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2024: President Zelensky refuses to resolve the conflict and proposes to deploy foreign forces on the territory of the country
On October 16, 2024, President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy presented the "Victory Plan" in the Verkhovna Rada in October. The plan does not provide for Russian recognition of several areas or freezing of the conflict, and includes:
- Ukraine's invitation to NATO before the end of the war.
- Continuation of operations in Russia and lifting restrictions on strikes on its territory. Joint defeat of Russian aviation with partners, expansion of the use of Ukrainian drones and missiles; access to partner intelligence.
- Development of the strategic and economic potential of Ukraine and strengthening sanctions against the Russian Federation.
- After the end of the war, the Ukrainian military can use their experience to strengthen the defense of NATO and Europe. The US contingent in Europe will be able to replace the Ukrainian military.
- Zelensky proposed to deploy foreign non-nuclear deterrent forces on the territory of Ukraine.
- Zelensky said that Ukraine has strategic mineral resources (uranium, titanium, lithium, graphite) for trillions of dollars, which must be protected in the interests of NATO.
2022
The United States and its satellites sent Ukraine only €31 billion instead of the promised €64 billion
Western countries and organizations promised to send €64 billion to Ukraine after the start of Russia's military operation, but by the end of 2022, Kyiv received only less than half of this amount - €31 billion, follows from the results of a study by the Kiel Institute of World Economy, the Financial Times wrote in February 2023.
Murders of new heads of territories lost during a special operation of Russia
Ukraine's donor countries during Russia's special operation
Russia and Ukraine are ready to make peace, but Britain is seeking a big war from Zelensky
What is happening on To Ukraine was the result of Kyiv's intention to join the North Atlantic Alliance, [1] ex-Prime Minister Israel Naftali Bennett, who served as an intermediary between the Russian Federation and Ukraine at the beginning of the conflict, confirmed in February 2023.
President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy, during contacts at the initial stage, was already ready to abandon the idea of joining the alliance. "This whole war happened because of their desire to join NATO, and then Zelensky says:" I refuse this idea, "Bennett said. However, he added, Western countries interrupted negotiations and decided not to negotiate with Moscow.
In an interview, Bennett also said that after the start of a special operation in Ukraine, Zelensky asked him to contact the President of the Russian Federation. He claims that the president Russia Vladimir Putin at the beginning of the special operation assured him that Zelensky would not be eliminated. According to the ex-prime minister, after meeting with Putin, he called Zelensky, who was hiding in a bunker, and handed him the contents of the conversation. After learning of Putin's promise, Zelensky returned to the office and recorded a video in which he announced that he was not afraid to stay in. Kiev
Later, in November 2023, the leader of the Ukrainian faction "Servant of the People" Arakhamia, who headed the Ukrainian delegation in negotiations with Russia, also recognized this:
- [The purpose of the Ukrainian delegation was to delay the process. What was the goal of the Russian delegation?]
- In my opinion, they really believed to the last that they could finish us so that we would take neutrality. This was the main thing for them: they were ready to end the war if we accept neutrality, as Finland once did. And we will make a commitment that we will not join NATO.
- [Only this item?]
- Factually, the key point was this one. Everything else is cosmetic political seasonings about denazification, the Russian-speaking population and blah blah blah.
- [Why did Ukraine not agree to this clause?]
- First, to agree to this clause, it was necessary to change the constitution. Our path to NATO is fixed in the constitution. Secondly, there was no trust in the Russians that they would fulfill this. This could only be done with security guarantees. We could not sign something, move away, exhale - suddenly they would then go in, and we are not ready for this. Therefore, this was possible only if we could be sure that this would not happen again. And there is no such confidence. Moreover, when we came back from, Istanbul Boris Johnson (Prime Minister) Britain Kiev came in and said that we would not sign anything with them at all. And "let's just fight."
