FSB of Russia academy

For 2018 the FSB Academy trains the personnel not only for FSB of Russia, but also for Federal Guard Service of the Russian Federation, Russian Foreign Intelligence Service, the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, some other departments and also performs preparation, retraining and advanced training of specialists for security service.

Scientific Academies take active part in development of comprehensive target programs, scientific examination and preparation of legal and other legal acts of federal level.

Assets

For 2018 40 academicians and corresponding members, more than 150 professors and doctors of science, over 500 associate professors and candidates of science work at departments of FSB Academy.

2019: 4 years of colony to the ensign for sale of educational computers

On September 20, 2019 it became known that the Military court of the Moscow garrison sentenced to four years of colony settlement of the former senior technician of Academy FSB Russia Artur Khayrullin for sale of the computer equipment belonging to faculty of foreign languages on the websites of free declarations. In more detail here.

2007: V. Ostroukhov is appointed the head of academy

In 2007 the Academy FSB Russia was headed by the colonel general Victor Vasilyevich Ostroukhov.

2000: V. Vlasov headed academy

From 2000 to 2007 the colonel general V.A. Vlasov directed academy.

1999: V. Schultz is appointed the head of academy

Short term from 1999 to 2000 directed academy the lieutenant general V.L. Schultz.

1998: State certification and accreditation

In 1998. The academy of the first among educational academic institutions of intelligence agencies and law-enforcement departments of Russia successfully underwent the state certification and accreditation.

1996: Start of new specialties, including. "Information security"

The list of specialties and the directions of training, content of educational process were corrected taking into account requirements of the state and departmental educational standards. Since 1996. The academy started training in a number of new specialties and specializations of higher education.

In 1996 based on Institute of cryptography, communication and information science of Academy FSB Russia Federal educational and methodical consolidation in the field of the higher education on UGSN "Information security" (further - cybersecurity UMO), including more than 200 leaders of the educational organizations of Russia is created.

Thus the foundation, legal and organizational premises for further development of a system of professional education of department in general were laid.

The academy successfully develops communications with the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, with a number of the largest soldiers and civil universities. Representatives of Academy are included into Association of legal universities (section of law enforcement agencies), into Public council on problems of military education at Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, into educational and methodical associations of universities on all specialties taught in FSB of Russia Academy.

1994: V. Timofeev is appointed the head of academy

In 1994 the colonel general V.A. Timofeev who worked at this position till 1999 is appointed the head of academy.

1992

S. Dyakov is appointed the head of academy

In 1992 the lieutenant general S.V. Dyakov 1992 who worked on this post till 1994 was appointed the head of Academy.

Merge to Academy of border troops in Academy of the ministry of security

In 1992. The higher school enters a new stage of the development. According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 24, 1992 based on the Higher school of F.E. Dzerzhinsky and Academy of border troops the Academy of the Ministry of security of the Russian Federation was formed.

The Government of the Russian Federation approved by the Resolution of August 23, 1993 the Charter of Academy of the Ministry of security of the Russian Federation.

Staff of educational institution took active part in development of the Concept and Program of development of Academy, in creation of a regulatory framework, necessary for its functioning. Regulations on departments, faculties and other divisions of Academy were for this purpose developed and approved.

Educational and methodical council of the Ministry of security in connection with the carried-out reorganization approved new qualification characteristics of specialists - graduates of Academy, corresponding changes are made to educational and organizational documents.

For the purpose of improvement of educational process teaching a number of new subject matters was entered into Academies, the quantity of special and elective courses is increased.

Special attention was given by the management and the faculty of Academy to reduction of contents and quality of training in compliance with requirements of practice, first of all to deepening of legal training of listeners: modern legal and other regulations, first of all Laws of the Russian Federation About Security, "About the Federal State Security Agencies", "About Operational Search Activity" were more actively entered into educational process.

The main objectives of the initial stage of formation of Academy were methodical ensuring fundamentalization and humanitarization of training in combination with practical orientation of training, creation of methodical base for integration of special disciplines with legal, socio-economic policies, an intensification and optimization of educational process in general.

Further professional training of the personnel developed in the direction of rapprochement with the all-Russian educational process when preserving own specifics and uniqueness, reduction of its organization and maintenance in compliance with modern tasks and conditions of activity of security service.

1991: V. Titarenko is appointed the chief of school

In 1991 the major general V.V. Titarenko who worked in this position till 1992 is appointed the chief of school.

The 1980th: New qualification characteristics of graduates

In the late eighties with active participation of practical divisions new qualification characteristics of graduates of different faculties of the Higher school, educational, educational and thematic plans and programs were developed; subjects of degree, term papers, papers, materials of offsets and examinations, other organizational and methodical documents are processed. All done work was directed to implementation of the new concept of development of the higher education in the country providing the training of specialists of a wide profile combining fundamental nature and universality of education with specific scientific and applied profiling.

