Main article: France
2021: Ex-French President Nicolas Sarkozy sentenced to prison terms for corruption and exceeding campaign costs
On March 1, 2021, the court Paris sentenced Nicolas Sarkozy to three years in prison - two years probation and one year in prison. France The former president was convicted of corruption to trade and influence. More. here
2020: France introduces troops into cities to control the movement of citizens due to the coronavirus epidemic
Main article: Coronavirus COVID-19
On March 16, 2020, the leadership of hospitals in France was informed that a state of emergency would be introduced in the country due to the COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic. This will be accompanied by the introduction of army units and a ban on free movement for 45 days.
2019: French authorities allowed to scan social networks to find unpaid taxes and undisclosed income
At the end of December 2019, the Constitutional Court France issued a ruling according to which the French authorities can scan social networks for unpaid taxes. More. here
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1961: Sending a rat into space
3.5 years after the Soviet dog Laiki (see Roscosmos), the French sent Hector's rat into space in February 1961. Hector, who got his name after the hero of Jules Verne's sci-fi novel "Hector Servadac. Travels and Adventures in the Solar World, "written in 1897, rose to a height of almost 15 miles (1 Swedish mile - about 10 km - approx. And he returned home alive.
The Véronique rocket was an improved version of the German V-2 rocket. The engineers who created Véronique were once forcibly forced to work on a German doomsday project at the Penemünde training ground, and then they took the knowledge home with them.
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1940: Surrender to Fascist Germany
Main article: World War II
1932
The murder of President Paul Dumer by a Russian emigrant
On May 6, 1932, Pavel Gorgulov, a native of Russia, a doctor who earns illegal abortions, and an eccentric poet Grafoman (also known as Pavel Brad), made a successful assassination attempt on the head of France, Paul Dumer.
When the killer was arrested, he chanted his crown chant: "Violet will defeat the car!" As Gorgulov later admitted, he took revenge on Dumer for the fact that France did not go to war on the USSR.
For the Russians of that time, Gorgulov was a White Guard reactionary, for emigrants - not a very secret agent of the Comintern, while lawyers argued that he was completely insane. In his poems, Gorgulov positioned himself as a representative of the "Scythian," in other words, he carried pseudo-spiritual nonsense, opposed to European rationalism.
On September 14, 1932, Gorgulov was treated to rum and communion, after which he was cut off his head with a guillotine. A huge crowd gathered to stare at the execution, and not wise: many were afraid that a new world war could break out.
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1927: The Death of Isadora Duncan
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1907: World's first helicopter flight
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1815: Napoleon Bonaparte returns to Paris after being imprisoned on the Elbe
March 20, 1815 Napoleon Bonaparte returned to Paris after imprisonment on the Elbe. The beginning of the reign of "one hundred days."
1793: Execution of Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette
1715: Death of King Louis XIV
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Main article: 1700
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1610: Witch Hunt
1551: The Birth of Henry III
Henry III is the fourth son of Henry II, King of France, and Catherine de'Medici. His first title is Duke of Angouleme (1551-1574). From 1574 to 1589 - the last king of France from the Valois dynasty. Presumably had a bisexual orientation.
1519: The death of Leonardo da Vinci in Amboise
Main article: At what age did famous people die
Two years before his death, Leonardo da Vinci's right hand went numb and he had difficulty moving around unaided. Leonardo spent the third year of his life in French Amboise in bed. On April 23, 1519, he left his will, and on May 2, at the age of 68, he died surrounded by students and his masterpieces in the castle of Clos-Luce.
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129 BC.
VI thousand BC: Megaliths
Paleolith
54 thousand hp: The tooth of the most ancient man of the modern species in Europe
In France's Mandrin Cave in the Rhone Valley, researchers found a modern-type human tooth about 54,000 years old. This suggests that Homo Sapiens began settling Europe almost 10,000 years earlier than previously thought.
The dispersal of Homo Sapiens from Africa presumably began 194,000 years ago - this is evidenced by finds in Israel, dated in the range between 194,000 and 177,000 years ago. The earliest remains of modern-type people in Western Asia are about 80,000 years old, in Australia -[1].
But at the same time, it was believed that the settlement of Europe took place later, only about 45,000 - 43,000 years ago. The reasons were environmental barriers, as well as Neanderthals living in this territory.
However, in a new paper published in early 2022 in the journal Science Advances, a group of paleoanthropologists describe fossils discovered in the Mandrin Cave in France. The findings confirm that modern humans inhabited Europe already 56 800-51 700 years ago, that is, almost 10,000 years earlier than is commonly believed.
Excavations in the Mandren Cave began back in 1990, and it examined 12 archaeological layers with a total stratigraphic depth of 3 m - from the marine isotope stage 5 to the very end of the Middle Paleolithic and the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic era. A rich and well-preserved archaeological collection has been discovered in the cave, including about 60,000 stone objects.
Scientists also found fossils belonging to hominids in different cultural layers, including 9 teeth. After analyzing the contour shapes of the crown and enamel-dentine compound, as well as assessing the thickness of the enamel and root proportions, scientists came to the conclusion that one of them belongs to a person of the Upper Pleistocene period. As a result, it turned out to be a dairy upper molar tooth of a modern-type child.
The human tooth was found in a layer of the Neronian culture, which is characterized by a much finer tool production than, for example, the Mousterian Neanderthal culture. In particular, in the Mandren cave there were spikelets and plates measuring about 1 cm. These features of the Neronian culture and they previously forced scientists to assume that its creators were Homo Sapiens, but there was no confirmation of this. But now the human tooth found in this cultural layer has confirmed this hypothesis.
At the same time, the Neronian layer was sandwiched between two layers of the Neanderthal Mousterian culture with its characteristic wide flakes of stones and rough processing of tools. And in general, among the 12 archaeological layers there are sequentially Mousterian, created by the late Neanderthals, then the layer of the non-Russian culture Homo Sapiens. On top of it is again the Mousterian culture and, finally, the layer of the Aurignacian culture belonging to people of the modern type.
All this suggests that Neanderthals and modern humans alternately lived in the same territory, replacing each other.
Scientists have suggested that the first Homo Sapiens inhabited Mandren Cave for a relatively short period of about 2000 years, after which they were again replaced by Neanderthals. And only 44,000 years ago, the latter were finally supplanted.
It was previously believed that the resettlement of people to Europe led to a fairly rapid disappearance of Neanderthals, but, apparently, the interaction between them was much more complicated.
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