Miklouho-Maclay Nikolay Nikolaevich

Biography

1846, July 5 (17) - was born on the Rozhdestvensky estate of the Borovichi district of the Novgorod province (now the village of Yazykovo, Okulovsky district, Novgorod region). Father - Nikolai Ilyich Miklukha, captain-engineer of railways, participant in the construction of the St. Petersburg-Moscow Iron roads; mother - Ekaterina Semyonovna, nee Becker.

1846, July 28 - the appointment of his father as assistant chief of the path from St. Petersburg to the Alexander Mechanical Plant, and then (March 6, 1848) the head of the St. Petersburg Passenger stations. Moving the family to St. Petersburg.

1849, August 11 - the transfer of his father to the southern directorate of the construction of the St. Petersburg-Moscow Railway. Moving the family to Tver.

1856 - the return of the family to St. Petersburg.

1857, December 20 - the death of his father.

1858: Beginning of studies in St. Petersburg

1858 - admission to the 3rd grade of the school of St. Anna in St. Petersburg.

1859-1863 - study in the 4-6th grades of the Second St. Petersburg Gymnasium.

1861, October 2 - participation in a student gathering at St. Petersburg University. Arrest and imprisonment in the Peter and Paul Fortress (until October 5).

1863, September - admission by a volunteer (without graduating from high school) to the Department of Natural Sciences of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. Attending lectures at the Medical and Surgical Academy.

1864: Expulsion from university for participating in student unrest and leaving for study in Europe

1864, February 15 - expulsion from the university for participating in student unrest.

1864, March - traveling abroad.

1864-1865 - study at the University of Heidelberg at the Faculty of Philosophy, attending lectures on chemistry, medicine, etc. Participation in the activities of the Polish emigrant society.

1864, September - a trip through the mountains of the Black Forest and Switzerland.

1865 - summer semester at the medical faculty of the University of Leipzig.

1865-1868 - studies at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Jena, classes in comparative anatomy under the direction of K. Hegenbaur and zoology under the direction of E. Haeckel. Work as an assistant at the Haeckel Histological Institute.

1866: Study of the sponges and brains of cartilaginous fish on Lanceroth Island

1866 September-1867, February - trip with Haeckel to the Canary Islands through Switzerland, France, Spain, Portugal, about. Tenerife. A study of the sponges and brains of cartilaginous fish on Lanzarote Island.

1867: Walking through Morocco and working with zoological collections in Western European countries

1867 March-May foot journey through, Morocco return to Jena via and Spain. France

1867 autumn - a trip to Norway, Denmark and France to work with zoological collections. An attempt to take part expedition A. Nordenskiöld.

1868 September-1889, February - comparative anatomical work with A. Dorn in Messina.

1869

Expedition to collect zoological materials to the Red Sea

1869 March - May - expedition to collect zoological materials to the Red Sea, study the living conditions of Arabs. Visiting Alexandria, Cairo, Suez, Yambo (Inbu), Jeddah (Jeddah), Massaua, Suakin, Dalak Islands (Dahlak Islands). Return to Russia by sea with a call to Beirut, Smyrna (Izmir), Constantinople (Istanbul), arriving in Odessa.

Travel along the southern coast of Crimea, Don and Volga to collect materials on the brain of sturgeon fish and work in St. Petersburg

1869, summer - a trip along the southern coast of Crimea, Don and Volga (Saratov, Samara) to collect materials on the brain of sturgeon fish.

1869, August - participation in the Second Congress of Naturalists in Moscow. August 23 - a report on the brain of chimera and a message about the need to create biological stations.

1869, September - arrival in St. Petersburg. Work at the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences to define and research the sponge collection.

1869, September 23 - a report to the Russian Geographical Society on traveling to the Red Sea.

1869, September-November - development of a plan for an expedition to the Pacific Ocean for zoological and anthropological research. Presentation of the plan to the RGO (September 27) and its discussion at company meetings.

1869, November-1870, June - work in Eun on the completion and publication of the monograph "Materials on comparative neurology of vertebrates." Trips to Leipzig, Weimar; meetings with I. S. Turgenev.

1870: Sailing to New Guinea on the Vityaz corvette

Development of a research programme in Oceania predominantly anthropological and ethnographic character. RGO report on the choice of New Guinea as a research base. Receiving a cash subsidy from the RGO. Permission of Alexander ІІ to make the transition to New Guinea on the Vityaz corvette.

1870, April-May - trip to London via Berlin, Leiden, Rotterdam, Brussels. Establishment of scientific contacts.

1870, October 27 (November 7) - 1871 September 7 (19) - a trip to New Guinea on the Vityaz corvette. Departure from Kronstadt, visit by road, Denmark,, Germany, Belgium Netherlands England.

Further following the route: about. Madeira - about. San Vicenti (Cape Verde Island) - Rio de Janeiro - Magellana Strait - Punta Arenas - Talcauano - Valparaiso (trips to Santiago, Aconcagua Mountains) - about. Easter - about. Pitcairn - about. Mangareva Ireland - Papeete (Tahiti Island) - Apia (Samoa Islands) - the Bay of Rota New Guinea. Hydrographic and ethnographic observations during the transition.