On the basis of these requirements the list of the disciplines studied at the Higher school was corrected. Legal and special training of listeners is considerably strengthened. The system of special courses is reviewed, elective courses are entered. Content of skills training is specified, practice duration is increased. The automated training systems are developed and implemented in educational process. Preparation leading and the faculty on use of the computer equipment in educational process is organized. During this period interaction of the Higher school and practical divisions in use in educational process and activity of bodies of KGB of joint scientific and practical surveys, in development of textbooks and educational and methodical materials, in preparation and holding scientific and practical conferences becomes stronger. Based on the Higher school and UKGB across Moscow and the Moscow region the educational and scientific and practical complex (ESPC) is created.

Improvement of educational and scientific process at the Higher school in the late seventies — the beginning of the 1990th years was promoted by hard and dedicated work of her heads - the major general I.O. Rozanov, the lieutenant general A.P. Ragozin and the lieutenant general L.A. Postnikov.

1972: Decision of Board of KGB on activity improvement

The decision of Board of KGB at CM of the USSR of June 14, 1972 which determined specific objectives by improvement of activity of the state security agencies taking into account features of a political and operational situation, in connection with emergence of the new directions of operational work, increase of the importance of information and analytical activity, etc. became the important factor stimulating professional training of students of the Higher school in the early seventies.

The management, first of all the chief of School colonel general V.F. Nikitchenko, and the faculty of the Higher school developed for the approval by the management of KGB of the offer on correction of structure, contents and volume of the taught special disciplines which allowed to increase significantly quality of theoretical and practical training of graduates, to strengthen relations of departments of special disciplines with the relevant practical divisions of KGB, to bring closer even more training to requirements of operational investigative practice.

As a result of the undertaken reform from some taught disciplines the new scientific directions which in turn formed independent subject matters were selected. Respectively there were new cathedral collectives which began to develop required educational and methodical materials, first of all lecture rates and visual aids.

But it was not enough. For the purpose of methodical ensuring teaching the new generation of textbooks, manuals, monographs, other educational and methodical literature was prepared. Educational and educational and thematic plans were processed so that they met the requirements of qualification characteristics of the specialists who are let out by the Higher school. Special training of students of counterprospecting faculties by increase in school hours at seminar, practical and laboratory researches on special disciplines and also the organization of practical lessons in city conditions was considerably strengthened.

1970: V. Nikitchenko is appointed the chief of school

In 1970 colonel general Nikitchenko V.F. directing educational institution till 1974 is appointed the chief of school.

1965: P. Grishin is appointed the chief of school

In 1965 lieutenant general Grishin P.G. is appointed to the position of the chief of the Higher school of MGB. Left a post in 1970.

1962

E. Pitovranov is appointed the chief of school

In 1962 the lieutenant general Pitovranov E.P. who remained on this post till 1965 was appointed the chief of the Higher school of MGB.

Assignment of F.E. Dzerzhinsky

Resolution of Council of Ministers of the USSR of August 2, 1962. The name of F.E. Dzerzhinsky was appropriated to the higher school of KGB at CM of the USSR.

Opening of 3 new faculties based on 3 closed institutes

The beginning of 1960 was mentioned by significant changes in the system of training for the state security agencies: three educational institutions - Military institute of F.E. Dzerzhinsky, the Leningrad institute of foreign languages and the Higher school of cryptographers 8 Head departments of KGB were abolished at CM of the USSR. Based on each of them at the Higher school new faculties were formed: technical, foreign languages and the military — for completion of training of students of Military institute (later - faculty of frontier troops). The higher school of KGB at CM of the USSR became a large multi-profile higher educational institution.

Integration of the Higher school was followed by further improvement of structure and content of training. The uniform, interconnected system of special disciplines which corresponded to requirements of activity of bodies of KGB was created. Traditional were reviewed, new training methods were developed and implemented (for example, the programmed training), technical means were more effectively used. More attention began to be paid to preparation and holding scientific and methodical and scientific-theoretical conferences.

1955: Increase in term of training up to 4 years

In May, 1955 the term of training at a high school flow was increased up to 4 years. With respect thereto educational and thematic plans and also programs of subject matters were processed. Along with deepening of studying of social and economic disciplines professionalizing on legal disciplines was strengthened. Some amendments were introduced in teaching special disciplines, time for studying of military disciplines increased. For the purpose of improvement of language training of listeners on a learning of foreign languages it was taken away till 600 o'clock.

In the 1950th years, at a stage of formation of School as higher educational institution, the content, volume and a technique of training were constantly improved. Educational and educational and methodical literature was prepared, lecture funds of departments were created.

1954: A. Kurenkov is appointed the chief of school

In 1954 the major general E.I. Borisoglebsky was appointed the chief of the higher school of MGB USSR. The same year it was replaced by the major general Kurenkov A.N. of 1954 - 1962 who directed educational institution till 1962.

1952

N. Yefimov is appointed the chief of school

From 1952 to 1954 the colonel N.Ya. Yefimov worked as the chief of the Higher school of MGB USSR.

Conversion to a higher educational institution with the 3-year term of training

In 1952 the new stage in development of the Higher school of MGB USSR began — it was transformed to a higher educational institution with the three-year term of training.

The listener's structure of School was completed at the expense of the employees of the state security agencies who were answering on the general education preparation to acceptance conditions in higher educational institutions and having an experience of practical work in the state security agencies not less than 3 years.

