Main article: Africa
Geography
Population
Main article: Population of South Sudan
Cities
Juba is the capital. For 2022, the city is known as a place of poverty, unsanitary conditions, one of the highest incidence rates malaria in. To Africa
Low level of urbanization
Regions
Abyei: Misseriya and Ngok Dinka Conflict and Oil Fields
1900: Nomadic Arabs of the Misseria tribe arrive in the region
The Abyei region was inhabited by a tribe of Ngok Dinka farmers from ancient times. To the south, the Tweek Dinka tribe lived. In the early 1900s, as a result of the British conquest of Egypt and Sudan, nomadic Arabs from the Misseriya tribe moved to the region.
1905: British occupation authorities hand Abyei over to Kordofan province
The conflict between Ngok Dinka and Misseriya began in 1905, when the British transferred the region from Bahr al-Ghazal province in southern Sudan to the Kordofan province in the north. Over the years, the two communities have fought for pastures claimed. The Sudanese Misseriya tribe was engaged in cattle walking in the Abyei region, and in dry seasons they drew water from the Kiir River, but the South Sudanese Ngok Dinka tribe objected to this, arguing that Misseriya are not permanent residents of the region and, accordingly, do not have the right to use the benefits of this territory.
During the time of united Sudan, the Diffra oil storage facility in the north of the state, together with Heglik and Bambu, accounted for 25% of all oil produced in the country. And the full hydrocarbon potential of Abyei State has yet to be investigated by 2024.
2009: Heglig and Bamboo oil fields taken over by Sudan
The Heglig and Bamboo deposits were transferred to Sudan in 2009, despite the fact that in 2005, according to a peace agreement, the deposits were awarded to South Sudan.
Under the 2005 Abyei Protocol, commonly known as the Machakos Protocol, residents of Abyei were declared on a temporary basis to be both citizens of Sudan's West Kordofan State and South Sudan's North Bahr el Ghazal State until Abyei's permanent status is determined. It was assumed that a referendum would be held in the region to determine the status of the region back in 2011, but it never came to this.
2011: South Sudan gains independence. UN introduces security forces in Abyei
The situation began to deteriorate in 2011 after South Sudan declared independence from Sudan. In 2011, when a referendum failed to be held in Abyei, the United Nations established the Abyei Interim Security Force (UNISFA) to prevent violence and escalate tensions.
In 2012, a war broke out between the states, as a result of which Abyei remained a disputed territory under the control of two parties and UN peacekeepers. At the same time, relations were heated between the tribes. A conflict arose between the Misseriya Arabs and the Ngok Dinka Christians: the former advocated for the government of Sudan, and the latter for joining South Sudan. The Arabs were also haunted by the fact that it was the Christian tribe that controlled the known oil deposits.
2013: Governments refuse to recognise Ngok Dinka referendum on Abyei joining South Sudan
Frustrated by the delay in settling Abyei's status, the Ngok Dinka tribe unilaterally decided in 2013 to hold their own referendum in which 90% of Abyei residents voted to join South Sudan. However, the African Union, Juba and Khartoum refused to acknowledge the results as it was done outside the 2005 peace agreement.
2022: Renewed conflict
A full-scale conflict happened in 2022. Taking advantage of the problem with the worsening dry seasons, Misseriya nomads and tweak Dinka landowners, as part of a "situational alliance," began raiding the arable and oil-rich lands of the Ngok Dinka.
Local authorities, along with UN peacekeepers, tried to stop the ethnic conflict and return the status quo, which is why they were actually drawn into a local war on the side of the Ngok Dink.
Under pressure from the army and UNISFA, the parties concluded a truce in 2023. However, due to the continued periodic raids of the tribes on each other, the situation remained unstable.
At the end of 2023, as the internal conflict in Sudan intensified, and local authorities and the UN were fully occupied with the situation in southern Kordofan and Sudanese refugees, the war between local militants escalated again.
