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2024
Egyptian President al-Sisi received the director of the SVR of the Russian Federation Sergei Naryshkin
Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi received on April 17, 2024, Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the RFUergey Naryshkin.
The meeting discussed the international situation in the region, issues of combating terrorism and the development of events in Ukraine and Afghanistan, said Egyptian presidential spokesman Ahmad Fahmi.
Muslim Brotherhood Islamist leaders sentenced to death
Eight people were sentenced to death in March 2024. This is the leadership of the Islamist political movement Muslim Brotherhood:
- Muhammad Badiye is the supreme leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in 2010-2013.
- Muhammad Ezzat has been the supreme leader of the Muslim Brotherhood since 2013.
- Muhammad al-Baltagi - Secretary General of the Islamist "Party of Freedom and Justice," ex-deputy of parliament.
- Amr Muhammed al-Zaki is a former MP from the same party.
- Osama Abd al-Wahhab is a former minister from the same party under the Islamist government in 2011-2013.
- Safuat Hejazi is a preacher from the Muslim Brotherhood pool.
- Asem Abd al-Majid is one of the leaders of the party.
- Muhammad Abd al-Maqsood Muhammad is one of the leaders of the party.
Another 37 people were sentenced to life imprisonment, 6 people to 15 years in prison and 7 people to 10 years in prison. 21 defendants were acquitted and released.
The trial concerned the events of July 27, 2013, when 95 protesters were killed during clashes between security officials and supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood in the square in eastern Cairo. Human rights activists, Islamists and other opposition groups blamed the military for this, and the authorities themselves hung everything on the Islamists themselves.
After normalizing Egypt's relations with Turkey and Qatar, which supported the Muslim Brotherhood, the military in Cairo wants to put an end to and complete the defeat of the Islamists, fearing their return amid growing discontent among people over economic problems and radical sentiments over the war in neighboring Palestine.
2020
Opening of the monument to the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova
In February 2020, a monument to Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova was unveiled in Egypt.
The new landmark can be seen in Cairo. Its author was a member of the Association of Graduates of Russian Universities Osama al-Serui. The sculpture is installed on the territory of the Institute of Ballet at the Academy of Arts. Egypt
2020 was the cross-year of humanitarian cooperation between Russia and Egypt.
2019: Amnesty International information attack
Accusations against Amnesty International were made in Egypt in 2019. The country's authorities accused NGOs of biased and publishing tendentious information. In particular, representatives of the organization published a message on Twitter, which said that "the capital of Egypt Cairo is closed" and that Egyptian security forces "established checkpoints throughout the city and blocked all roads leading to Tahrir Square and closed four nearby metro stations, preventing people from exercising their rights to freedom of movement and peaceful assembly." In fact, this statement was based on the closure of several roads and four of the 53 metro stations in Greater Cairo due to maintenance on them.
It is worth noting that Amnesty International did not make similar comments to France, when dozens of metro stations and bus routes in Paris were closed weekly for a whole year due to yellow vest protests.
2018: Al-Sisi wins presidential election with 97% of popular vote
Al-Sisi won the 2018 presidential election with more than 97% of the vote (with a turnout of 40%), and faced only nominal opposition (pro-government candidate Musa Mustafa Musa) after several opposition figures were not allowed to participate (Sami Anan's military arrest, Ahmed Shafiq's threats against old corruption allegations and alleged sexual videos, and Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat's inadmissibility due to filing violations).
2011: After mass protests, Mubarak resigns and sentenced to imprisonment
In 2011, mass protests began in Egypt - people demanded the resignation of the president, the abolition of the emergency regime, an increase in the size of the minimum wage, an increase in living standards and other changes.
In February 2011, the president resigned.
After that, he was arrested on corruption charges and sentenced to prison. In 2017, Mubarak was released after six years in prison.
In February 2020, Hosni Mubarak died.
1981: Anwar Sadat killed, Hosni Mubarak becomes president
Hosni Mubarak became president of Egypt in 1981, after the country's previous leader was killed during a military parade.
After taking office, Mubarak introduced a state of emergency in the country, began the fight against corruption, and also softened the conditions for the activities of opposition parties.
1978
1957
1956: The Suez Crisis and the Tripartite Aggression of Britain, France and Israel
The Suez Crisis (Triple Aggression, Suez War, Sinai War, Second Arab-Israeli War, Operation Kadesh) is an international conflict that took place from October 1956 to March 1957, caused by Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal.
