighting unfolded outside the offices of Sudan's television and radio communications companies. Both sides claim control of the facilities.

The armed forces blocked all approaches to the buildings, and the army elite ordered to restrict state television broadcasting and the Internet in the country.

Residents report that instead of the usual programs, recordings of folk songs are broadcast on TV.

2022

Hundreds killed in protests and clashes between pastoralists and farmers

The ongoing protests against the military regime are being brutally suppressed. Law enforcement forces use firearms. It is known about the death of at least 118 participants.

Simultaneously with the number of victims of demonstrations, the number of victims of tribal violence in the border areas is growing, primarily in the Blue Nile and West Kordofan areas.

[1]About 250 people were killed in October 2022 in the southern state of Blue Nile due to clashes between cattle breeders and farmers, according to the UN.

Aggravation at Chad-Sudan border

On the afternoon of August 7, 2022, the Chadian authorities ordered to close the border with Sudan, and in Khartoum decided to pull troops into the state of West Darfur. The reason for the aggravation was the death of 18 Sudanese and 9 Chadians in intercommunal clashes for livestock.

In Khartoum, shepherds of a neighboring state were accused of stealing 300 heads of Sudanese camels and demanded proceedings. Battles ensued, which lasted several days.

Intercommunal conflicts in the region are by no means uncommon and have regularly erupted since the 1960s, when the authorities of the two countries began to cultivate rebel movements in each other's territories, which were at odds on ethnic, religious and economic grounds.

The groups rely on the contradictions between the peoples of Darfur: on the one hand there are Negroid peoples of the Furs and Masalites, on the other - Arab-speaking tribes.

The head of the Sovereign Council of Sudan, Muhammad Hamdan Daglo, had to urgently travel to Darfur to attend the funeral of the dead shepherds and calm the disgruntled tribes who are eager to pursue the killers in the Chadian territory. He vowed to end border conflicts and called on the Chadian authorities to return the loot.

And while further escalation has so far been avoided, the events are a clear confirmation that the Darfur region remains East Africa's powder keg. The recent clashes are another demonstration of the two countries' most sensitive security spots.

Prime Minister Abdullah Hamdok resigns due to the economic crisis. Islamists increase influence in military administration

The economic crisis and split in civil society forced Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok to resign in January 2022.

Since then, the junta has unsuccessfully tried to form a new government acceptable to all parties.

Since the 2021 coup, by October 2022, part of the influence in the administration of the commander of the armed forces of Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, has been returned to the Islamists - supporters of Omar al-Bashir, many of whom were released from prisons.

Islamists secretly support the junta and oppose any negotiations with the opposition, which in turn categorically does not accept negotiations with either Islamists or the military participating in harsh dispersal of demonstrators.

Against this background, Burhan is trying to present himself as an uncontested leader who can maintain a fragile compromise.

The situation has stalled due to the lack of any economic measures that could stop the rapid rise in prices for essential goods.

2021

Military arrests Prime Minister Abdullah Hamdok and dissolves government, but restores him to office under pressure

On October 25, 2021, under the pretext of protecting stability in the country, the Sudanese army arrested a civilian government represented by Prime Minister Abdullah Hamdok and several officials in his cabinet.

The commander of the Armed Forces of Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who at that time served as chairman of the Sovereign Council, a few weeks before the end of his powers, announces the dissolution of the government, and also suspends the constitutional transitional charter.

The October 25 coup, which came 2.5 years after President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown, was condemned by many foreign sponsors and international financial institutions.

Under pressure from demonstrations and the world community, Hamdok was reinstated as prime minister in November 2021.

2019

Sudan reduces military contingent in Yemen to 5,000

In December 2019, Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok announced a reduction in the number of troops in Yemen from 15 to 5 thousand. The new government in Khartoum believes the conflict cannot be resolved militarily.

In 2015, Sudanese troops became part of a Saudi-led coalition that invaded Yemen and fought the Houthis, who control the capital, Sanaa.

An explosion at a ceramic factory claimed the lives of 23 people

The number of people killed in a fire in Sudan's capital Khartoum in December 2019 rose to 23, with more than 130 people injured.