In early January 2024, the commander of the 3rd division of the Armed Forces of South Sudan, General Guy Machek, who is ethnically close to this tribe, joined the tweak-dinka militia.
Although Machek denies the allegations, Abyei authorities said some of the tweak dink youth loyal to him are involved in the fighting. Thus, a full-fledged local civil war flares up in the region.
For the period from January to February 2024, the death toll in the conflict is approaching a hundred people, including several fighters of the UN mission (UNISFA). And the number of wounded exceeded a hundred.
Britain, USA Norway and called on the South Sudanese government to prosecute those behind the attacks.
President of South Sudan Salva Kiir is in a precarious position at this time, especially due to the upcoming elections in December 2024. On the one hand, Kiir comes from a related tweak Dink tribe. On the other hand, the militants are fighting not only against the indigenous people of the disputed state, but also against the army and UN peacekeepers.
Foreign policy
2023: Refusal to condemn Russia in Ukraine conflict
Britain's military centres
2023
Apart from various PMCs controlled by British companies, military personnel Britain in May 2023 are located in 40 states. Africa The Government of the United Kingdom justifies its presence by training African personnel, peacekeeping missions (Libya in and South Sudan), as well as the fight against terrorism, which became especially relevant after the massive spread of IS activities since 2011 and throughout the Al-Qaeda continent.
Special attention in Britain is paid to increasing the mobility of the armed forces. As it became known in December 2022, for these purposes, London plans to create or expand regional hubs in Kenya, Oman and Germany, which will allow concentrating stocks of logistics.
Economy
GDP
2022: $13.6 billion or $934 per person
South Sudan's GDP in 2022 was estimated at $13.6 billion or $934 per person.
2018: $307 per person
Minerals
Oil production
2023: Production of 170 thousand barrels per day, of which the state receives income from only 45 thousand barrels
South Sudan's economic outlook in 2023 is directly related to oil production and exports. It accounts for 90% of government revenue.
South Sudan at this time produces up to 170,000 barrels/day of oil. But the country receives income from only 45,000 barrels per day of oil after accounting for the share due to international companies and the fees paid to Sudan under the terms of the 2005 peace agreement.
The government's approach to accounting for oil sales is opaque and protects significant revenues from supervision, creating conditions for corruption and ineffective management of public funds: part of the oil revenues is pumped out by local elites, part of the funds is used to finance the purchase of weapons, etc., which increases instability in the country.
The authorities had planned for South Sudan's state-owned Nile Petroleum Corp. to take over overseas oil operations after the contracts expired, but difficulties arise.
South Sudan needs more investment before it can regain its oil development licenses from private operators, which expire in 2027, according to the national planning authority.
The state-owned Nile Petroleum Corp. is still a small company and needs funding to reach the potential of companies like China National Petroleum Corp (CNPC). and Petroliam Nasional Bhd., who were scheduled to have their licenses revoked as the corporation expanded.
It is very important for the country to build an alternative export oil pipeline.
2021: Production of 153 thousand barrels per day
2013: Failed attempt to build oil pipeline bypassing Sudan on Kenya coast
In 2013, Southern Sudan agreed construction on an oil pipeline bypassing Sudan. It was assumed that in addition to South Sudan, and will participate in this project Uganda. Kenya They Rwanda planned to build an oil pipeline from South Sudan to the island Kenyan city of Lamu, from where raw materials will flow to direct consumers. The joint project also called for the construction of another oil pipeline from Rwanda to the Kenyan port city of Mombasa.
But it was not possible to implement the project. On December 20, 2013, militants attacked a UN base where foreign oil workers were sheltering.
President S. Kiir, the Dinka people, accused his former vice president R. Machar, the Nuer people, of preparing a coup.
2012: Waiting for investment from Russia
Already in 2012, former enemies Sudan and South Sudan decided to agree on the export of South Sudanese oil, but the agreement turned out to be unstable.
South Sudan began its torment when there is oil, and it is impossible to get money for it. And Sudan, accustomed to oil and gas budget revenues, was falling into the abyss of poverty.