The first release of the students of the Higher school who gained diplomas about the higher legal education with qualification assignment "lawyer" took place in 1954. The first diplomas of new university were gained by 189 people, and 37 of them gained honors degrees.

The solution of Council of Ministers of the USSR and orders of the Ministry of the higher education and KGB at CM of the USSR in 1954. It was authorized to higher school to open a postgraduate study on specialties:

• "theory of the state and right",
• "history of state and law of the USSR",
• "Soviet criminal law" and
• "Soviet criminal proceedings".

The Academic council of the Higher school approved by the Ministry of the higher education was also organized.

Giving an assessment to activity of the Higher school of MGB USSR in the first post-war decade in general, it should be noted that training of staff of bodies of security in it was constantly improved. According to new tasks there were increased requirements to theoretical and practical training of listeners, specialization is expanded, the contingent of students is increased. In total from 1946 for 1952 at the Higher school of MGB USSR about 10 thousand operational employees of the state security agencies of the USSR and a number of the socialist countries had training and retraining.

Training of workers of security for socialist countries

On special tasks of the government during the period from 1945 to 1950. The higher school of MGB USSR prepared 361 operational workers for security service of a number of the socialist countries.

Training courses for teachers of special disciplines

At the beginning of 1950 the management of the Ministry of state security made the decision on creation at the Higher school of MGB USSR of training courses for teachers of special disciplines.

For students the term of training was provided no more than one and a half years. For this period they had to study social and political, special disciplines so that afterwards to be able to give seminar and practical classes in special disciplines. Also the rate of legal disciplines that future teachers could give classes in criminal law and process at MGB USSR schools on training of operational structure was provided. Already during the occupations from students the offer to organize study of teachers at the Higher school by the principle of a postgraduate study arrived.

1947: I. Babich releases L. Bashtakov from a duty of the chief of school

The chief of the Higher school of MGB USSR till May, 1947 was the major general L.F. Bashtakov. Since August, 1947 the position of the chief of School was held by I.Ya Babich. Then till June 9, 1948 its duties were fulfilled by the deputy chief colonel I.G. Proshakov. In the subsequent directed the Higher school the colonel Ya.G. Nikitin (till May 3, 1952) and the colonel A.Ya. Yefimov.

Level of theoretical and practical training of students of the Higher school of MGB USSR was quite good, confirmed it carried out at the end of 1948 - the beginning of 1949 operational practice of students of training of leadership team. Teachers of department of special disciplines and listeners were sent to divisions of the central regions of Russia, to Ukraine, to Belarus and the Baltics where participated in specific counterprospecting actions. Practice showed that listeners not only coped with the tasks assigned to them, but in some cases critically analyzed the approaches to conducting operational developments and another matters which developed on places.

As always, the management of bodies of state security paid much attention to affairs of the Higher school. The top officials of the Ministry found time and opportunities to work in the Commission on consideration of programs, lectures and manuals, to participate in acceptance of final examinations of listeners.

For development of new educational literature the Higher school of MGB USSR did not locate during the analyzed period enough scientific forces and also necessary information on intelligence agencies of the western countries, but nevertheless an exit was found. At first the School was greatly helped by the Special bureau created in central office of MGB USSR for collecting and synthesis of information on intelligence agencies of the opponent and their activity against the Soviet Union. The first lectures which went into the disposal of educational department and department of special disciplines of the Higher school during the post-war period were prepared by the staff of MGB USSR Special bureau.

At the same time educational department of the Higher school returned to the practice of shorthand and the edition of lectures used even before war which at the Higher school were given by heads of a number of managements and departments of central office of MGB USSR. Distinctive feature of the first post-war manuals was their close connection with practice. Quite often during lecturing heads of practical divisions illustrated the performances not only archivings, but also developments continuing still, materials of investigative affairs. It helped listeners to master more deeply features of a modern operational situation, to be aware of the last achievements of practice.

1946: Transformation in the Higher school of MGB USSR

The termination of the Great Patriotic War and transition to conditions of peace time demanded the corresponding reorganization of activity of the state security agencies of the USSR. In May, 1946 their next reform was performed: within the Ministry of state security of the USSR foreign intelligence, military counterintelligence, territorial and transport authorities of state security were joint.

The higher school of MGB USSR and some other educational institutions of department also should reorganize the work in relation to conditions of peace time.

The management of School considered necessary:

• raise requirements to being admitted to the Higher school;
• increase the term of training at advanced training courses up to 2-3 years and include in addition in the curriculum such disciplines as political economy, the history of the USSR, classical and modern literature, a foreign language;
• strengthen legal preparation;
• set a uniform profile of training - retraining of staff of counterprospecting divisions with knowledge of a foreign language.

1945: 8 employees are awarded with three and more awards

Pupils of the Higher school, as well as permanent structure, actively participated in the most severe confrontation with Hitlerite intelligence agencies and made the contribution to a victory over the enemy. The homeland highly appreciated their military and labor way. In 1945 8 employees awarded with three and more awards, 20 employees — two awards, 32 employees — one award served in the Higher school of NKGB USSR. 77 employees were awarded with medals.