This is stated in a statement by the government. It is noted that the fire occurred after the explosion of a gas tanker. Due to improper storage of flammable materials, a fire spread at the ceramic plant.

5 people died of cholera

From late August to mid-September 2019, five people died of cholera in Blue Nile Province (Sudan).

The Ministry of Health reported 67 cases of the disease, 18 patients are still being treated in isolation wards.

62 people died in floods

This was announced in August 2019 by the Acting Deputy Minister of Health Suliman Abdel-Gabar.

17 of the 18 provinces of Sudan suffered from showers, almost 35 thousand houses were flooded, about two-thirds of which completely collapsed.

In addition, more than 3,600 cattle died as a result of the flooding of large areas of agricultural land.

Water flows erode roads and structures, especially on the southern outskirts of Khartoum, where the White and Blue Nile rivers merge.

16 killed in tribal conflict in Port Sudan

In August 2019, the Sovereign Council of Sudan declared a state of emergency in the city of Port Sudan.

Police said clashes between two tribes in the eastern city of Port Sudan killed at least 16 people. Armed clashes between the Beni Amer and Nuba tribes have been in the past, but resumed last Wednesday and continued on Saturday.

The special services were put on high alert in order to ensure the safety of the population, and an investigation commission was also formed.

Trial of ousted President Omar al-Bashir

Al-Bashir has been accused of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. However, in the end, the ex-president appeared in court on charges of illegal receipt and possession of foreign funds.

At a trial in August 2019, he admitted that he received $90 million in cash from the Saudi royal family. The investigator also told the court that almost €7 million was found at al-Bashir's residence, as well as small amounts in US dollars and Sudanese pounds. The accused said that this money was part of the $25 million amount sent to him by Prince Mohammed bin Salman for personal use.

The ex-president also admitted that he received two payments in the amount of $35 million and $30 million from the King of Saudi Arabia Abdullah, who died in 2015. This money has allegedly already been spent, but for what specifically, al-Bashir never remembered.

Coup attempt fell through

In June 2019, the interim military council was opposed by pro-government officers of the former ruling party and the Sharia form of government. This is reported by local sources.

68 people were arrested, they will be tried for treason.

2018: Military al-Burhan and Hamedti oust President Omar al-Bashir after 30 years in office

On December 19, 2018, due to the ongoing severe economic crisis of more than 10 years, the inability to suppress separatists in the west of the country and the loss of oil-rich South Sudan amid the so-called "Second Arab Spring," which, like the first, was organized at the suggestion of Western countries, mass protests broke out in Sudan. In their wake, the country's armed forces, led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the rapid reaction forces, led by Hamedti, united and overthrew Omar al-Bashir in a military coup after nearly 30 years of rule.

Soon after, the newly formed junta was able to agree with the rebels of Darfur to curtail the war and join them in the process of forming a new government.

2015: 40,000 Sudanese military fighting on Saudi side in Yemen

Sudan in 2015 openly sided with Saudi Arabia in Yemen. The Sudanese ground military contingent for hostilities against the Houthis drew mainly from the Rapid Reaction Forces (a military structure parallel to government troops in Sudan). At the peak of its participation, up to 40,000 Sudanese participated in the Saudi coalition's war against the Yemeni Houthis. Sudan withdrew the vast majority of its forces from Yemen by late 2019 - early 2020

2013: Emergence of the Rapid Response Force led by Hamedti

Amid rebel victories in South Sudan and ongoing inter-ethnic violence in Darfur, an uprising by the Negroid tribes of the Furs, Zagawa and Masalites united in the Sudan Liberation Movement broke out.

The largest separatist groups were the Mini Minawi faction, the Abdul Wahid al-Noor faction, as well as the Abdul Aziz al-Hilu faction, which broke away from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement in southern Kordofan. They were opposed by local Janjavids from the Rizeigat tribe.

The Janjaweed is called the Arab militia, which for many years has been at odds with Negroid tribes over pastoral territories. Against the backdrop of the outbreak of a new conflict already in the west of the country, President Omar al-Bashir supported the Arab militia in the fight against separatist Negroid groups.

