Main article: Germany
- German Foreign Policy
- History of Berlin in the article Berlin
2021
Olaf Scholz - New German Chancellor
On December 8, 2021, Olaf Scholz was officially elected the new Chancellor of Germany. In this post, he replaced Angela Merkel, who has been chancellor for the past 16 years. Read more here.
SDP wins Bundestag elections with 25.7%
According to official preliminary data, the Social Democratic Party of Germany wins the parliamentary elections in Germany, gaining 25.7% of the vote.
The second largest faction in the German parliament is formed by the bloc of the Christian Democratic and Christian Social Unions - 24.1%.
1988
1985
1982
1972
Meeting of Secretary General L. Brezhnev with German Chancellor V. Brandt in Bonn
The Last Death Penalty
1967
1964
1963: US President Kennedy's visit to Germany
1962
1960
1959
1950
1949
1948: Creation of a dividing line in Berlin
Main article: Berlin
Before the construction of the wall, the border between the western and eastern parts of Berlin was relatively open. The dividing line with a length of 44.75 km (the total length of the border of West Berlin with the GDR was 164 km) passed directly through streets and houses, canals and waterways.
Officially, there were 81 street access points, 13 crossings in the metro and on the city railway. In addition, there were hundreds of illegal routes. Every day, 300 to 500 thousand people crossed the border between both parts of the city for various reasons.
The lack of a clear physical border between the zones led to frequent conflicts and mass leakage of specialists to West Berlin. Many East Germans preferred to work in West Berlin, where the salary was significantly higher.
1946
1945
FSB releases new archive documents on Hitler's suicide
At the end of April 2022, the FSB of Russia published an archive on the suicide at the end of April 1945 of the founder of Nazi Germany, the chairman of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party) Adolf Hitler. We are talking about documents from the investigation case against Hitler's former personal pilot, SS Gruppenführer, police lieutenant general Hans Baur, which is stored in the FSB department in the Novgorod region. Read more here.
Defeat and losses in World War II
Main article: World War II
1944 The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation declassified documents on the crimes of the SS division "Galicia" in 1944
At the end of August 2024, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation published declassified archival documents on the crimes of the SS Galicia division. It is said that in 1944 she sent 110 kg of gold obtained during the extermination of civilians and Soviet prisoners of war from Lviv to Germany. Read more here.
1941: "Hunger Plan"
At the end of June 2023, the Russian Military Historical Society published the full version of the "Hunger Plan" - a document developed by Hitler's Germany to destroy the peoples of the USSR. Read more here.
1940
1939
Unleashing World War II
Visit of Prince Regent of Yugoslavia Paul with his wife Olga
In early June 1939, a noble couple invited by Hitler arrived in Berlin from Yugoslavia on a state visit: Prince Regent of Yugoslavia Pavel with his wife Olga.
Born Princess of Greece and Denmark, she was the sister of Duchess Mary of Kent, a close relative of British King George VI. This kinship played a part in the invitation. In addition, for the first time, a member of the reigning dynasty paid a visit to the Fuhrer of the National Socialist State.
This visit, according to his pomp, was overshadowed even by the arrival of Mussolini in his time. The Führer ordered in advance that the Bellevue Palace in Tiergarten be rebuilt and converted into a residence for guests of honor of the imperial government.
Hitler twice wished to be alone with the guests. On the second day, he arranged a dinner in their honor in his apartment, and on the third - a tea party in the new greenhouse of the Imperial Chancellery. He believed that during conversations in a narrow circle there are more opportunities to influence guests. The Führer strongly hoped that the content of his conversations with them on pre-selected topics would be transmitted to the British, although he did not yet know that the Prince Regent and his wife would go directly from Berlin to London to see their relatives at the British court.
The program of the visit also included the Wagnerian opera "Nuremberg Meistersingers" at the State Opera on Unter den Linden; Herbert von Karoyan was to conduct. Hitler was disappointed with this performance. He was dissatisfied with the inaccurate introductions of the orchestra, and also considered it audacious for a young musician to conduct a great creation without a score. Like, even the famous Wilhelm Furtwängler himself did not allow himself this.
The more magnificent the external framework of this visit, the greater Hitler was dissatisfied with its results, because he could not find contact with his guests.
Hitler's visit to Memel (Klaipeda)
1938
The seizure of the territory of the Czech Republic according to the Munich conspiracy
The Munich Agreement of 1938 (also called the Munich Agreement) between, Germany, and Britain, France Italy drawn up Munich on September 29, 1938 and signed on the night of September 29-30 of that year by Reich Chancellor Germany Adolf Hitler, Prime Minister Great Britain Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister France Eduard Daladier and Prime Minister Benito Italy Mussolini. The agreement stipulated that Czechoslovakia would liberate and cede the Sudetenland to Germany within 10 days.
Under pressure from Poland and Hungary, annexes were added to the Munich agreement requiring Czechoslovakia to resolve territorial disputes with these countries as soon as possible. Representatives of the Czechoslovak delegation Hubert Masarzyk and Vojtech Mastny were present, but were not invited to discuss the terms of the agreement, and only signed the finished document. On the morning of September 30, Czechoslovak President Benes accepted the terms of this agreement, without the consent of the National Assembly.
On October 1, German troops crossed the border of Czechoslovakia and by October 10 occupied the entire territory of the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia.
On the same day, Czechoslovakia accepted Poland's ultimatum to cede to it the Cieszyn region, which was occupied by Polish troops on October 2.