On July 20, 1945 322 employees of the Higher school (permanent structure) were awarded with the medal "For a Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

August 30, 1945. The decree of Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR the Higher school of NKGB USSR was awarded with the Red Banner and the Diploma.

The results of primary activity of the Higher school in days of the Great Patriotic War were summed up by the chief of School major general L.F. Bashtakov in the reference of March 20, 1946: "...II. For the period Patriotic war with the German fascism at School it is prepared — 7135 people...".

1944: Collecting of materials about service of security officers during war

On July 20, 1944 NKGB USSR instructed local bodies of NKGB in collecting of documentary materials about heroic affairs of security officers during the Great Patriotic War. It was offered to consider all security officers who fell in fights with fascists and also to collect materials (memoirs, diaries, letters, photographs, etc.) about activity of employees of state security in guerrilla groups and in the back of the opponent. All collected material after careful check of its reliability was offered to be directed to the Higher school for processing.

1943

Training of radio operators for work in the back of the enemy

In July, 1943 in connection with the shortage of the operational personnel from among staff of bodies of security in central office and on places at School 2-month training courses for operational workers and 6-month advanced training courses of operational structure open, and 3-month courses of preparation and retraining of employees of radio service NKGB were organized on November 12, 1943. On these rates radio operators for the 4th Management of NKGB USSR, i.e. for work in the back of the enemy prepared generally.

Courses of shorthand in foreign languages

In January, 1943 the order of NKVD at the Higher school creates courses of shorthand in foreign languages. On these rates the personnel for the 2nd special department of NKVD of the USSR prepared.

In 1943 on the Soviet-German front there were basic changes for benefit of the USSR. At this time reform of the Soviet intelligence agencies was undertaken. As well as in 1941, Narkomat send state security of the USSR from NKVD the main operational and operating-technical divisions to organized. Order of NKVD of the USSR of May 22, 1943. The higher school was transferred to NKGB USSR.

In the fall of 1943. The higher school received a row operational and the NKGB USSR fighting tasks. The leadership team of School and big group of listeners were sent to cleared regions of Kursk region and also the Krasnodar and Stavropol regions where they took part in special operations on identification of traitors of the Homeland, fascist helpers and agents.

The staff of the Higher school in days of the Great Patriotic War quickly implemented all plans and tasks of the management of NKVD and NGKB of the USSR. It performed preparation and retraining of operational workers of a wide profile in that quantity what was necessary for the front, the guerrilla and underground movement, the Soviet hinterland and the regions freed from the opponent.

1942: Work in the conditions of war

On February 12, 1942 on advanced training courses 275 listeners were enlisted. Soon and to the main flow there arrived 205 people. Among arrived there was a sergeant of state security I.S. Rozanov. There will pass thirty two years, and the major general I.S. Rozanov will head the Higher school of KGB of the USSR.

In April, 1942 22 more operational employees of divisions of central office were approved as lecturers and teachers of the Higher school of special disciplines.

In May, 1942 by order of NKVD 30 leading specialists of military counterintelligence come to School. Narkomat's guide in the conditions of war did everything possible for highly skilled comprehensive training of future employees of state security.

Due to the fighting losses on fronts and deployment of new parts, the order of the people's commissar of internal affairs the branch of the Higher school of NKVD was again organized and its number from 500 to 800 people is increased. The permanent structure was temporarily transferred by the order of the chief of School of August 12, 1942 to the barracks and took part in execution of internal service. For employees the hostel was equipped. The working day of staff of educational department and personnel department began at 10 a.m. and lasted till 10 p.m. Teachers of all cycles began the work from 10 a.m. (if occupations did not begin from 9 a.m.) and finished it, as a rule, at 12 a.m. Days off were provided in turn, and some received days off only with the permission of the management of School. On Sundays the working day lasted from 12 p.m. till 5 p.m. Despite difficulties of wartime and huge load, at the Higher school scientific work was conducted. In November, 1942 in MSU the chief of a cycle of fundamentals of Marxism-Leninism major of state security S.I. Kuzmin defended the master's thesis. To it the rank of the candidate of philosophical sciences was given. It was one of the first candidates of science of the Higher school of NKVD of the USSR.

Tensely workers of a medical unit worked. For all war at School no mass infectious diseases were mentioned. The school had sponsored hospital No. 5020 in which permanent watch was organized: looked after wounded, removed chambers, sewed and washed clothes.

In the summer of 1942. The higher school received a government task on procurement of firewood for the second military winter. To perform a task, it was necessary to construct a 4-kilometer narrow-gage iron branch in Taldomsky forests, to pave the 8-kilometer highway, to build 6 bridges and to repair about 10 km of roads. Listeners lived in the camp. The day performance standard was quite high - 5 cubic meters of firewood for two. From hard work the regimentals quickly wore out, especially footwear.

On December 22, 1942 at the Higher school rates of foreign languages for training of the qualified operational translators from the English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Turkish, Swedish, Finnish and Polish languages were organized.