Conflict outcome:
- Political victory Egypt and maintaining Egyptian control of the Suez Canal.
- Military victory for Britain and France.
- The withdrawal of Anglo-French troops due to diplomatic pressure from the USSR, the United States and the international community, but until March 1957 the Sinai Peninsula was under Israeli occupation.
- Resignation of British Prime Minister Anthony Eden and French Prime Minister Guy Mollet.
British occupation
1943
Main article: World War II
1938
1931
1930
1927
1924
1923
1922: Entrance to Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb discovered and cleared
1918
1915
1914
1897
1888
1882: Britain occupies Egypt to control Suez Canal
In 1882, in order to establish complete control over the Suez Canal, Britain directed the Egyptian uprising and attack on its possessions in Africa. As a result, the entire territory of Egypt was occupied by British troops.
1880
1877
1871
1865
Hundreds of years ago, the dried bodies of ancient Egyptians were believed to have healing effects. They were ground into powder and used as a medicine for various diseases. However, the cunning merchants quickly realized what was what, and began to pass off the dried remains of modern beggars as ancient mummies.
Later, another vicious practice appeared: ancient Egyptian mummies began to be sent to Germany and Britain, where the inhabitants of Ancient Egypt went to fertilizers. Mummies of animals were also used for this. In addition, the remains of poor Egyptians went to the production of mummy brown paint, and in the United States they were used in the paper industry. According to the writer Mark Twain, in Egypt itself, mummies were sometimes burned in steam engines.
In the 19th century, mummies could be found in Egypt from street vendors and, if desired, bought to decorate the house. Or for a thematic holiday - at that time in Europe, "mummy parties" were popular, when, to applause and endorsing the cries of guests, the hosts "spread" the mummies.
At some point, the mummies finally came to be considered valuable exhibits. Europeans and Americans began to actively acquire them for their private collections. If collectors did not have enough money for a whole mummy, on the black market they bought, for example, only one hand. Or a leg. Or head. Or another part of the body. Very quickly, demand overtook supply: mummies became rare, and the desire to get them in their collections grew. Then the sellers went to the old trick - they passed off the bodies of the poor or executed criminals dried in the sun as the remains of the ancient Egyptians.
Fake mummies are still occasionally found in museum collections.
1860
1850
642: Arab conquest of Egypt. Memphis' ultimate decline
The conquest of Egypt by Arab forces in 642, as well as the founding of al-Fustat and later al-Qahira (modern Cairo), led to Memphis finally falling into decay. The new capital was founded only two dozen kilometers north of Memphis and took over all its main functions.
The ruins of the temple of the god Ptah, the colossal statue of Pharaoh Ramesses II, carved from pink granite, and the figure of the sphinx are all that remained by the beginning of the 21st century from Memphis, which was once one of the largest and most significant cities in the world.
600: Coptic dominates
100
20 BC
A granite portrait found in Karnak near Thebes, undoubtedly of local work, depicts, as suggested, Octavian Augustus after the battle of Cape Actium, held on September 2, 31 BC. e.) during the civil war between Octavian Augustus and Mark Anthony.
The sculpture is executed in the spirit of late Egyptian portrait plastic of the Saisi period (664-525 BC). The traditions of art of the Saisi era could be long held in the south of the country, far from the impact of the wave of Hellenistic Alexandria.
The solution of this portrait is completely different from the Roman images of the emperor. Here is the winner, whom the sculptor showed in the guise of the new ruler of his country, depicting on his head not the crown of the Egyptian pharaohs, but only nemes (a handkerchief made of fabric) and a small, barely noticeable uraeus (a symbol of supreme power). An element of the compromise was the preservation of the Roman hairstyle. Thus, the artist introduced Octavian not as the heir to the great Egyptian kings, but rather as the successor of the Ptolemy dynasty alien to the Egyptians.
Octavian restored the position of the highest priest of the god Ptah and the cult of veneration of the pharaoh in Memphis. Since the sculpture was discovered in Karnak, probably the cult of veneration of the emperor pharaoh was supported there.
129 BC.
200 BC: Ptolemaic and Nabatean Empire in the Sinai Peninsula
250 BC: Ptolemies
Later Kingdom: XXVI-XXX Dynasties
From 747 to 332 BC, ancient Egypt made the last unsuccessful attempt to restore its former well-being, but faced a series of internal conflicts, the invasion of the Persians and, ultimately, was conquered by Alexander the Great.
525 BC: The seizure of the country by the Persian king Cambyses
In 525 BC, Egypt was captured by the Persian king Cambyses.