September 15 (27), 1871 - the departure of "Vityaz" from the coast of New Guinea.

1871: Arrival in New Guinea and start of legendary expedition

1871, September 8 (20) - 1872, December 12 (24) - a stay in New Guinea on the coast of the Astrolabe Bay (Cape Garagasi near the village of Gorendu and Gumbu), soon called the Maclay Coast.

In 1871, Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay lived and worked on the island of New Guinea

Visiting neighbouring villages and islands. Anthropological and ethnographic studies of Papuans; natural science observations.

1872: Arriving in Jakarta

1872, December-1873 May - departure on the Emerald clipper, Visit to about. Ternate, about. Tidore, Minahasa (about. Sulawesi), Manila (excursion to the mountains of about. Luzon for the study of Aet), Hong Kong, Canton, Singapore. Arrival in Batavia (Jakarta) on Java Island.

1873 May-December - stay in Batavia and Beitenzorg (Bogor) in the residence of the Governor-General of Netherlands India. Processing of materials collected in New Guinea.

1873, December-1874, iol - the second trip to New Guinea through Makasar (Sulawesi Island), about. Banda, about. Amboinu (Ambon), about. Gesir (Gesser). Settlement on the Papua Koviai Coast at Cape Iwa. Excursion to the interior of the island, opening oz. Kamaka-Vallar and Papuans Vuousirau.

March 28, during the absence of Miklouho-Maclay, - an attack on his hut and the looting of property by local "captains," their killing of civilians. Miklouho-Maclay's move to Aiduma.

April 23 - his arrest of the main culprit of the attack of the "captain" Mawara.

April 30 - arrival on about. Kilvara. Return to Batavia through Fr. Banda, Fr. Amboina, Fr. Bura, Fr. Ternate, Mepado (Fr. Sulawesi), Gorontalo (Fr. Sulawesi), Makasar, Surabayu.

1874, August-November - stay in Batavia, Beitenzorg, Ti Panas. Preparation of a memorandum to the Governor-General of Netherlands India on the socio-political situation of Papuans of the Papua Koviai Coast. Processing materials about the first and second stay in New Guinea.

"White Papuan" great explorer Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay with Aboriginal, 1874

1874, November-1875, January - visit to Singapore, Johor Bahru (Johor Bahru). The first journey through the south of the Malacca Peninsula (from the Muar River to the Indau (Endau) River). Study of mixed Oran-Utan and Oran-Raiet aboriginal tribes.

1875, February - return to Johor Bahru. Trip to Bangkok (Siam).

1875, March-May - stay in Singapore and Johor Bahru. Continued processing of New Guinean materials. Development of a plan for the establishment of a zoological station.

1875 June-October - the second journey through Malacca from the south of this peninsula (the Principality of Johor) to the east and northeast coast (the Principality of Pahan (Pahang), Tringano (Terengganu), Kalantan (Kelantan), then to the northern part of the peninsula (the Principality of Keda, the areas belonging to Siam), thence returning via the west coast town of Malacca to the southern part of the peninsula. Study of Malays and Aboriginal Oran-Sakai and Oran-Semang groups.

1875, October - stay in. The beginning of Singapore the struggle against the annexation of New Guinea by England. Appeal in this regard c. RGO Decision to refuse to publish a number of information collected at the Malacca Peninsula to prevent the invasion of the English colonialists.

1875, November-1876 January - stay in Beitenzorg. Preparation for printing of materials collected in New Guinea and the Malacca Peninsula.

Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay with a servant boy Akhmat, who accompanied him in the 1870s.

1876: Second sojourn on the banks of the Maclay

1876, February-June - a journey through western Micronesia and northern Melanesia on the schooner "Sea Baird" along the route: Cheribon (Java Island) - Bovtain (Sulawesi Island) - Gebe Island - Pegan Islands (Mapia) - Attol Auropik (Eauropik) - Attol Ulithi - about. Vuap (Yap) - Palau archipelago - about. Vuap - Admiralty Island - Agomes Island [Hermit] - Nigo Island - Maclay Coast.

Ethnographic and anthropological studies. Collection of information on the activities of traders and slave traders. The first mention of the intention to create the Papuan Union (March 26, 1876).

1876 June 27 - November 10, 1877 - second stay on the Maclay Bank at Cape Bugarlom (near der. Bongu). Visiting the villages of the Maclay Coast and the adjacent islands (Archpriest of the Satisfied People, Bili Bili Island), excursions to the mountainous regions. Continued study of Papuans. Beneficial influence on their economy and life. The attitude of Papuans to the Russian scientist as a "very big person" ("Tamo-borough-borough"). Attempts to begin the creation of the Papuan Union.

1877: Moving to Singapore

1877 November - 1878 January - moving to Singapore along the route: Vulcan Island and Lesson - Agomes - Anakhoretov (Kaniet) - Palau Island - Zamboanga (Mindanao Island).

1878: Moving to Sydney on medical advice

1878 January-June - stays in Singapore and Johor Bahru. Heavy illness and monetary difficulties. Receiving money from Russia from the Russian Geographical Society and paying part of the debts. Departure to Sydney (Australia) on the recommendation of doctors.