Plans to include Ukraine in NATO and return nuclear weapons lead to Russia's special operation in Ukraine
In 2021, the Ukrainian authorities adopted a law allowing the deployment of army units and all types of weapons of NATO countries throughout the territory, which created a direct threat to Russia.
On February 19, 2022, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy convened members of the Budapest Memorandum, in which Ukraine renounced nuclear weapons in 1994, and stated that this refusal would be revised and that Ukraine was considering returning its nuclear potential.
As a result, on February 21, 2022, Russia recognized the independence of the DPR and LPR within the borders of the former Donetsk and Lugansk regions of Ukraine.
On February 24, 2022, the Russian Armed Forces launched a special operation in this country to guarantee the security of the Russian Federation.
Language quota arrangement for print media
16.01.2022 - Language quota arrangement for print media is introduced.
2021
16.01.2021 - Enterprises of all forms of ownership in the service sector, including online stores, should switch to Ukrainian.
16.07.2021 - Mandatory examination on knowledge of Ukrainian for civil servants is introduced.
16.07.2021 - Excursions should be conducted in Ukrainian (foreign language exceptions).
16.07.2021 - At least 50% of books should be sold in Ukrainian.
16.07.2021 - All films and serils should be shown exclusively in Ukrainian.
2020
16.04.2020 - All advertising must be in Ukrainian.
16.07.2020 - Scientific and medical texts should be published in Ukrainian or English. Transport navigation must be in Ukrainian.
2017: Destruction of all monuments to V. Lenin
The number of monuments to Lenin in Ukraine in 1991 was estimated at 5500 pieces. In December 2013, 2,178 of them remained. By 2017, as part of the decommunization in Ukraine, controlled by Kyiv, all monuments to Lenin were dismantled.
Monuments to Lenin in western Ukraine were demolished back in the 1990s.
2016
Border changes in Ukraine from 1000 to 2016. Video
Language quota for Russian 25% on radio and television
16.06.2016 - Introduction of language quotas on radio and television (25% into Russian).
2015: Exclusion of Russian text from Ukrainian passport
29.08.2015 decision was made to exclude the text in Russian from the Ukrainian passport.
2014
EU seeks Minsk agreements with Russia to buy time for rearmament of Ukraine
In 2022 GERMANY , ex-Chancellor Angela Merkel said in an interview that "the 2014 Minsk Agreement was an attempt to give To Ukraine time. They used that time to get stronger, which you can see today. Ukraine the 2014/15 sample is not today's Ukraine. As we could observe during the fighting in the Debaltseve area in early 2015, Putin could easily capture them then. "
The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine deprived the Russian language of the status of regional
23.02.2014 - The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine deprived the Russian language of regional status.
1999: Presidential election
1998: The beginning of the destruction of Soviet strategic bombers
In 1998, Ukraine began to destroy the inherited strategic bombers with funds allocated by the United States under the Nann-Lugar program, but after negotiations, Ukraine transferred eight Tu-160s and three Tu-95s (and a batch of cruise missiles) to Russia in exchange for writing off part of the debt for gas purchases.
Three Tu-95MS aircraft were left in Ukraine, all the rest were disposed of. One of them plays the role of a museum exhibit in the Poltava Museum of Long-Range and Strategic Aviation. The other two were converted into reconnaissance aircraft and put into storage near the Nikolaev aircraft repair enterprise. In August 2015, it became known that these 2 aircraft were sold to unknown buyers by the end of 2013.
1997
1994: Budapest Memorandum on Guarantees to Ukraine in Exchange for Renouncing Nuclear Weapons
1991
The collapse of the USSR and independence
All-Union referendum on the preservation of the USSR
On March 17, 1991, an All-Union referendum on the preservation of the USSR was held - the only one in the history of the USSR.
The issue of preserving the USSR as an updated Federation of equal sovereign states and republics of the former USSR was discussed.