650 BC.
Third transitional period: XXI-XXV dynasties
From 1069 to 747 BC, Egypt lost its foreign territories and became the object of invasion by Libya, Nubia and Assyria.
New kingdom: XVIII-XX dynasties. Empire
1230 BC: Saqqara List of Pharaohs
1290 BC: Confrontation with the Hittite kingdom
1323 BC.
1404 BC: Amarna Archive
The Amarna Archive is a collection of correspondence on clay tablets, mainly diplomatic, between the government of Ancient Egypt and its representatives in the Eastern Mediterranean (Canaan and Amurru), as well as the kings of other powerful powers of the region (Babylonia, Hatti, Mitanni, Assyria).
1550 BC: Ahmose I
Yahmos I (Yahmes I) - Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, who ruled around 1550-1525 BC. e., the first ruler of the XVIII dynasty.
Second transitional period: XIV-XVII dynasties. Invasion of the Hyksos
From 1650 to 1550 BC, Egypt experienced an invasion by the Hyksos, who captured the Nile Delta and extended their control to middle Egypt.
Middle kingdom: XI-XIII dynasties
- Sarcophagus texts are the largest collection of Egyptian funeral texts
1956 BC: Senusert I
Senusert I - Pharaoh, who ruled around 1956-1911-1910 BC. e.; from the XII dynasty.
2000 BC: Death of Egypt's second unifier Mentuhotep Nebhebtre, Pharaoh of the XI Dynasty
First transitional period: VII-X dynasties
From 2181 to 2055, the VII-X dynasties rule. Egypt suffers from the weakness of the central government, which leads to the temporary collapse of the country.
Old kingdom: from III to VI dynasties
- Pyramid texts are the oldest collection of religious texts in the world
2389 BC.
A double statue of the scribe Nimaatsed, who was the priest of Ra and Hathor in the solar temple of king Neferirkare Kakai. He also served as a judge and priest under the pyramids Neferirkar Kakai, Neferefre and Niuserra. The statues have one base and are almost identical, but slightly different in height.
2450 BC.
The false door of Tepemanha II, who was the wab priest of the pyramids of kings Sneferu, Menhaur, Hafr, Userkaf and Sahur, the prophet of kings Khufu and Menhaur and the temple of the Sun of king Userkaf.
During the Old Kingdom, priests of burial temples bore the title "vab," meaning "pure," and were responsible for temple property and daily offerings.
2446 BC.
False door of priest Nikaura who was priest of sun god Ra and goddess Hathor in sun temple of king Neferirkare Kakai. His false door has typical features of this architectural element: at the top of the panel, he is depicted sitting in front of a table for sacrifices, and on jambs and lintels are written formulas for sacrifices, as well as the names and titles of the deceased.
2487 BC: Sahura - Pharaoh of the V dynasty
Sahura, the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, ruled around 2487-2475 BC. e.; from the V dynasty.
2486 BC: Death of Pharaoh Menkaur IV dynasty
Menkaura (Mikerin), the fifth pharaoh of the IV dynasty, who ruled around 2514-2486 BC. e., built a third pyramid on the Giza plateau. It is smaller in size than the pyramids of Khufu (father of Menkaur) and Hefre, but partially composed of granite delivered from Aswan.
On three triads (2490-2472 BC), the ruler is depicted in the crown of Upper Egypt. To the right of the pharaoh is the goddess Hathor, from whom he expects fertility and resurrection. On the left are personifications of three nomes (provinces of Ancient Egypt) with their symbols indicated above their heads. Permanent payments are required from nomes.
The three Menkaur sculptures reflect the classical idea of court sculpture, in which the human nature of the pharaoh is transformed into the divine.
False doors in tombs
The ancient Egyptians believed that between the worlds of the living and the dead there were false doors through which the deity or spirit of the deceased could pass. The false door was usually the basis of the heart of the tomb, where relatives left offerings to the deceased on a special sacrificial slab in front of the false door. Most false doors are located at the western wall of the burial chamber or serdab, since the ancient Egyptians associated the West with the land of the dead. False doors were found in many mastabs.
False doors have become common since the 3rd Dynasty.
The semi-cylindrical cornice in the center was a rolled reed mat that usually hung on the doorstep of real doors.
2665 BC: Joser establishes III dynasty
Jozer (Egypt. "sacred") - the pharaoh of Ancient Egypt from the III dynasty, who is its founder, who ruled around 2665-2645 BC. e. On modern monuments, this pharaoh is called Necherichet.