Shortly after the signing of the Munich Agreement on November 2, 1938, the First Vienna Arbitration took place, which separated from Czechoslovakia in favor of Hungary, the territory in southern Slovakia and southern Subcarpathian Rus, and to Poland the territory of Czechoslovakia in the north.
In March 1939, the First Slovak Republic was proclaimed, and shortly after the creation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, Germany completely took control of the remaining Czech territories.
The Munich Agreement is considered the culmination of the British-French policy of appeasement. The war in Europe that Hitler wanted to provoke was averted. Great Britain and France made it clear to the Czechoslovak government that if Germany's demands were rejected, no help should be expected. To avoid war, Czechoslovakia accepted the terms of the agreement. Because of the circumstances, the agreement is also called Munich collusion.
Anschluss of Austria - inclusion in the German Reich
On March 12-13, 1938, the Anschluss ("accession," "union") took place - Austria's inclusion in Germany.
1937: The crash of the Hindenburg airship in the USA
On 3 May 1937, "Hindenburg" departed Germany for the United States. There were 97 people on board the vessel. The airship left Germany at about eight o'clock in the evening, flew safely to Manhattan on May 6 and flew further, to the main aeronautical base of the US Navy in Lakehurst, reaching there at four o'clock in the afternoon. A couple of hours after receiving permission to land, the Hindenburg airship dropped the mooring ropes. And a few minutes later, the ship filled with fire hazardous hydrogen caught fire and crashed. In just 34 seconds, the Hindenburg burned to the ground.
The disaster killed 35 of the 97 people on board, as well as one member of the ground team.
And although in terms of the number of victims, Hindenburg is not the largest disaster of the airship, the death of this aircraft received a great resonance.
1936
Militarization of the Rhineland
The troops of the Entente powers remained in the Rhineland until 1930. After Hitler came to power (1933), the Saar (1935) returned to Germany, and the Rhineland underwent unilateral militarization (1936). This became a prologue to the outbreak of World War II.
Summer Olympics in Berlin
Main article: Olympic Games
1935
'The shop is closed by police because the prices are too high. The owner of the store - on re-education in Dachau. "]]
1934
1933
1932
1930: NSDAP receives 18.3% of the vote in the Reichstag elections
On September 14, 1930, elections to the Reichstag were held. Results:
- SPD - 24.5% (143 mandates),
- The NSDAP received 18.3% of the vote (110 seats) (in the previous elections of 1928 it had 2.6% of the vote),
- Communist Party of Germany - 13.1% (77 mandates),
- Center Party - 11.8% (68 mandates),
- The German National People's Party DNVP - 7% (41 mandates).
- Bavarian People's Party, BVP (this is, in fact, the Bavarian branch of the Center Party) - 3% (19 mandates).
The rest of the parties did not play a big role.
1929
1928
1925
1924
1923: Default
Keynes realized that Germany's new financial obligations after World War I were unrealizable and an attempt to demand their fulfillment would not lead to anything good. In December 1919, he published "The Economic Consequences of Peace," a book in which, giving a detailed account of the past negotiations, he literally begged the allied countries to reduce reparations from Germany. His proposal was regarded as foolishness, and foolishness dangerous, tantamount to a desire to shake up the established rules of the international financial system - the foundations of stability and peace.
Keynes' prognosis, however, proved prophetic. Germany, unable to restore the economy and, as a result, pay reparations, rolled towards a complete economic collapse - suffice it to say that the level of hyperinflation reached record levels for that time on the planet. In 1923, as Keynes had predicted, there was a default, and the Allies had to rewrite the terms of the reparations agreement.
1922
1920: Loss of Tanganyika - a colony in Africa
Tanganyika, formerly a German colony, was transferred to English administration in 1920 as a mandated territory of the League of Nations.
1919: Spartacist uprising led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
In 1919, the Communists, led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, seized the editorial offices of newspapers and printing houses in Berlin.
Karl Radek arrived from Moscow to support the rebels. In response, German Defense Minister Gustav Noske introduces troops into the capital. The uprising is crushed, Liebknecht and Luxembourg are killed. Radek was arrested and imprisoned in Moabit, but then deported to Moscow.
1918
End of World War I. Millions of victims in Germany
Main article: World War I
Supplies of grain, meat and sugar from Ukraine during the blockade of the country by Britain
In February 1918, by agreement with the government of the Central Rada, German and Austrian troops entered the territory of Ukraine. The governments of the central powers committed themselves to protecting the territory of the Ukrainian People's Republic from the troops of Soviet Russia and supplying coal and oil. In return, Kyiv politicians were supposed to help the German and Austrian military export food from Ukraine.
Thus, the government of the Central Rada pledged to supply Berlin and Vienna by July 31, 1918 1 million tons of grain, 400 million eggs, up to 50 thousand tons of cattle meat, lard, sugar.
For the Germans and Austrians, it was a matter of survival, food in these countries was sorely lacking due to the blockade arranged by Britain. Acorn coffee and margarine potatoes for a resident of Vienna or Berlin were a delicacy at the time.
1914: Entry into World War I
1913
Silesia, 1913.]]
1910
1904
1899
1898
1884
1795: Final partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between Prussia, Russia and the Habsburg Monarchy
The division of the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian state (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) between the Kingdom of Prussia, the Russian Empire and the Habsburg monarchy occurred in 1772, 1793 and 1795.
1700
Main article: 1700
1618
1610: Witch Hunt
14th century: As part of the Holy Roman Empire
1230
600g
V thousand BC: Megaliths
See also
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