1941

L. Bashtakov releases N. Davydov from a duty of the chief of school

In November, 1941 the senior major of state security L.F. Bashtakov became the chief of School instead of N.K. Davydov. The first order of the new chief announced appointments to the being available established posts on School. However there were not enough teachers, as always, therefore by order of the management of NKVD of the USSR involved the most prepared students of improvement of leadership team, qualified employees of intelligence and counterintelligence services and departments, leading specialists on fight against gangsterism in pedagogical work, investigative workers of Narkomat and military counterspies. In total 76 leading and operational workers were involved in teaching work on the basis of this order.

Courses of counterspies and encoders

In the first months of war the need for military counterspies sharply increased. Therefore on July 23, 1941 the order of NKVD of the USSR (NKGB and NKVD were united in the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) at the Higher school of NKVD organized monthly courses of training of operational workers for special departments of NKVD which since August 11, 1941 passed to the three-months program. In September, 1941 from the Higher school 300 military counterspies who were trained on rates were sent to the order of special departments of NKVD of the USSR.

Due to the shortage of encoders on September 25, 1941 the order of NKVD of the USSR at the Higher school organized two-month courses of encoders.

In October, 1941 provision at the front sharply worsened. The enemy stood at walls of Moscow. In Moscow inhabitants, creating a national militia, prepared for street fights with fascists. Also the Higher school prepared for fights. The staff of the 2nd department of NKVD of the USSR (the former Special group at the people's commissar of internal affairs of the USSR) among whom there were also graduates of the Higher school on a case of occupation of the capital by Germans were engaged in creation of prospecting and diversionary network. In the same time many students of the Higher school recalled to OMSBON mined railway stations, residential buildings, stations of the subway, the plants and factories.

140 listeners are included in the structure of OMSBON

On June 2, 1941 the chief of the Higher school of NKGB brigade commander N.K. Davydov issued the order in which it was said that from 13 o'clock on June 22, 1941 in Moscow and the Moscow region "the threatened provision" is announced. At School necessary events were held: the strengthened watch of the headquarters of MPVO is entered, divisions on duty are created, objects of School, warehouses of arms, the communication line, transport, etc. are taken under the strengthened protection. The staff was urgently called from holidays and business trips.

In the first days of war the order of the people's commissar of internal affairs of the USSR created Special group at NKVD which was charged with the organization of prospecting and diversionary work and guerrilla war in the back of fascist troops. The group was created based on the First (prospecting) management of Narkomat of state security of the USSR. In it selected the operational employees who had experience of prospecting work abroad and guerrilla actions during the civil war in Spain. The deputy chief of the First management P.A. Sudoplatov headed group. On June 26 140 students of the main department of the Higher school were recalled to special group at this group. On October 16, 1941 the group was transformed to Separate motorized rifle brigade (OMSBON) of special function.

The graduate of the Higher school V.V. Gridnev, the security officer since 1921, the employee of foreign intelligence ordered special group, and then OMSBONOM.

On June 27, 1941 156 students of improvement of leadership team of the Higher school were recalled to special group at Special group of NKVD of the USSR. Many of them will participate in ranks of special group and OMSBONA in cruel fights with Germans near Moscow.

On June 29 from the same rates 40 military counterspies were sent to Field army, to the order of the 3rd Management of NPO of the USSR.

The directive NKGB USSR in which it was indicated on the need of the organization of the guerrilla movement in the Soviet territory occupied by the enemy and participation of bodies of state security in it became the main document defining activity of bodies of state security in the back of the opponent.

The special group at NKVD of the USSR urgently started the organization rezidentur, task forces and training of loner agents for accomplishment of special tasks behind the front line. The secret-service network created in the enemy territory and in prospecting and diversionary task forces often joined students of the Higher school. rezidentur and chiefs of task forces also the employees who graduated at different times from the Central and Highest schools were appointed heads, as a rule.

In July-September, 1941 the situation on the Western direction was unusually difficult. Germans approached Moscow. The staff of School, as well as thousands of Muscovites, left on construction of defensive works, participated in liquidation of parachute landings, caught deserters and panic-mongers.

On July 19, 1941 the big group of teachers of the Higher school goes to the order of the third managements of NPO of the USSR and NKVMF of the USSR. After departure of the experienced and qualified teachers all loading was assumed by the remained employees, however it did not affect educational process. People worked without days off, without holidays, without reckoning with time.

Renaming into the Higher school of the National commissariat of state security of the USSR

By the beginning of 1941 at the Higher school of NKVD on a basic course with training term 1 year 250 people, on six-months advanced training courses of leadership team also of 250 people were engaged. At this time every third head of the Soviet bodies of state security was a graduate of rates.

March 27, 1941. The higher school of NKVD of the USSR in connection with Narkomat's education state securities of the USSR was included in structure of NKGB USSR and received the name of the Higher school of the National commissariat of state security of the USSR. The colonel N.K. Davydov became the chief of School.

It is possible to tell that on the eve of the Great Patriotic War the Higher school of NKGB completed an initial stage of formation as the special educational institution capable to react quickly to requirements of the state security agencies in preparation and retraining of employees in the different directions of counterprospecting work.