According to the Turin papyrus, the reign of the pharaoh lasted 19 years and 3 months.
Under the pyramid, at a depth of 40 meters, there are several levels of corridors in which more than 30 thousand stone vessels were found, including granite and alabaster. Also found there is a description of Joser's celebration of the Sed festival.
Most pharaohs did not wait until their thirties to celebrate Heb-sed (the 30th anniversary of rule). It was believed that after its celebration came a new thirty-year period. Joser celebrated this holiday, although he reigned only nineteen years.
Under the stepped piramidoy of King Joser is a labyrinth of chambers and galleries. These premises served as a place for the burial of himself and his family members, as well as for storing various items. The walls of the underground passages were lined with panels made of blue-green Egyptian faience tiles. They were not just decorative, but symbolized the afterlife of the king.
Mimicking the reed mats used in the royal palace, the panels recreated the "reed field," the paradise of the afterlife where the pharaoh will spend eternity. Blue-green also signified new growth and rebirth. The step pyramid of Jaucer contained more than thirty-six thousand tiles.
Joser was revered years later as one of the greatest pharaohs of antiquity. In Berlin, there is a statue depicting the king of the XII dynasty, Senusert II, worshipping Joser.
The Prussian consul general Von Minutoli discovered parts of the mummy and several inscriptions with the name of Joser inside the Step Pyramid of Joser in Sakkar. He sent the finds to Europe, but they drowned in the sea during the storm. Many years later, archaeologists discovered part of this mummy on the same site. Dr. Derry, who examined this fragment found later, says that the methods of wrapping and mummification are quite similar to those used in the Ancient Kingdom. Perhaps this is part of the mummy of Joser himself.
Early kingdom: I and II dynasties
2686 BC: Map of Egypt's cities
There is an assumption that the ancient Greek word "Aigüptos" - Egypt, is derived from one of the names of Memphis - Hut-ka-Ptah. This name meant "Temple of ka Ptah" (translit. Egypt. Hwt-kA-ptH). The ancient Egyptians Hut-ka-Ptah first had the name of the Memphis sanctuary of the creator god Ptah, which passed into the name of the city, and eventually became the name of the surrounding area (sept), and later, from the name of this area, the ancient Greeks extended their version of the name to all of Ancient Egypt.
2686 - 2345 BC: Removal of tumors in ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptians could carry out the surgical removal of cancerous tumors more than 4.6 thousand years ago. This conclusion was reached at the end of May 2024 by scientists from the University of Cambridge, who used modern methods of digital microscopy and microcomputer tomography (CT scanning) to analyze ancient skulls. Read more here.
2650 BC.
Hetepdif was a funeral priest during the reign of the first three kings of the Second Dynasty, Hetepsekhemuya, Raneba and Ninetiere: their names are engraved on the back of his shoulder in the earrings.
This is the first private statue with the earliest lines of extended text. The Hetepdif is presented in an innovative and unusual pose, kneeling in a position of prayer or as a mark of reverence to the kings.
2690 BC.
Libation tables with lion heads. Sculpted from alabaster blocks, these altars were used either as a sacrificial altar or as an libation table, probably during the feast of Sed (the 30th anniversary of Pharaoh's reign).
The altar is tilted down to a circular pool around which the tails of lions curl. Formulas of magical offerings and prayers were recited when libations such as water, milk, beer or wine were poured onto the altar.
The fluids were then collected in the pelvis and presented to the gods or Ka of the deceased. The same magical and sacred formulas were required during the sacrificial rites performed on the altar, in which case the blood of the sacrificial animal was collected in the pelvis.
The use of lion heads and paws as decorative elements on thrones, chairs and beds was a popular theme in ancient Egypt. The lion was associated with the horizon where the sun god rose, and these features gave the piece of furniture a feeling of strength and protection.
2890 BC: Ka-a is the last pharaoh of the 1st dynasty
The Choir of Ka'a ("'Choir - High Hand'") is the last, eighth pharaoh of the 1st dynasty of the Early Kingdom (c. 2890 BC). From the Abydos List, his name is known as Kebeh or from the Saqqara List and the Kebhu Papyrus of Turin. According to Manetho, Kaa reigned for 26 years.
Below is one of several stells that were installed at the tomb of Ka-a in Abydos.
2904 BC: Pharaoh Semerhet
Pharaoh I of the Semerhet dynasty ruled Egypt for eight and a half years after Pharaoh Den (2904-2895 BC).