In an interview with Neftegaz.RU in 2012, the Minister of Investment of South Sudan M. Ismail cheerfully announced the expectation of investments from Russia.
2011: Division of the country leads to a halt in oil exports
In 2011, oil was produced in southern Sudan - about 350 thousand barrels per day, and this is almost 3/4 of Sudan's reserves, and the export trunk gas pipeline (IHL) passed through all of Sudan north to the Red Sea coast.
The Sudanese authorities controlled the country's petrogas, and the citizens of the south also wanted to bite off their piece of oil pie. It was not possible to agree within the framework of one country.
After the collapse of Sudan in two, both halves were surprised to learn that the secession of South Sudan brought nothing new, since the oil produced there had nowhere to export.
How much should South Sudan pay Sudan to transport oil? It was not possible to immediately resolve the issue. Moreover, the Sudanese authorities demanded another $3 billion USA to cover the budget deficit associated with the secession of South Sudan. The Sudanese authorities simply blocked the valve of the oil pipeline.
Power
2022:7% of households have access to electricity
According to the UN, as of 2022, South Sudan is an anti-leader of electrification in Africa: only 7% of households have access to electricity here.
2020: Ultra-low energy consumption per capita
and
2018:1% of households have access to electricity
South Sudan IT Market
2022: No start-up industry
Consumption
2023: Beef is the most consumed type of meat
2018: Minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages
Education
Percentage of people who can read
Health care
Maternity leave
in
2020: Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave less than a month
Crime
Prisons
2019: The minimum age for children to be jailed is 14
2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens
History
2023: Pope's visit
To South Sudan, where Christianity is marginally rooted and largely supported by the efforts of foreign missionaries, the pope flew in February 2023, accompanied by the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby and moderator of the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland Ian Greenshields.
Such an ecumenical "pilgrimage of peace" is quite natural for both the pontiff, known for his commitment to interfaith dialogue, and the host. The three churches work closely together to achieve intercommunal and political peace in South Sudan.
The Pope has already tried to reconcile two warring South Sudanese leaders. In 2019, he invited them to a spiritual meeting at the Vatican, after which he knelt down and kissed their shoes. It is difficult to say, Kommersant wrote, what was the contribution of the pontiff personally to the weakening of the feud between the two leaders, but in 2020 a single government was formed in South Sudan. However, the conflict between Salva Kiir and Riek Machar is still not completely exhausted.
This time, Pope Francis again addressed the two politicians with a call to end the enmity and achieve justice in the distribution of national wealth. He also urged them to think about what kind of memory they want to leave behind future generations of citizens. After meeting with the pontiff, the hardened Salva Kiir announced the pardon of 71 prisoners, but it is unclear how Francis's words will affect his relationship with his rival.
2022: Two-year extension of the transitional government's term
Martin Elia Lomuro, Minister for Government Affairs, speaking in the presence of President Salva Kiir and Vice President Rijek Machar (both pictured), who formed the unity government more than two years ago, said the decision was made "to address issues impeding the implementation of the 2018 peace agreement."
The so-called "Troika" on South Sudan, as part of the United States, Britain and Norway, opposed such a move, pointing out that the government did not consult with all parties involved in the 2018 agreement before announcing the extension.
The world's youngest recognized state was due to end the transition period with elections in February 2023, but the government has so far failed to implement key provisions of the agreement, including drafting a constitution.
2019
As a result of severe flooding, more than 900 thousand people were injured
According to the UN, from July to October 2019, floods in South Sudan devastated large areas of the country, flooded entire communities, hundreds of thousands of people fled their homes.
About 908,000 people were affected, including refugees and their host communities.
Prohibition on the performance of the anthem without the participation of the president
In July 2019, South Sudanese President Salva Kiir banned singing the anthem without him.
Ministers, their deputies and governors are abusing the anthem, and it turned out to be for the president only.