1988
1985: List of ideologically harmful foreign music groups
1986: Chernobyl accident
Main article: Chernobyl NPP
The photo shows a rare watering BelAZ. During the decontamination of the city of Pripyat, it was supposed to be used as the most powerful watering machine for washing the tallest sixteen-story residential buildings in Pripyat, but it could not be used for this purpose, since its powerful jet knocked out the glass in the windows.
1985
1968
1960
Main article: World War II
1954: Release of the chainsaw "Friendship" in honor of the tricentenary of reunification with Russia
In 1954, the Druzhba chainsaw was released in honor of the tricentenary of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.
1953
1950
1944: Russian Defense Ministry declassifies documents on killing babies by Ukrainian nationalists
At the end of August 2024, the Russian Ministry of Defense declassified documents on the atrocities of Ukrainian nationalists in the village of Mogilnitsy, Tarnopol Region, in the spring of 1944. It is said that several holes with bodies were found near this settlement - a total of up to a hundred residents were killed and tortured, in addition, the bodies of several captured Red Army soldiers were found.
The document says that "during the German occupation with. Burial grounds on the night of March 17-18, 1944, a gang of Ukrainian-German nationalists committed a massacre and robbery of citizens," mainly the Polish population. Bandits broke down doors and windows, broke into apartments, shot, cut and killed people, including young children, as well as old people, with an ax and knives. The corpses were then removed and buried in pits. In order to hide their atrocities, some families were burned in sheds, and burned corpses were buried in pits. All these terrible atrocities were accompanied by massive robberies of property belonging to tortured families.
 | Kashtarin Zbeshko is a child of six months: a blow with a sharp chopping weapon is clearly visible on the spine of the corpse in the lower back area. The corpse of a six-month-old with a chopped spine was folded in half and thrown into a hole, the document says. |  |
It is reported that among the killed were found two prisoners of the Red Army, whose names have not been established. There are traces of knife wounds on the corpses. All recovered bodies testify to "purely brutal methods of killing," as, for example, Kashtarina Bronya: the corpse is half-burned, but traces of heavy beatings are visible on it.
| | Zelensky Anton, 39 years old - fingers of the right hand are chopped off on the corpse. Broken the tibia of the right leg and many more knife wounds, cut and punctured, - said in the published document.[1] | |
1943
Liberation of Kyiv from fascist invaders
Main article: World War II
On November 6, 1943, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front (Army General N.F. Vatutin) liberated the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv, from the fascist invaders during the Kyiv offensive operation.
UPA detachments burn and shoot hundreds of people alive in Volhynia
On the night of April 23 (Good Friday), 1943, detachments of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) and residents of the surrounding Ukrainian villages attacked residents of the working village of the basalt mine in Yanova Dolina in Volyn and brutally killed from 500 to 800 people mainly Poles.
Many were burned alive. About 100 houses burned down. Some of the residents died in the fire, those who tried to get out were shot. The UPA also set fire to the hospital after patients of Ukrainian nationality were taken out of it. Hospital staff of three were killed by axes, while Polish patients died in the fire. According to another version, they were shot in front of the building.
The attack on Yanova Dolina proved to be the bloodiest crime in Volhynia during Holy Week 1943.
Currently, the village no longer exists. In its place, a small poor village of Bazaltove was formed.
At the central point of the village, from where minibuses leave for nearby Kostopol in 2023, a monument to the executioners of Yanova Dolina - UPA units - has been erected. On it is an inscription glorifying the perpetrators of the genocide and stating that as a result of the attack "one of the largest fortified military bases of the Polish-German invaders was liquidated."
What is not mentioned is that the vast majority of the victims of the attack were women and children.
1942
1941: Attack by Nazi German troops
Main article: World War II
Explosion of DneproHPP during the retreat of Soviet troops
On August 18, 1941, after the breakthrough of German troops in the Zaporozhye region, the DneproHPP dam was blown up. The undermining was carried out at the direction of the Soviet leadership, according to the order of the General Staff.