The royal tombs of the I and II dynasties were marked by stone stellae with the name of the deceased.
The name Semerhet means "Friendly to the Assembly of Gods" and the stele indicates inside the square. Below is a top view of the walls of his palace (serekh). Above is the Khor-falcon - a symbol of tsarist power.
2880: Queen Meretneit rules Egypt
Meretnate is one of the first reliably known rulers in world history. Stella was discovered in her tomb in Abydos, located next to the tombs of King Jet, possibly her husband, and King Den, possibly her son.
The name Meretnate translates as "Beloved of the goddess Nate" and is written with hieroglyphs of crossed arrows (the emblem of the goddess Nate) and the sign "beloved."
The Meretnate Tomb was built in a cemetery that had been in use for over a thousand years and installing stells was a long-established tradition.
3100 BC.
The heyday of Nehen (Hierakonpol) - the capital of Upper Egypt. Narmer's pallet and mace
Nehen (Hierakonpol) is the religious and political center of Upper Egypt at the end of the pre-dynastic era (c. 3200-3100 BC). e.), and also, possibly at the beginning of the Early Kingdom (c. 3100-2686 BC).
Here was found Narmer's palette - a plate of cult purpose, which was used for ritual rubbing of colors.
On both sides of the tent there are relief images of Pharaoh Narmer. It is performed in the form of a victorious stele and tells of the triumphal victory of Upper Egypt over Lower. It is a gift from the king of the First or Zero Dynasty to a temple in Nehen that perpetuated his victory over the rebellious Libyan nomes in the Western Nile Delta.
Narmer is depicted in the white crown of Upper Egypt, striking with a mace a resident of the northwestern part of the Delta ("Harpoon Region"), and reports the capture of 6 thousand prisoners. On the reverse side, he appears in the red crown of Lower Egypt, solemnly marching, surrounded by a retinue, to the decapitated corpses of enemies.
The tip of the Narmer mace was found by James Quibell in Nehen in 1898, along with the Narmer palette. It is believed that it was dated around the end of the XXXII century BC. e. and could indeed be used by Narmer, but it is unlikely that he used a mace weighing 10 kg with a carved pattern in battle, rather it was a ceremonial weapon or sign of power.
Later, Nehen is the capital of the III Upper Egyptian nome of the same name (Nehen), the cult center of the socologol god Gor Nehen, who built one of the most ancient Egyptian temples here. The temple remained an important place of worship even after the city itself lost the importance of the center of the state.
Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer-Menos
Most Egyptologists agree that Narmer and Menes are one person. It is possible that the unification of the two parts of Egypt was King Scorpio, and Narmer continued this time-stretched project.
Cheni (Tinis) - the homeland of the rulers of the first dynasties
According to Manetho, the reign of the 1st - 2nd dynasty (c. XXXI - XXVII centuries BC) in ancient Egypt was associated with the city of Cheni (Tinis), located on the western bank of the Nile. An ancient historian points out that Tinis was the seat of these dynasties for more than 400 years, and this time is called by him the "Tinis (Tinitic) period." Modern research suggests that these semi-legendary dynasties could only come from Tinis, and the rule of the country was carried out from Inbu Hedge (Memphis). It is also likely that the movement of the center of power from Tinis to the north to Memphis took place gradually, and by the period of the III dynasty, Tinis had lost its previous political significance.
The alleged location of Tinis by researchers is determined in the vicinity of the modern city of Girga, a few kilometers north of the pre-dynastic and early dynastic burials of another important center of the nome Ta-ur and the entire Ancient Egypt - Abju (Abydos).
Neolithic
3200 BC: Negada III or Protodynastic
Negada III - Semain or Protodynastic period (c. 3200-3100/3000 BC).
The Libyan pallet, also known as the Tehenu pallet, is the surviving lower part of a stone cosmetic pallet with carved decoration and hieroglyphic writing. It dates from the Negad III period, or Protodynastic period of Egypt (c. 3200-3000 BC). She was found in Abydos.
The pallet is dedicated to the payment of taxes by the people of the territory that later became known as Libya. These lands were already famous at that time for high quality olive oil.
The palette is decorated with intricate carvings and is believed to have been used to grind and mix cosmetics or pigments. Paletka is named after the Libyan people, who were a group of ancient North African tribes that had ties to ancient Egypt.