With the support of the authorities, the Janjaweed strengthened their influence in the region, and the Rapid Response Force emerged from among them in 2013. It was then that one of the notable militia commanders Muhammad Hamdan Daglo "Hamedti" became the general of the SBR.

At the same time, al-Bashir envisioned rapid response forces not only as a means against "problems" in the west of the country, but also as a counterweight to the influence of the army to prevent a military coup, during one of which he himself came to power back in 1993.

2011: South Sudan separates from most oil fields

South Sudan in 2011 separated from the North, taking almost all of the country's oil fields, thereby undermining the economy of former compatriots. 

1979: Jafar Nimeiri reignites Islamization policy

After about a decade of calm, Jafar Nimeiri, who seized power in a 1969 military coup, resumed his Islamization policy. The criminal legislation of the country introduced such types of punishments as stoning, public flogging and cutting off hands, provided for by Islamic law, after which the armed conflict was resumed by the People's Army for the Liberation of Sudan.

1967: How Mossad secured South Sudan's autonomy to contain Egypt

After learning on the radio about the victorious Six-Day War for Israel, the emboldened head of the rebels, Joseph Lagu, wrote an ingenious and touching letter to Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol. Since we both do not love Sudan and Arabs, then let's not love them together? Instead of the prime minister, the letter was received by the Mossad agent David Ben-Uziel.

Meanwhile, the Lagu uprising grew, and Sudanese tanks and planes trampled on South Sudanese fields and huts, bombed and burned rebellious villages with napalm. But Ben-Uziel's arrival at Owini-Kibul in the company of two other Israeli intelligence agents changed literally everything. The worn junk changed uniforms, bows and arrows were supplemented by machine guns, machine guns, grenade launchers, bombs, mines, mortars and radios. It was difficult for the hardy Israeli to keep up with the fast-footed cattle breeders, but he brilliantly coped with the task. And his pupils idolized the agent: for the first time in more than three thousand years, someone saw in them equal people, and not human cattle.

So South Sudan became the front of the "peripheral doctrine" of Israel. Within a couple of years, "Tarzan," or "Mr. John," as the rebels nicknamed him, had trained an 18,000-strong disciplined army. Soberly realizing that they still could not cope with the modern Sudanese army, the Mossadovtsy distributed pencils and paper to local children and began to print an English-language newspaper with propaganda and children's drawings, making it as authentic as possible. The drawings upset Kenya and Ethiopia, who held a tooth on Sudan. Cairo, on the other hand, openly panicked: three tortured Mossadites seemed ready to block the entire Nile and starve Egypt. And although the Israelis already left the south of Sudan in 1971, the growing South Sudanese war brought Israel a long-awaited reconciliation with frightened Egypt, the leaders of these countries - the Nobel Peace Prizes, and Sudan - the division and loss of most of the oil fields.

1964

1963: Joseph Lagu's rebellion in southern Sudan against Sudanese Arabs

An ancient muzzle-loading gun that fired every other time risked bursting a centimeter from the eye. No better was the old faulty 404-caliber hunting carbine, from which elephants and rhinos were once felled. The set was completed by a rifle of the XIX century. Peabody-Martini family and a rusty machete. Such was the arsenal with which Joseph Lagu, 32, launched a historic uprising against Sudanese Arabs in 1963. A handful of conspirators called themselves Anya-Nya - by the name of the legendary snake poison of the Madi people.

The first action came out in a coma: a shell exploded on a concrete bridge left only shallow potholes, and the punitive Sudanese raid, which demolished the first fragile camp of freedom fighters, turned out to be a frightened herd of buffaloes.

Winds from Moscow and Washington have yet to reach southern Sudan, but have already been felt in the humid jungle of neighboring Congo. Then Moscow supported the communist partisans of the Simba movement, sending them help from Khartoum. Cargo planes were being removed in the Sudanese capital and landed in Juba, from where convoys carried weapons and ammunition directly to the border. The CIA kept the ears on top of the head and noticed the ragged from the Laga detachment, asking them for a favor. Those had to report the movement of convoys, and in return received a share of looted weapons. This is how Lagoux first felt on the Cold War front.