1939: Reorganization in the Higher school of NKVD of the USSR

On March 21, 1939 the GUGB NKVD Central school of the USSR is reorganized by the decree of the commissioner Gosbezopasnosti of Lavrenti Beria into the Higher school of NKVD of the USSR.

Then in March, 1939 these two types of training are fixed in the Higher school of NKVD of the USSR: retraining and advanced training of the personnel of operations sections of NKVD, and then NKGB USSR.

The taken shorthand and multiplied lectures, then courses of lectures in which practical experience of operational activity was generalized and analyzed were the first manuals. Expansion and development of network of educational institutions, staffing of professional teachers, the accumulated experience of scientific work defined high-quality changes in case of preparation of a training material. There are first textbooks and manuals in which a theoretical part purchases more system and didactic character.

By 1937 textbooks were prepared:

• "Fight against the German intelligence",
• "Accounting, registration and control",
• "Outside observation",
• "Overseas investigation",
• two textbooks for operating-technical divisions (Cryptography, Radioprospecting) and
• materials on the history of Cheka-NKVD.

In the late thirties in Central and the GUGB NKVD inter-territorial schools of the USSR special subject matters and the relevant departments which determined the content of preparation and retraining of listeners were finally created. Such disciplines as were a special cycle of training:

• "Bases of secret-service operational work",
• "Fight against foreign intelligence services",
• "Investigative case",
• "History of Cheka-OGPU-NKVD".

Textbooks on special disciplines included scientifically generalized and systematized material. In September, 1939 the idea of creation of the universal textbook on special disciplines in which it was offered to reflect all directions of operational activity of the state security agencies was discussed.

1934: Renaming into the GUGB NKVD Central school of the USSR

On July 14, 1934, after formation of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the USSR which part divisions of the former OGPU were the OGPU Central school was renamed into the Central school of Head department of state security of NKVD of the USSR.

The task of retraining of operational structure was set for the Central school NKVD. Generally inter-territorial schools were engaged in training of new employees.

At the Central school NKVD professional development course of the highest leading, senior and average operational structure were also organized.

Chiefs of school during this period:

• Ya.M. Veynshtok 1933 - 1936.
• S.B. Balayan 1936 - 1938.

1932: Three-months rates of the highest leadership team

Since January, 1932 at the Central school three-months rates of the highest leadership team for retraining and advanced training of the acting structure from chiefs of managements, departments of the authorized representations of OGPU to chiefs of departments begin to work. At OGPU School in the early thirties there was a system of retraining of the highest leadership team of the state security agencies (VKRS).

Series of lectures were read by chiefs of Foreign department (INO), Counterprospecting department (KRO), Confidential and Political Department (CPD). High theoretical level of lectures was caused by qualification of the invited lecturers. So, for example, the marshal M.N. Tukhachevsky performed with lectures about the nature of the modern military operations, problems of the cultural revolution were explained by N.K. Krupskaya. Much attention was paid to the occupations devoted to social and political development of the country.

Quality of training was confirmed by the conclusion of the commission on a final assessment of the highest leadership team of operations sections of OGPU studying during the period from January 15 to April 15, 1932. Many listeners, according to the commission, were rather prepared to enter the Moscow institute of red professorate.

From the first days of formation of the OGPU Central school listeners were considered as an operational reserve of security service that increased efficiency of their training and education. During the period from 1930 to 1935 they took part in fight against gangsterism in the North Caucasus, participated in operational work on service of the congresses of Councils which were taking place in Moscow, performed other tasks. Daily 300 cadets were selected in an operational reserve of OGPU.

In 1932 - 1933 V.V. Vinokurov worked as the chief of school.

The OGPU central school up to reorganization in 1935 prepared and retrained more than 5 thousand employees.

1930: Conversion to the OGPU Central school

Changes in a political and operational situation in the country at the end of 1929 - the beginning of 1930, staff shortage in territorial authorities of OGPU and impossibility to prepare them at school on retraining of personnel of internals raised a question of creation of new educational institution.

In 1930. The politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) of the Central Committee employs the decision on the direction for study with the subsequent transfer in bodies of state security of 1000 advanced workers production workers. With respect thereto the order on formation in Moscow of school on preparation and retraining of staff of bodies of security which since June 4, 1930 hereinafter is referred to as the OGPU Central school is issued on May 29, 1930.

On September 8, 1930 the school on retraining of workers of internals of OGPU is disbanded also all its property and stock are transferred to the Central School (CS) of OGPU.

To formation of the OGPU Central school there were changes and in the organization of educational process: disciplines of a special cycle were more accurately selected, one of the most important principles of training — connection with practical activities of bodies of state security was improved. In the order OGPU of February 12, 1931 chiefs of bodies to which students of TsSh went to a training, were offered to provide to new operational replenishment the maximum support, to give written responses about political and business qualities of listeners, and after passing of a training to make appointment to the corresponding positions.