One side shows a scene of animal lines walking. Below is an orchard with olive trees and the hieroglyphic inscription thnw or tjehenw (usually transcribed as tehenu), most likely the toponym of the Western Nile Delta or, according to most scholars, what was later associated with Libya.
On the back of the pallet, we see the square outlines of the seven fortresses. Above each is a symbol of a god or goddess such as a hawk, lioness, and scorpion; they are all symbols of power and kingship, and each holds a hoe while performing the foundation ceremony of a city or fortress.
Cosmetic palettes were widely used in pre-dynastic Egypt. They were flat, often made of stone or other materials, and used to grind and mix cosmetics or pigments. In the center, they usually had a shallow depression or hole, where cosmetics were rubbed with a pestle or spatula.
The designs and decorations on the palettes were varied, displaying intricate carvings and motifs that reflected the artistic styles of the time. Cosmetic palettes had cultural and symbolic significance in ancient Egyptian society and were often buried as tombstones with the deceased.
3200 BC: The Emergence of the World's First Writing
Writing was first invented in Abydos around 3200 BC for economic accounting. The first inscriptions are recorded on ceramic vessels, seals and tiny ivory labels, which were attached to commercial containers.
3600 BC: Negada II or Gerzean culture. Ritual masks
Negada II - Gerzean culture (c. 3600-3200 BC).
In Nehen, the oldest of the famous tombs (c. 3500-3200 BC) of the Gersean culture with painted walls was found.
4000 BC: Negada I or Amrat Culture
Negada I is an Amratian culture (c. 4000-3600 BC). Hoe farming, cattle breeding, hunting.
4400 BC: The first settlement on the territory of the future city of Nehen
The first settlement on the territory of the future city of Nehen (Hierakonpol) in Upper Egypt dates from the time of 4400 BC or the immediately preceding Late Hadarian period (5000 BC).
In the 5 millennium BC, the Egyptians built houses made of burnt bricks and reeds, as well as erected tombs in which furniture was stored for the afterlife of the deceased. At the same time, the first attempts to preserve bodies after death are recorded.
4750: Ritual head from Merimde in the Western Nile Delta
The clay head was found in one of the later layers of the settlement in Merimda Beni Salama, a village in the Western Nile Delta - the oldest settlement in Egypt (5500-4000 BC). The head is one of the earliest known images of a human head in Egypt.
The perfectly oval face has features in the form of depressions of various shapes and sizes, representing the eyes, nostrils and mouth. Only the nose is slightly embossed. It has been suggested that small holes scattered around the head, chin and cheeks once contained bundles of real hair that gave the head a masculine appearance.
There are traces of paint on the head, and there is a deep hole in the neck, into which a rod was probably stuck. If the head was attached to the rod in this way, it is possible that it served as the tip of the scepter used in magico-religious ceremonies.
This interpretation is based solely on anthropological parallels with modern rituals. In fact, there are very few such objects from such ancient times, and parallels cannot be found in prehistoric Egypt.
5000 BC: Badari culture
The heyday of Badari culture occurred in 4400-4000 BC, and its appearance can probably be attributed to 5000 BC.
5300 BC: Population concentration in the Nile Valley
In the 6 millennium BC, the Egyptians were already growing grain and using containers to store it.
Mesolith
6,000 BC: Dramatic rise in Mediterranean Sea levels forms fertile zone in Nile Valley
After the end of the ice age, the level of the world ocean and with it the level of the Mediterranean Sea rose sharply. In VII-VI thousand BC, this process stabilized at about 16 meters below modern sea level. After that, the water rose very slowly. This caused the elevation difference between the source and mouth of the Nile to decrease and the river's flow to slow. This, in turn, allowed various fractions in the water to settle more actively along the banks in the form of silt. The source material of these valuable elements comes from the Ethiopian highlands and is washed into the Blue Nile by rains.
This process explains why the nonlethal population appeared so late in the Nile Valley. Just before that, living conditions on the site of the modern western desert of Egypt were more comfortable for life. Therefore, at an earlier time, only temporary sites of hunter-gatherers were discovered on the banks of the Nile.
Paleolith
35 thousand hp: Remains in Nazlet Khater
The remains of a young man, 35 thousand years old, were discovered near the village of Nazlet Khater in Sohag province. The condition of the spine indicates that he tolerated severity. Stone tools were laid in the burial with the deceased.
55 thousand hp: The oldest human remains on the territory of Egypt in El Tarams
As of 2023, the oldest human remains found in Egypt date back 55 thousand years. The find was made in the village of El Taramsa in the province of Kena.
See also
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