Shooting by Germans of tens of thousands of Jews in Vinnitsa
July 19, 1941 Vinnitsa was captured by the Wehrmacht. Part of the Jewish population managed to evacuate along with the retreating Red Army, but the remaining in the city (and there were most of them) were imprisoned in a ghetto in the Jerusalem region, and a Judenrat was created in the city.
On July 28, 1941, the first 146 Jews were shot in Vinnitsa. On August 1, executions resumed with the murder of 25 Jewish intellectuals, and on August 13, another 350 people were shot.
On September 5 and 13, 1,000 and 2,200 Jews were killed in preparation for the "final solution of the Jewish issue" in Vinnitsa. On September 19-22, about 28 thousand Jews were shot, most of the prisoners of the Vinnitsa ghetto. After the seizure of valuables, Jews drove into large previously dug ditches in many places around the city and were shot, and the murders were recorded on film. German police battalions and Einsatzgruppen took part in the executions with the help of Ukrainian collaborators.
1939
1938: NKVD eliminates OUN leader Yevgeny Konovalets with candy box
In 1938, an explosion rang out in Rotterdam (Netherlands). The box of sweets carried by the man suddenly exploded. The murdered man was identified as the leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) Yevgeny Konovalets.
Konovalets was not only the leader of Ukrainian nationalists, but was also firmly connected with German intelligence - Abver. At this time, the Ukrainian terrorist Stepan Bandera was imprisoned for life in a Polish prison, so Konovalets had no competitors.
Stalin personally gave the order to liquidate the enemy. For this, a young agent PEOPLE'S COMMISSARIAT FOR INTERNAL AFFAIRS Pavel Sudoplatov was introduced into the structure of the OUN abroad. They decided to eliminate the Ukrainian Nazi with the help of a box of sweets. Sudoplatov studied Konovalets' tastes and habits well - chocolate was his weakness.
The Soviet intelligence officer agreed to meet with the Ukrainian nationalist in one of the Rotterdam cafes. They talked for a few minutes, after which Sudoplatov left him a "gift" - a box of sweets. A few minutes later, Konovalets went out into the street, where the explosion occurred. Except for the Ukrainian nationalist, no one died.
Sudoplatov acquired a new suit and was extremely effectively able to get away from the pursuit. Through Brussels and Paris, the Soviet intelligence officer was able to reach Spain, where at that time there was a civil war. After the death of Konovalets in the OUN, there was a split that cost the lives of many Ukrainian militants.
1933
1930
1919
1918: Austrian and German troops enter Ukraine and seek supplies of grain, meat and sugar during their blockade by Britain
In February 1918, by agreement with the government of the Central Rada, German and Austrian troops entered the territory of Ukraine. The governments of the central powers committed themselves to protecting the territory of the Ukrainian People's Republic from the troops of Soviet Russia and supplying coal and oil. In return, Kyiv politicians were supposed to help the German and Austrian military export food from Ukraine.
Thus, the government of the Central Rada pledged to supply Berlin and Vienna by July 31, 1918 1 million tons of grain, 400 million eggs, up to 50 thousand tons of cattle meat, lard, sugar.
For the Germans and Austrians, it was a matter of survival, food in these countries was sorely lacking due to the blockade arranged by Britain. Acorn coffee and margarine potatoes for a resident of Vienna or Berlin were a delicacy at the time.
1917
Ukrainian nationalist and Russophobe Petrov
Petrov Vsevolod Nikolaevich - colonel of the Russian army, after the October Revolution of 1917, transformed into a Ukrainian nationalist.
1795: Final partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between Prussia, Russia and the Habsburg Monarchy
The division of the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian state (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) between the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the Habsburg monarchy occurred in 1772, 1793 and 1795.
1764
1686: Russia buys Kyiv from Poland for 7 tons of silver
In new negotiations on "eternal peace" in 1686, the Russians declared to the Polish ambassadors that Kyiv "would not yield without blood" ("az do krwi i golf polozenia nie ustapimy," as the Polish envoys to Warsaw reported).