Well, there are still exceptions: you can play the anthem to the embassies of South Sudan, which represent the president, and schools where children are taught the anthem.
2018: Civil war results: 380,000 dead, 2.3 million left for other countries
Confomkt between supporters of President Salva Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar claimed the lives of 380 thousand people. The clashes continued after reaching a 2018 peace agreement. Of the 11.6 million population, 2.2 million were forced to leave their homes, another 2.3 million fled to other countries.
2016: 200,000 people in internally displaced persons camps
The UN mission in the Republic of South Sudan (UNMISS, UNMISS) in 2016 consisted of the so-called "green" and "red" states. In the red states there is Protection of Civilian Sites (PoC Sites), in Russian it sounds like "camps of internally displaced persons" (people living there are not refugees, they did not leave their country, therefore internally displaced). In 2016, there were 5 such places on the territory of the US, the total number of people living there according to statistics is 200 thousand people, of which 120 thousand in Bentiu.
The camp outside is blocked by ditches, barbed wire, towers stand on it with a certain frequency, the military are serving on the towers (half of the towers are Mongols, the second half are Ghanians). Inside, part of the camp is allocated for the residence of all UN personnel and all related volunteer organizations like Doctors Without Borders, WFP and many others.
The second part, bLarge, separated again by moats, towers and a buffer zone - the places of residence of internally displaced persons, that is, citizens of South Sudan. Their places of residence are divided into sectors (only 5 + buffer zone), sectors are divided into blocks (equal to quarters), each quarter consists of 10-12 lines, where shelters made of brushwood and straw stand in a row.
The newly arrived officer usually starts with patrolling, in the case of Bentiu - patrolling one of the sectors and the buffer zone (a total of 6 patrols). Patrolling is carried out by two police officers of usually different skin colors, plus each patrol had the so-called. force support in the form of Formed Police Units (FPU) - a kind of riot police, in Bentiu they were Ghanians who, being armed (police officers - no), must cover them.
2011: South Sudan separates from most of the oil fields. The beginning of the civil war
South Sudan in 2011 separated from the North, taking almost all of the country's oil fields, thereby undermining the economy of former compatriots.
South Sudanese groups, who sought with weapons in the hands of first autonomy, and then independence, were at scratch by 2011. All the same picturesque and not disfigured by civilization landscapes. The country gained freedom without a single decent infrastructure facility, except for oil pipelines, tanks and barbed wire-lined labor villages.
In the youngest country in the world, everything has gone wrong with the name - in every sense unsuccessful. Poetic, ancient names - the Nile Republic, Kush, Jumava and Azania - were rejected in favor of the most expressionless.
Having not divided the border with Arab Sudan according to old British maps, South Sudanese leaders blocked oil to their northern neighbor. But for decades, the liberators who lived by robbing the population and each other, who became the regular army and police, quickly realized that they could no longer rob them, and they did not know any other crafts except war. Therefore, feeling emptiness in their pockets, the new nation's military-political elites and associated militias split into supporters of President Salva Kiir and Vice President Riek Machar and drowned headlong in a bitter war over resources, foreign currency, fuel subsidies and land.
In a country with a primitive economy, 98% dependent on oil, the fiercest battles unfolded over the oil fields in the Upper Nile, and greedy foreign predators happily flew into the conflict. The government supported Chinese, Malay, South African and Ugandan businesses, the rebels - private businessmen and arms barons.
Of course, the parties fought before - in accordance with the rituals and rules of noble war. This time it was different. The confrontation between the two politicians, multiplied by petrodollars and easy access to weapons, degenerated into an uncontrolled massacre bordering on genocide, where the original ideals, if they were, quickly gave way to revenge for loved ones, animal hatred of a foreigner, cannibalism and infanticide.
But in a war without a front, rear and strategy, where many soldiers have barely outgrown their rifles, it is impossible to win. And there is nothing to destroy. The catch of the peace process was only the number of states on which the size of the estates of field commanders depended. Following the ancient maxim divide et impera, at the height of the massacre, President Kiir unexpectedly tripled the number of states from 10 to 28, and then to 32. It was an act of diabolical social engineering, in the bud destroying fragile public infrastructure and spraying the opposition even harder.
1993
1979: Jafar Nimeiri reignites Islamization policy
After about a decade of calm, Jafar Nimeiri, who seized power in a 1969 military coup, resumed his Islamization policy. The criminal legislation of the country introduced such types of punishments as stoning, public flogging and cutting off hands, provided for by Islamic law, after which the armed conflict was resumed by the People's Army for the Liberation of Sudan.
1967: How Mossad secured South Sudan's autonomy to contain Egypt
After learning on the radio about the victorious Six-Day War for Israel, the emboldened head of the rebels, Joseph Lagu, wrote an ingenious and touching letter to Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol. Since we both do not love Sudan and Arabs, then let's not love them together? Instead of the prime minister, the letter was received by the Mossad agent David Ben-Uziel.
Meanwhile, the Lagu uprising grew, and Sudanese tanks and planes trampled on South Sudanese fields and huts, bombed and burned rebellious villages with napalm. But Ben-Uziel's arrival at Owini-Kibul in the company of two other Israeli intelligence agents changed literally everything. The worn junk changed uniforms, bows and arrows were supplemented by machine guns, machine guns, grenade launchers, bombs, mines, mortars and radios. It was difficult for the hardy Israeli to keep up with the fast-footed cattle breeders, but he brilliantly coped with the task. And his pupils idolized the agent: for the first time in more than three thousand years, someone saw in them equal people, and not human cattle.
So South Sudan became the front of the "peripheral doctrine" of Israel. Within a couple of years, "Tarzan," or "Mr. John," as the rebels nicknamed him, had trained an 18,000-strong disciplined army. Soberly realizing that they still could not cope with the modern Sudanese army, the Mossadovtsy distributed pencils and paper to local children and began to print an English-language newspaper with propaganda and children's drawings, making it as authentic as possible. The drawings upset Kenya and Ethiopia, who held a tooth on Sudan. Cairo, on the other hand, openly panicked: three tortured Mossadites seemed ready to block the entire Nile and starve Egypt. And although the Israelis already left the south of Sudan in 1971, the growing South Sudanese war brought Israel a long-awaited reconciliation with frightened Egypt, the leaders of these countries - the Nobel Peace Prizes, and Sudan - the division and loss of most of the oil fields.
1963: Joseph Lagu's rebellion in southern Sudan against Sudanese Arabs
An ancient muzzle-loading gun that fired every other time risked bursting a centimeter from the eye. No better was the old faulty 404-caliber hunting carbine, from which elephants and rhinos were once felled. The set was completed by a rifle of the XIX century. Peabody-Martini family and a rusty machete. Such was the arsenal with which Joseph Lagu, 32, launched a historic uprising against Sudanese Arabs in 1963. A handful of conspirators called themselves Anya-Nya - by the name of the legendary snake poison of the Madi people.
The first action came out in a coma: a shell exploded on a concrete bridge left only shallow potholes, and the punitive Sudanese raid, which demolished the first fragile camp of freedom fighters, turned out to be a frightened herd of buffaloes.
Winds from Moscow and Washington have yet to reach southern Sudan, but have already been felt in the humid jungle of neighboring Congo. Then Moscow supported the communist partisans of the Simba movement, sending them help from Khartoum. Cargo planes were being removed in the Sudanese capital and landed in Juba, from where convoys carried weapons and ammunition directly to the border. The CIA kept the ears on top of the head and noticed the ragged from the Laga detachment, asking them for a favor. Those had to report the movement of convoys, and in return received a share of looted weapons. This is how Lagoux first felt on the Cold War front.
1956: Creation of a united state of Sudan with the capital in Khartoum and the dominance of politicians from the North
In 1956, the creation of a single Sudanese state with the capital in Khartoum was proclaimed, and the rule of the country was entrenched in the dominance of politicians from the North who tried to carry out Arabization and Islamization of the South.
1930: Brutal suppression of Nuer resistance by British troops
In 1920, large-scale military operations with bombing and shelling of camps with machine guns were carried out by the British against the eastern Jikans (hereinafter the tribes of the Nuer people), many killed, many property were destroyed. In the future, patrols were sent again from time to time, but it was not possible to subjugate the Nuers. In 1927, members of the Nuong tribe killed the district commissioner, the Lou openly did not obey the British occupation, and the Gaavar attacked a police post in Duk Faiyul. From 1928 to 1930, long operations were carried out against the entire edge of the Nuers, as a result of which all their lands were more closely controlled by [1].
1922: The British limit the influence of Islam in South Sudan and impose visas on the movement of citizens between the north and south of Sudan
During the period of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1898-1955), Britain tried to limit Islamic and Arab influence on South Sudan by introducing separate administration of the North and South of Sudan, respectively, and in 1922 even issuing the Act on the introduction of visas for the Sudanese population for movement between the two regions. At the same time, the Christianization of South Sudan was carried out.
1914
1906: Death of the Prophet Ngundeng
Ngundeng Bong (c. 1830-1906), (also Wundeng) was the most important prophet of the Nuers in nineteenth-century Sudan. Operating on the expanding eastern border of Nuer society, which absorbed many Dinka and Anuaks into newly founded Nuer communities, Ngundeng drew more than any other modern spiritual leader on the religious imagery and ideas of many peoples and created a new prophetic idiom. He claimed to have been captured and spoke in the voice of Dan, a Dinka deity widely known among other Nilotic peoples; he combined the symbolism of Dinka spear masters with that of Nuer priests in leopard skins in his own rites; and by building a large shrine mound on the territory of the lou nuer, among whom he lived, he created a permanent hearth of spiritual activity for the nuers and their neighbors.
Ngundeng laid out a social philosophy that promoted the inclusion of other peoples in Nuer society and opposed both inter-Nuer enmity and external raids. In the early 2010s, he is remembered for these achievements, and many of his songs and statements are interpreted in a new way, in relation to the entire South Sudan.
1882: Britain occupies Egypt and joins the lands of southern Sudan
In 1882, in order to establish complete control over the Suez Canal, Britain directed the Egyptian uprising and attack on its possessions in Africa. As a result, the entire territory of Egypt was occupied by British troops.
Under the leadership of Britain, Egypt began an active expansion to the south, capturing the entire modern territory of Sudan and South Sudan, which were then united under the British Protectorate.
In the administration of Sudan, the metropolis relied on immigrants from Arab tribes in the northeast, including because of their proximity to the Egyptians. They mainly formed the military elite. This trend continued after independence.
1880
1826: Arabs begin the slave trade
South Sudan has never been a colony. Rather, a human reservation, where Arab slave traders regularly visited for live goods since 1826.
350 BCE: Kush
Calendar
Sport
2022: The most popular sport is football
in
Fauna
Whalers
The whaler or royal heron is a large bird from the order of stork, which lives in 2019 in the tropical swamps of East Africa, including in South Sudan.
The height of the adult is about 1.2 m, the wingspan reaches 2.3 m. Despite its impressive growth, the kitoglav weighs mainly up to 7 kg.
Dwarf falcon
The African pygmy falcon is Africa's smallest bird of prey.
In length it reaches only 19-24 cm and feeds on rodents. It is found in East African countries, in particular Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan.
Notes
- ↑ the colonialists E. E. Evans-Pritchard "Nuers," Science, 1985, p. 121
| The site content is translated by machine translation software powered by PROMT. The machine-translated articles are not always perfect and may contain errors in vocabulary, syntax or grammar. Read original article If you find inaccuracies or errors in the results of machine translation, please write to editor@tadviser.ru. We will make every effort to correct them as soon as possible. |