Training of listeners consisted not only in acquisition of knowledge, skills of operational activity. High requirements were imposed to military training and physical tempering of trainees. Every year cadets went for charges to the camp of Dynamo situated near Moscow in Mytishchi. The program of charges provided classes in firing, tactics of operational and fighting work, studying of topography and military equipment. Charges came to the end with conducting the two-day military operation organized for each educational group.

As the chief of school in 1930-1932 A.M. Shanin worked.

1929: Conversion to School on retraining of workers of internals

In July, 1929. The high courses of OGPU are transformed to school on retraining of workers of internals. Selection in educational institution of the state security agencies became even more careful. For sent the service length in OGPU increased by study up to 5 years.

Due to the creation of school on retraining of personnel of internals of OGPU in August, 1929 training of OGPU at the Higher boundary school is liquidated also all training of employees for the Confidential Department (CD), Economic department (EKO) and Information department (INFO) of OGPU USSR concentrates at again created school.

There is a number of works of M.E. Klimov:

• "Equipment of counterintelligence service" (1925),
• "Economic counterrevolution" (1928),
• "Short sketches of anti-Soviet political batches" (1928),
• "Sketches on the history of retaliatory bodies" (1928) and others.

1923

The Higher OGPU boundary school is created

In November, 1923 the Higher OGPU boundary school is created, and the main training of operational employees for border troops is transferred to newly created educational institution.

The 1st Moscow school of Transport department of GPU is open

Depending on real threats to national security specialization in training of operational structure of bodies of GPU amplified. F.E. Dzerzhinsky paid much attention to strengthening and security of the railway transport which had the extreme economic importance for revival of economic capacity of the country. Respectively devices of staff of bodies of security on transport for which it was necessary to train security officers transport workers became stronger. The 1st Moscow school of Transport department of GPU called by the name of F.E. Dzerzhinsky which then was renamed into the Central transport rates of GPU was opened by the order of GPU of March 23, 1923. History of rates is remarkable the fact that afterwards they will become one of the most specialized courses of the OGPU Central school.

In 1922 - 1925 the 1st OGPU TO Moscow school, and in 1925 - 1930. OGPU school of F.E. Dzerzhinsky was placed to the address Moscow, B. Kiselny Lane, 11.

1922: Conversion to the High courses of GPU

In 1922 rates were transformed to the High courses of GPU. Regulations on the High courses in which the organization and management personnel, tasks of departments are defined approve by board of GPU. In Provision the leading role of the High courses in organizational and educational and methodical formation of all system of training of bodies of state security was noted. The educational and instructor department created on the High courses developed plans, programs for all network of rates and schools at local bodies of GPU.

Issues of educational process were resolved on Educational council into which representatives of the High courses and the staff of operations sections of central office of GPU entered. The council of lecturers consisting of the chief of rates, the chief of a teaching department, lecturers and teachers discussed a teaching technique, made curricula, programs, lectures, distributed time of occupations, carried out educational work.

1921: Opening of permanent courses of training of operational structure

Considering importance of increase in level of training of the personnel, F.E. Dzerzhinsky wrote:

"There passed those times when we opposed to a counterrevolution only selfless courage of staff of bodies of security and Bolshevist commitment. Now it is necessary to add good training, education, excellent knowledge of the case to these valuable qualities".

First of all it was recognized as reasonable to increase the term of training at rates up to three months, to set for them constants the state and structure.

On January 25, 1921 the Presidium of Cheka made the decision on creation of permanent courses of training of operational structure.

On January 29, 1921 on the basis of the resolution of Presidium of Cheka training courses for employees for service in bodies of Cheka will be organized.

Mikhail Kirillovich Romanovsky was appointed the chief of rates. To him, Ivan Andreevich Apeter and Yakov Davydovich Berezin it was entrusted "to develop the courses program in the shortest possible time, to prepare the premises, etc. and to open rates not later than April 1 of this year".

On February 18, 1921 the deputy chairman of Cheka I.K. Ksenofontov approved states of rates.

The opening day of rates — — is considered on April 26, 1921 day of the beginning of history of Academy as permanent educational institution of security service of the country.

On April 27 the first occupations when 150 cadets began passing of training courses for operational structure of Cheka took place. Classes were in the ancient estate of the 18th century in the center of Moscow on Pokrovka, 27. Participants of the KGB operations performed at that time Trust and Syndicate were teachers and listeners.

One of permanent teachers (with a 10-year experience), there is a lot of made for development of an education system in the state security agencies of teachers, there was a chief of Counterprospecting department A.H. Artuzov.

Experience of training was gradually accumulated, skills training was improved. The lack of manuals raised a role of lectures and direct communication of teachers with cadets, forced to look for new forms of work. Enough effective forms holding practical lessons in specialized groups with attraction to training of cadets of operational workers became one of. Cadets were distributed on the following sections:

• Special and Confidential departments,
• on fight against gangsterism,
• on transport,
• on operational and confidential work,
• statistical and registration and
• economic.

Distribution of cadets by sections was made by representatives of operations sections of Cheka together with administration of rates.