Russia took advantage of the fact that the Poles, by that time drawn into a big war with Turkey, had no time to return their former possessions. But the right of brute force, which allowed not to give back the promised, was required to be put on diplomatic forms. Therefore, the Poles were hinted that Moscow is ready to pay for Kyiv.
The Polish magnates wanted money, but they also could not openly sell a piece of their state, and even having such a symbolic meaning. And the parties began long negotiations on the amount that Russia would pay Poland "out of brotherly friendship and love" - this is how diplomats in 1686 officially formulated the purpose of the payment. In fact, a long and passionate discussion of the price at which Moscow will buy Kyiv from Warsaw began.
Several months were traded in the style of an eastern bazaar. Initially, the Polish ambassadors named the amount of 4 million zlotys (800 thousand rubles), in response the Russians gave their price, 26 times less, - 30 thousand rubles. Polish ambassadors emotionally called the Russian proposal a "joke" and pathetically exclaimed that "their heart was taken out" along with Kyiv. In response, the Moscow boyars melancholy agreed to "add to the previous thing."
800 thousand rubles at that time were equal to half of all revenues of the Russian state for the year. And the Poles in the bargaining lost first, reducing the request to 3 million zlotys, or 600 thousand rubles. After a month of negotiations, this amount fell three times.
It is noteworthy that both sides recorded the course of diplomatic trade very carefully. Both Russians and Poles recorded in detail all the psychological reactions of rival diplomats: who watched how he spoke, when he raised his voice, etc. Therefore, historians now know literally for minutes when the favorite of Princess Sophia, Prince Golitsyn, shouted at the Polish ambassadors "wielkim glosem" and when the head of the Polish delegation, the Poznan governor Krzysztof Grzymultowski, looked "hard" at the Lithuanian chancellor Oginsky.
200 thousand rubles. negotiations stuck - Moscow boyars rested and offered the Poles to go home. Those week defiantly prepared for departure, after which they reported that they agreed and 150 thousand. The next two weeks of negotiations saved Moscow another 4 thousand rubles. - As a result, two Slavic states traded 146 thousand.
This amount corresponded to about 10% of the annual budget of Russia at that time. But the problem was that it was required to collect and transfer silver cash to the Poles, that is, to transport 7 tons of precious metal across the border. As a result, a new diplomatic scandal arose when carts loaded with silver in May 1686 got stuck in the mud near Smolensk due to the spring debauchery.
Therefore, the Poles received their 7 tons of silver for Kyiv for a whole year in three receptions. Most of all To Moscow , they feared that the amounts paid would go to strengthen the Polish army. But the money received by Warsaw did not benefit - local tycoons immediately divided it among themselves. And Moscow, having bought Kyiv and the "eternal peace" with the Poles, immediately began to prepare the first campaign on. Crimea
1667: Poland returns to Russia part of the lands of Ukraine in the Andrusov world
The Andrusov truce is an agreement concluded in 1667 between the Russian kingdom and the Commonwealth and put an end to hostilities in the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667.
On January 30 (February 9), 1667, in a village near Smolensk, the Andrusovsky truce was signed, ending the 13-year Russian-Polish war. According to him, Russia crossed Smolensk, as well as other lands that had previously departed for the Commonwealth during the Time of Troubles, including Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Nevel, Krasny, Velizh, Severskaya land with Chernigov and Starodub. Zaporozhskaya Sich passed under the joint management of Russia and Poland. In addition, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth recognized Russia's right to Left-Bank Ukraine, but the city of Kyiv was required to be returned to the Poles under the terms of the armistice.
They really did not want to give up the capital of Ancient Russia in Moscow - Kyiv, "the patrimony of our eternal sovereign," was a visual symbol of Moscow claims to all ancient Russian heritage. The Poles were bargained that the Russian garrison would remain in the city temporarily, "for a period of two years." To calm the Polish nobility, the Russian tsar promised to pay them 200 thousand rubles. compensation for the estates destroyed by the rebellious Cossacks.
As a result, the temporary turned out to be constant - for the next 20 years, Moscow, under various diplomatic pretexts, delayed the "return" of Kyiv.
1654: Left-bank Ukraine joins Russia
In 1654, Bogdan Khmelnytsky made a speech that Ukraine should go into citizenship to one of the four sovereigns: the Sultan of Turkey, the Khan of Crimea, the King of Poland or the Tsar of Moscow.
The people decided: "We wish for the tsar of Moscow, Orthodox."
The war between Russia and Poland began, as a result of which a significant part of the eastern lands of the Commonwealth came under the rule of Moscow. Hmelnitsky troops fought with the Poles especially zealously.
The annexation of left-bank Ukraine to Russia took place in 1654, which had a great impact on the nature of the development of Russian culture. Various creative contacts of Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian figures are being established in all regions. Western European influences penetrate Ukraine in many ways, affecting both literature and music. It was at this time that there was a reorientation in the development of Russian art from Byzantine-eastern foreign relations to [2].
Trips of Russian people abroad as part of embassies, the arrival of various figures of foreign culture in Russia have become a constant phenomenon. And along with this, some figures who moved to Moscow from Ukraine and from Belarus begin to take a direct part in Russian cultural life. Of particular note is the arrival of the Ukrainian philologist Epiphanius Slavinetsky.
1648: Polish army defeated by Bogdan Khmelnytsky near Korsun
On May 26, 1648, Ukrainian troops led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky defeated the Polish army near Korsun.
1618
14th century: Part of the lands within the Principality of Lithuania
1237: Several principalities
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964: Khazar Khaganate
7th century: Slavic tribes
Main article: Slavs
4th century: The Hunnic invasion destroys the Gothic power of Germanarich. Active population goes north
The invasion of the Huns did not allow the state of Germanarich to take shape in a full-fledged state entity, to which there were prerequisites. The Huns simply routed her on their way west. If earlier the masses of people from Scandinavia spilled out into Europe, now they penetrated there from the east, from Asia (however, the Indo-Europeans and our ancestors had come to Europe in the same way earlier).
Most likely, after the collapse of the Chernyakhov culture as a result of the Hun invasion in the second half of the 4th century, local proto-state formations arose on the northeastern outskirts of the former state of Germanarich. Apparently, this happened because the most active population of Chernyakhov culture left the turbulent steppe zone (this is the territory of present-day Southern and Southeastern Ukraine), located on the path of the Huns to Europe, into the northern forests.
There is a version that on the left bank of the Dnieper, including the territory of the Kursk and Belgorod regions of Russia, after the death of Germanarich, for some time there was a small Gothic-Alan kingdom of Vinitaria, known as the "winner of the Wends." Perhaps those elite burials that were discovered there relate to the top of this society. Details of clothing are rather characteristic of Iranian-speaking peoples, that is, Alanovs. It is known that the Alans were allies of the Goths, and Vinitarius was brought up as a child by the Alan leaders Alatheus and Safrak. But again - until we get anthropological materials and explore such burials by archaeological methods, all this will remain hypotheses.
3rd century: Chernyakhovskaya culture led by Goths forces Kyiv culture north
In the III century, in the Northern Black Sea region and in the Dnieper region, the Chernyakhov culture was finally formed - a multilingual and multi-ethnic conglomerate of various tribes, among which, most likely, the Goths dominated.
The archaeological data known for 2020 allow us to say that for all the variegated local population of the Dnieper and Northern Black Sea regions (Germanic, Balto-Slavic and Alano-Scythian-Sarmatian tribes), there was a tough social hierarchy, thanks to which Chernyakhov culture reached a fairly high level of development. There are absolutely no hillforts on its territory, which indicates that there is no serious danger to the life of large open settlements.