1956: Creation of a united state of Sudan with the capital in Khartoum and the dominance of politicians from the North

In 1956, the creation of a single Sudanese state with the capital in Khartoum was proclaimed, and the rule of the country was entrenched in the dominance of politicians from the North who tried to carry out Arabization and Islamization of the South.

1954: Establishment of Parliament

In February 1953, Britain and Egypt entered into an agreement on Sudanese self-government and self-determination. At the same time, the north and center of Sudan, inhabited by Arabs, and the Christian south of the country were combined into a single administrative unit as part of the English strategy in the Middle East. The transition period to independence began with the opening of parliament in 1954.

1922: The British limit the influence of Islam in South Sudan and impose visas on the movement of citizens between the north and south of Sudan

During the period of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1898-1955), Britain tried to limit Islamic and Arab influence on South Sudan by introducing separate administration of the North and South of Sudan, respectively, and in 1922 even issuing the Act on the introduction of visas for the Sudanese population for movement between the two regions. At the same time, the Christianization of South Sudan was carried out.

1914

1882: Britain occupies Egypt and joins the lands of southern Sudan

In 1882, in order to establish complete control over the Suez Canal, Britain directed the Egyptian uprising and attack on its possessions in Africa. As a result, the entire territory of Egypt was occupied by British troops.

Under the leadership of Britain, Egypt began an active expansion to the south, capturing the entire modern territory of Sudan and South Sudan, which were then united under the British Protectorate.

In the administration of Sudan, the metropolis relied on immigrants from Arab tribes in the northeast, including because of their proximity to the Egyptians. They mainly formed the military elite. This trend continued after independence.

1819: Ottomans annex northern Sudan to Egypt

The situation changed with the advent of the Ottoman Empire - in the 1820s, the Ottomans captured northern Sudan and included it in the Egyptian province.

XVIII century: The absence of a single state and the enmity of ethnic groups

Until the 19th century, there was no single state entity in the modern territory of Sudan. Arab confederations lived in the northeast, which are close in culture and customs to Egyptian "relatives." In the southwest in the Darfur region and in the east of the modern Children , Arab tribes of Rizeigat pastoralists dominated. Also in the south and west of the country lived Negroid tribes, which have been at enmity with their neighbors throughout history.

200 g BC.

335 BC: The beginning of Pharaoh Nasten's reign

In July 2019, it became known that underwater archaeologist Pierce Paul Chrisman, along with his group, plunged into the flooded tomb of the pharaoh in northern Sudan for the first time in 100 years.

Over a century, the water level in the tomb has become much higher, this has made access difficult.

Researchers descended down a 65-step staircase leading to the tomb. Archaeologists used a hose to get into the tomb, which pumped oxygen from the surface.

Scientists told - ordinary scuba gear was too heavy and large. Specialists were able to get to the level of about the 40th stage, where there was groundwater. For further research, other devices are needed.

Ceramic figures and gold leaf were found in the structure. According to Chrisman, these donations were intended for the minor pharaoh Nasten, who ruled the kingdom of Kush from 335 to 315 BC. e.

Gold was in the tomb as elevated water levels made the site inaccessible to black archaeologists and other people.

Scientist Christine Romey reported that the rooms are three beautiful cameras with arched ceilings, the size of a small bus. First you visit one camera, and then another, which is completely black, if you do not turn on the flash.

The tomb is part of the ancient Nuri burial complex, covering an area of more than 68 hectares in northern Sudan.

Previously, Cushite tsarist persons were buried in such pyramids, it happens that they are called "black pharaohs."

Scientists emphasize that Sudan has more pyramids than Egypt. True, there is a main difference - the Cushitic kings were buried under them, and not inside.

Egyptologists claim that there is a secret door in the Great Sphinx pyramid. In their opinion, the split, which was considered damage due to time, is a passage into the "maze of answers." The latter is hidden underground, and there, according to local legend, are all answers for posterity.

VIII in BC: Kush conquers Egypt

The existence of the state of Kush lasted hundreds of years and in the 8th century B.C.E. conquered Egypt, which was ruled for almost a century.

Culture

• Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq is an artist.

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Fauna

Dwarf falcon

The African pygmy falcon is Africa's smallest bird of prey.

In length it reaches only 19-24 cm and feeds on rodents. It is found in East African countries, in particular Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan.