Rwanda

Main article: Africa

Geography

Parliament

2023: Proportion of women in Parliament - 61.3%

Economy

GDP $800 per person

Inflation

2022: Inflation in November - 31%

Foreign trade

2023:64% of wheat supplies come from Russia and Ukraine

Power

2024: Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda combine their power grids

The cross-border energy project between Tanzania, Burundi and Rwanda is 100% ready by February 2024. The delivery of the power plant with a capacity of more than 80 megawatts is scheduled for April 2024.

The Rusumo regional hydroelectric project represents a joint investment of nearly $468 million by the three partner countries and supplies a total of 66 million kWh of electricity to the three countries.

Tanzania received 21 million kWh, the same as Rwanda, and Burundi received the highest share of 22 million kWh. An additional 27 MW stabilizes the voltage level in the northwestern part of Tanzania.

"The interconnection and synchronization of power grids between Rwanda and Burundi has already been completed and preparations are ongoing to complete Tanzania's grid synchronization and the creation of a single pool," the Rusumo project manager said.

This connection will provide an opportunity for countries to trade electricity among themselves and even with neighboring countries.

2020: Project to use carbon dioxide and methane from the bottom of Lake Kivu

By 2024, Rwanda intends to fully provide itself with electricity and bring the installed capacity to 512 MW at the expense of a non-trivial resource - Lake Kivu, one of the Great Lakes of the continent. In its depths - 256 cubic meters. km of carbon dioxide and another 65 cubic meters. km of methane. For a small and compact Rwanda, such a neighborhood is extremely dangerous. Even a trifle earthquake can release carbon dioxide and poison all life in the vicinity of the lake. In general, there is nothing to say about the dangers of methane.

But the Rwandan government is not discouraged. It decided not to wait for the disaster and use the lake's reserves to the maximum, fortunately, they will be enough for 400 years in advance. To this end, back in 2011, a project of the London company ContourGlobal called KivuWatt was launched, based on the technology of raising deep waters and collecting emitted carbon dioxide and methane 20 meters from the surface of the lake. In 2020, production is carried out by one platform with a capacity of 27 MW, and the American Symbion is building another ES - Kivu-56. In addition, Rwanda's Gasmeth Energy is working on a project to produce compressed natural gas based on the methane of Lake Kivu.

Prosperous Rwanda, which has a lot of resources thanks to the "hybrid wars" in DR Congo, has many serious problems, especially with rural poverty, the diligently classified opaque veil of the press loyal to the government.

In 2020, with the participation of Rwandan and foreign scientists, work is underway on a new technology to artificially recreate the process of methane formation in the bottom layers of the lake based on the experience of gas production in Lake Kivu, which, in the future, guarantees unlimited methane reserves.

Against this background, many have questions about the fate of the Russian atomic project in Rwanda. The fact is that back in October 2019, at a summit Sochi Russia in and Rwanda, they signed an agreement construction on the Center for Nuclear Science and Technology in the Bugesera Industrial Park, in which the Russian state corporation "" will play a leading role. Rosatom They plan to create a center within five years - just as much as the authorities allocate to the development of the project on Lake Kivu, that is, until 2023-2024.

However, the planned installation is experimental. Rwanda's electricity sector does not have much need for new capacity: power outages - the curse of an incomparably richer South Africa - ceased back in 2015, and nuclear power is not included in Rwanda's energy development strategy.

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2019: Electrification

Transport

2019: Qatar Airways buys Rwanda International Airport

In December 2019, Qatar Airways agreed to acquire a 60% stake in a $1.3 billion international airport under construction in Rwanda, the Rwanda State Development Council said in a statement.

The council said that in five years, upon completion of the first phase of construction in the Bugesera area, about 25 km southeast of Kigali, the airport will be able to accommodate up to 7 million passengers a year. In the second stage, by 2032, it will be possible to double the capacity to 14 million passengers per year.

Cryptocurrencies

Main article: Cryptocurrencies

2023: Banks banned from cryptocurrency transactions

The Rwandan government in February 2023 ordered banks to block operations related to the purchase and sale of cryptocurrencies. The National Bank refers to the unregulated status of crypto assets and the fact that this leaves users "without guarantees." Although, most likely, the regulator is more concerned about the growing interest of Rwandan citizens in the crypt.

Rwanda IT Market

2022: More than 10 start-ups

Alcohol market

Minimum age to purchase alcoholic beverages

Agriculture

2019: Low use of pesticides in agriculture

Consumption

Meat

2023: Fish consumption is higher than meat consumption

Cereals

2019: Low rice consumption: 11.2 kg per person per year

Vegetables

2018: Vegetable consumption - 44 kg per capita

Population

Main article: Population of Africa

Overweight

Migration

2021: Net outflow over 4 years

Mortality

Traffic safety

Education

Percentage of people who can read

Health care

2021: Maternity leave

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2020: Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave from 3 to 5.9 months

Crime

Prisons

2019: Minimum age for children to be jailed

2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens

History

2024: Rwandan President Paul Kagame is up for re-election for a fourth term and has continued to lead the country since 1994

Paul Kagame is Rwanda's eighth president. He has held this post since 2000, but has actually ruled the country since 1994, since the end of the genocide of the Tutsi people, of which he comes from. Having become the head of state in the 2000s, Kagame won at least 93-99% votes in each election.

On July 15, 2024, general elections of the head of state and 80 members of the Chamber of Deputies were held in the country. The electoral process, the media say, was calm, the turnout was colossal, and the organization was excellent. The sites even worked in hospitals, and among the usual ballots were inclusive - in braille.

According to the National Election Commission (NEC), Paul Kagame won 99.15% of the vote, while his opponents Frank Habineza (candidate of Rwanda's Democratic Green Party) won just 0.53% and Philippe Mpaiman (independent candidate) won 0.32%.

2020: Destruction of opposition holed up in DRC territory

Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi, through their "proxy groups," actively plunder natural resources, rob the population and exterminate the military-political opposition that has settled in DR Congo.

Rwanda was especially successful in this. For almost a year now, this small but exceptionally aggressive and strong country, with the permission of Kinshasa and DR Congo President Felix Tshisekedi personally, has been waging a secret "hybrid" war in eastern Congo. Its goal is to defeat the Rwandan opposition groups operating in the country, supported by Burundi and Uganda.

The first violin is played by Hutu extremists from the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) and the breakaway Unite for Unity and Democracy. The backbone of these "democrats" are former participants in the 1994 genocide, who have long grown into Congolese soil, overgrown with allies from local rural militias and recruits from Congolese youth.

Rwanda is no stranger to standing on ceremony with its enemies. Dressed in Congolese uniforms, the commandos - scouts, saboteurs and entire battalions - pinpoint old war criminals, burn the homes and villages of their supporters and repatriate the surrendered and prisoners back to Rwanda. The statistics are impressive. In the last trimester of 2019 alone, many Hutu leaders were destroyed. Among them are the head of the FDLR Sylvester Mudakumura and the head of the OED Jean-Michel Africa. The fighting continues - on April 13, 2020, Rwandan units burned FDLR-controlled villages in Rutshuru.

At the same time, at the same time as the former genocidarians, Kigali is happy to crack down on the opposition and dissidents united in the "National Congress of Rwanda" (NKR) led by the disgraced general Kayumba Nyamvasa, the head of the General Staff of the Rwandan Armed Forces in 1998-2002. In the last year alone, only fifty ragged people remained from the NKR. So the common threat led to an incredible alliance - the Hutu from the FDLR came together with the Tutsi from the NKR, noted the telegram channel Zangaro Today.

2019

FDLR rebels kill 14 people in Volcanoes Park villages

Panic gripped residents of the Musanze district of northern Rwanda after attackers - believed to be members of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) group - killed 14 people in villages near Volcanoes National Park.

Rwandan security forces announced the elimination of 19 rebels and the arrest of 5 participants in the operation. Local authorities urged residents to remain calm, saying the army had restored order.

Murder of Hutu militant leader in DRC

Rwandan Hutu leader Sylvester Mudakumura was killed in DRC in September 2019.

He led the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda and was accused of numerous war crimes during the 1994 Rwandan genocide.

The guy in three years himself laid 7 km of the road

In July 2019, it was revealed that a 23-year-old from Rwanda had single-handedly built 7 km of road.

He was tired of trudging through bushes and holes. And for 3 years, Emmanuel Niringiimana slowly cleared the area and built the road.

Fellow villagers considered him mentally ill, but then they still appreciated the efforts.

Tutsi-Hutu War

1916: Belgium gains control of the country and transfers Tutsi leadership posts

For many centuries, the Hutu and Tutsi peoples in Rwanda had a common culture, language and religion. In 1916, the country went to the Belgians, who were not distinguished by delicacy in relations with the local population. Ethnic segregation began and all leadership posts in the country were transferred to Tutsi representatives. This caused a deep sense of resentment among the Hutus.