During the practical lessons operational workers revealed capabilities of cadets and the possible directions of follow-up activity of each of them in a certain position in bodies and troops of Cheka. Initial approach to use of experience and specialists of pre-revolutionary law enforcement agencies was reviewed. As teachers began to invite the famous employees of gendarmerie, police and investigation who conducted training in "old regime" textbooks to rates. Moreover, methods and acceptances of imperial secret police were the basis for activity of a number of services of Cheka. For example, the instruction adopted by the 1st ChK All-Russian conference and which fixed the basics of outside observation borrowed a lot of things from instructive documents of filersky service, including the organizational principles, terminology and specific methods of work.

Much attention on rates was paid to military science and physical training of listeners. Training programs provided working off of skills of ownership of weapon, firing practice, front and physical training. Listeners participated in military parades, in army transactions with participation of staff of bodies of security.

Discussion of all fundamental issues of internal life happened at meetings of constantly convoked Academic council of rates of GPU (in connection with reorganization of Cheka in GPU rates of Cheka were transformed to rates of GPU).

In the early twenties except courses of lectures and regulating documents the first manuals appear. Such work as "An outline of secret-service investigation" (1921) deserves attention, for example.

1918: Opening of rates of Cheka

Creation of a system of training began almost right after the October revolution with opening of rates of Cheka. For the first time this question was raised by Board of Cheka on April 5, 1918. Members of Board supported formation of special rates for intelligence agents and commissioners with attraction to teaching on them experienced heads.

Opening of rates of Cheka took place in September, 1918. The staff of the extraordinary commissions and also party and Soviet workers became their listeners. In the accepted Regulations on instructor rates at Cheka it was noted that they should train managers of departments of ChK, investigators, commissioners, intelligence agents and organizers-instructors.

The documents prepared in 1918 regulating duties and the rights of staff of Cheka became the first manuals by security officers:

• "Instruction to investigators of Cheka",
• "Instruction for investigators and commissioners of departments on duty",
• "Instruction for fight against speculation",
• "Duties working on political search",
• "Rules of production of inquiry",
• "Instruction for outside observation of the intelligence agent",
• "Short instructions for conducting investigation",
• "Instruction to boundary ChK and commissioners of the Commission on fight against a counterrevolution and speculation", etc.

Funds of new manuals, normative materials began to form. Among those which remained it is possible to note:

• "Necessary management for agents of the extraordinary commissions" (1918),
• "Short data from secret-service investigation" (1919),
• "Instruction for commissioners of the extraordinary commissions" (1920),
• "Historical overview of a White Guard plot in Petrograd" (author P.A. Karus), etc.

Reading the magazines "Krasnaya Nov", "Pod marksizma znamenem", "Pechat i revolyution", "Kniga i revolyution", "Oktyabr", "Molodaya gvardiya" was recommended to cadets.

Leading employees and members of Board of Cheka were involved in training.

At that time Cheka was faced by a serious question of selection of employees. The professional revolutionaries (F.E. Dzerzhinsky, M.S. Kedrov, I.K. Ksenofontov, M.Ya. Latsis, V.R. Menzhinsky, Ya.H. Peters, V.V. Fomin, etc.) who had wide experience of counteraction of imperial time to security service, and perfectly knowing what is shadowing, arrests, escapes from prisons and links headed the Commission. Military divisions of Cheka consisted of professional military or of the people who got fighting and office experience in the years of World War I. Operational divisions and services were started "with a clean slate".

Difficulties in selection of operational structure and investigators were that right after the revolution the new power absolutely rejected experience of activity of Department of police, the Separate body of gendarmes, other law enforcement agencies of imperial Russia, excluded a possibility of use of their employees and also forms and methods of fight against political opponents.

The workers, peasants, soldiers and sailors conceptually convinced, betrayed to case of revolution, but who did not have, as a rule, even an approximate idea of the future profession went to ChK. Also general education level was extremely low at them. Training of many employees began with liquidation of illiteracy. This work was conducted constantly, in a gubchek special circles and schools were created, individual classes were given.

The political, military and operational situation in the country constantly became complicated. It became clear that as time organization to speak about liquidation of Cheka early. There was a Civil war, the ruin amplified. Respectively fields of activity of staff of bodies of security extended, new structures were created, requirements to employees raised.

At appointment of security officers to a specific position presence at them of the special knowledge and skills necessary in work was even more often considered. F.E. Dzerzhinsky noted that:

• for example, the representative for political parties is obliged to know programs of different batches well;
• it is necessary to include the persons familiar with specifics of investigation for believers in the structure of the commissions on religious affairs;
• in transport bodies existence of knowledge of military science and railway rules is obligatory.

In "The instruction to investigators of the extraordinary commissions on fight against a counterrevolution and speculation" it was emphasized that investigators should have legal education and have such personal qualities as exposure, politeness, correctness, and, above all - observation.

Special attention was paid to selection of heads who had to be more prepared, formed, to understand an entity of policy of ruling party more deeply, to have managerials ability, skills of work in collective and with collective.

Requirements to professional and personal qualities of operational structure and heads could not be implemented only in the course of practical activities. Especially it concerned prospecting, counterprospecting and legal preparation. Special educational institutions with an accurate training system and advanced trainings of staff of bodies of security were necessary.