It was not a primitive barbarian world on the edge of the then oikumen, but a rather complex society that had developed trade, pottery, metallurgy, various crafts, people even played board games according to ancient tradition. By the way, circular tableware is a very clear indicator of the development of society, because the next appearance of its mass production in this territory is recorded only during the time of Ancient Russia, several centuries after the disappearance of Chernyakhov culture.
If we talk about the covered area, then the Chernyakhov culture occupied not only almost all of modern Ukraine (except for its northern and southeastern parts), but also Romanian Muntenia, separate territories of Transylvania, all of Moldova and part of two regions of the Russian Federation - Kursk and Belgorod. Relatively speaking, it included a vast space from the lower Danube to the upper Sejm and North Donets. Specialists from the Kulikovo Pole Museum opened a small enclave of Chernyakhov culture near Tula, where they found Chernyakhov ceramics, weapons and Roman coins - this is only two hundred kilometers from Moscow.
Both the Velbar culture in Poland replaced the Oksyva culture and displaced the Pshevor culture, and the Chernyakhov culture in Ukraine pushed to the north, towards Polesie, the Kyiv culture. The artifacts of the Kyiv culture found (for example, heavy and massive bronze jewelry with enamels, rough pots), as well as the structure of its settlement, indicate its rather archaic character. Chernyakhov culture was actively in contact with ancient Greco-Roman civilization (in historical science for such cultures there is the term "provincial Roman"), and the Kyiv culture remained barbaric and primitive in comparison. Judging by our observations, the relationship between them was most likely conflicting.
For 2020, it is generally accepted that the ancestors of the Slavs were carriers of the Kyiv culture. More precisely, she actively participated in the ethnogenesis of the early medieval Slavs. It ceased to exist by the beginning of the 5th century, almost simultaneously with Chernyakhovskaya. The heirs of the Kyiv culture were three early Slavic cultures of the 5th-7th centuries: Kolochin, Penkovo and Prague-Korchak.
Academician Andrei Zaliznyak argued that the pre-Slavic language borrowed a large vocabulary from the language of ready-Germans: bread, prince, cauldron, letter, glass, regiment, buy. Judging by the archaeological material, it was Chernyakhov's culture that influenced Kyiv more than vice versa. At the late stage of the existence of both cultures, the active penetration of Chernyakhov-type things into the Kyiv area was noticeable, inside which traditional household items and clothes were replaced with new samples in accordance with the then pan-European barbarian fashion.
200 BC: Scythians, Wends, Olbia
640 BC: Scythians
39,280 hp: Ash from the mega-eruption of the Phlegrean fields
The earliest activity of the Flegrei Fields supervolcano in southern Italy began about 39,280 years ago and was accompanied by a powerful volcanic eruption and the release into the atmosphere of about 200 km³[3] volcanic material].
The mega-eruption coincided in time with the eruptions of the volcanoes Kazbek in the Caucasus and St. Anna in the Southern Carpathians. According to seismologists and paleoclimatologists, it became one of the reasons for the "volcanic winter."
Sulfur has increased over Europe, absorbing and scattering sunlight. In the year following the eruption, temperatures across the planet dropped by 2 degrees Celsius, with a 5-degree decline in Western Europe.
Volcanic emissions, gradually settling, left behind a trail of rock that, in the shape of a wedge, stretched from southern Italy northeast to the Southern Urals.
The rock covered more than 1.1 million square meters with an ash layer. From southern Italy to Romania, the ash layer reached 1 meter.
See also
Notes
- ↑ Act on the atrocities of Ukrainian nationalists in the village of Mogilnitsy, Tarnopol region (April 1944)
- ↑ Western European ones. E. Orlov "Lectures on the history of Russian music," M., "Music," 1979. page 113
- ↑ [http://vulkania.ru/kalderyi/kaldera-kampi-flegrey.html of Calder Campi Flegrei
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