1956: Power falls into the hands of Hutus who suppress Tutsis

In 1956, power passed into the hands of most Hutus, followed by years of discrimination and the destruction of the Tutsis, which caused a massive resettlement of the people.

1980s: France and Belgium send troops in support of Hutu

In the 1980s, the Tutsi created the Rwandan Patriotic Front resistance movement. They tried to regain power, but France and Belgium did not allow this to be done, sending troops to help the Hutus.

1993: Power-sharing agreement. Tootsie on the brink of extinction

In 1993, a power-sharing agreement was concluded. The Hutus disagreed with the terms of the treaty, constantly violating the truce. A year later, the Tutsi people faced the threat of complete extinction.

1994: Hutus kill president, prime minister and carry out genocide of Tutsi. More than 800 thousand people killed

Officially, the date of the beginning of the genocide in Rwanda is April 6, 1994. On this day, the plane of Rwandan President Juvenal Habyariman was shot down by a missile. The next day, Hutu extremists eliminated moderate elements of the government, including Prime Minister Madame Agathu Uwilingiyimana, and the destruction of Tutsi civilians, as well as Hutus, who opposed, began.

France and Belgium almost immediately began the evacuation of their citizens. In the following days, attacks were carried out on the centers where Tutsis took refuge, including schools and churches.

On April 30, 1994, the UN Security Council demanded a ceasefire, but limited itself to diplomatic and humanitarian actions. The statement by the President of the Security Council does not pronounce the word "genocide," but refers to the "destruction of members of an ethnic group." At this time, the number of civilian casualties reached 200 thousand.

The Pentagon and the legal service of the US State Department have repeatedly blocked international initiatives to jam, block and physically destroy the antennas of the Thousand Hills radio, which called for the murder of the Tutsi, citing a commitment to "freedom of speech" and international broadcasting agreements. Historian Ivan Krivushin in his famous book "One Hundred Days at the Mercy of Madness" writes that once it got to the point that at a regular interdepartmental meeting, a Pentagon spokesman objected irritably: "Radio does not kill people. People are being killed by people!. " See Felicien Kabuga for more details.

On May 31, a report by the UN Secretary-General estimated the number of victims from 250,000 to 500,000. And only then are "massacres" called the word genocide. The report also refers to the "belated response of the international community to the tragic situation in Rwanda, which is a demonstration of the complete inability to take decisive action."

On June 22, 1994, with the permission of the UN, France launched Operation Turquoise. French soldiers were localized in the southwest of the country on a humanitarian mission. At this time, the Rwandan Patriotic Front was advancing, and on July 4, 1994, it captured the capital, the city of Kigali. In August, front forces established control over the entire territory of the country. The political wing became a party and the military wing formed the Rwandan Patriotic Army. For 2019, the Rwandan Patriotic Front remains Rwanda's ruling party.

The end date of the genocide is July 17, 1994. According to official figures, about 800,000 people became victims of the tragedy in Rwanda, according to other reports, more than a million were killed.

1996: French military covers for Hutu fighters to withdraw to Zaire

After the victory of the Tutsi rebel army in 1996, the French military, according to some reports, covered the withdrawal of Hutu militants, allowing them to take refuge in neighboring Zaire (later DRC). Paris denies all accusations, insisting that French troops tried to protect people and acted with UN sanctions . The Rwandan government accused France of involvement in the 2008 genocide.

1999: The Start of Reconciliation

In the new Rwandan State, since 1999, the Commission of National Unity and Reconciliation has implemented educational programmes to prevent violence^[1]. One way to try on the population was the traditional Rwandan Gacaca Courts (GACACA). Their essence lies in the fact that the victim and the culprit, in the presence and under the guidance of the elders of the village, meet each other. Thus, people are given the opportunity to find the truth, find out what really happened and repent. This practice showed that many who killed did it not without regret, but because they were influenced by propaganda, because such an order was "from above." Neighbors killed neighbors, friends became enemies. But after several years, and thanks to the practice of traditional trial, the victims who survived were able to forgive the people who staged the genocide and accept their truth. To some extent, this can be considered a phenomenon of forgiveness, which the Tutsi people are capable of.

1914

Sport

2022: The most popular sport is football

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Notes