1878, July -1879, March - stay in Sydney. Joining the Linnean Society and participating in its work. Conducting comparative anatomical, anthropological and ethnographic research. Publication of articles. Organizational activities for the creation of a marine biological station in Sydney. Open letter to A. Gordon (British High Commissioner in the Western Pacific) on the need to respect the rights of the Papuans of the Maclay Coast (January 23, 1879

1879: A Journey Through the Islands of Melanesia

1879, March-1880, January - journey through the islands of Melanesia on the schooner "Sadie F. Keller" along the route: Sydney - Nouméa (New Caledonia Island) - Lifu Island - New Hebrides - Candelaria Reef [Roncador] - Andra Island - Admiralty Island) - Ninigo Island - Lub Hermit Island] - Sorri Island (Admiralty Island) - Andra Island - New Ireland Island - Trobrian Island - Simbo Island (Solomon Islands) Basilio (Louisiana). Ethnographic and anthropological observations. Collecting information about the slave trade in Melanesia.

1880, January - April - a trip on the mission steamer Ellentovan along the route: about. Ware (Teste) - villages of the southern coast of New Guinea (from Samarai to Silo) - Torres Strait Island (Murray, Darley, Seibai, Mabiac, Waibin (Tersdi).

1880, May - December - stay in Queensland (Australia).

"We need to appreciate people for the goals they set for themselves" N. Miklouho-Maclay. (Photo 1880 Queensland. Australia)

Visiting the ports of Somerset, Cooktown, Townsville by mail steamer. Life in Brisbane. Trips to the hinterland: Gulnarber (at St George's), Jimbur, Dolby, Pikedale, Stanthorpe. Ethnographic and anthropological study of Australian aborigines and the collection of information about the situation of Melanesians working on plantations. Comparative anatomical studies of the marsupial brain.

Paleontological excavations at Clairvaux near Glen Innes (New South Wales).

1881: Life in Sydney

1881, January-1882, January - life in Sydney. A trip to Victoria for conducting geothermal observations (April 1881). Preparation of the "Note on Kidnapping and Slavery in the Western Pacific" and the "Maclay Coast Development Project," a letter to Commondor J. Wilson and A. Gordon in defense of the indigenous people of Oceania.

Work at the marine biological station in Watson Bay, continuation of comparative anatomical work, publication of scientific articles.

1881, August-September - the second trip to the southern coast of New Guinea (to prevent a brutal massacre of Papuans). Visits to Port Moresby and the village of Kahlo.

1882: Speaking in Russia and receiving money from Alexander II to pay debts and prepare works

1882, February-August - return to Russia on Russian military ships "Herald," "Asia," "Peter the Great" along the route: Sydney - Adelaide - Singapore - Alexandria (delay due to hostilities in Egypt) - Genoa - Naples - Florence - Cadix - Lisbon - Cherbourg - Kronstadt.

1882, September - November - stay in Russia. Exhibition and readings at the Russian Geographical Society (September 29, October 4, 6, 8). Performance at the Society of Natural History Lovers in Moscow (October 15). Numerous responses from the Russian press. Audience with Alexander ІІ. Receiving money to pay debts and prepare work. November 28 - departure to Western Europe.

1882, December-1883, January - stay in Western To Europe(, Berlin Antwerp, Leiden,,, Paris London Greenock, Genoa, Naples), Scientific and friendly contacts. In - Paris a meeting with I. S. Turgenev.

1883: Third trip to the Maclay Coast and the struggle for Papuan rights

1883, January-June - return to Australia. Crossing from Port Said to Batavia on the ship "Chibassa."

The third trip to the Maclay Coast on the corvette "Skobelev > (February 12 (24) - March 1 (13)) along the route: Batavia - Makasar-Amboina - hall. Astrolabe (der. Bongu - about. Bili Bili - Port Alexey) - Admiralty Islands - Hermit - Palau - Cebu (Philippines) - Manila. Return to Sydney by passenger steamer via Hong Kong, Singapore, Darwin, about. Thursdi, Cooktown.

1883, June-1886, February - life in Sydney. The Fight to Protect Rights Papuans, against the preparation of the colonial partition of New Guinea, against the annexation of the Maclay Coast by Kaiser Germany. Appeals to English ministers (Lord Derby, W. Gladstone), German Chancellor Bismarck, Alexander ІІІ and others, in Russian and foreign press with statements and telegrams of protest. Processing part of the diaries. Preparation for publication of materials on travel and scientific research 1870-1881. Continuation of comparative anatomical, zoological research at the marine biological station. Publication of natural science and ethnographic articles in the Australian and European press. Trips to the Blue Mountains, Melbourne. Marriage to Margaret Robertson (27 February 1884), birth of sons Alexander-Niels (18 November 1884) and Vladimir-Allan (29 December 1885).

1886: Work in Russia, project of the Russian free colony in Oceania

1886, February-April - return to Russia via Batavia (where they were numerous collections stored there were taken), Aden, Alexandria.

1886, April-1887, March - stay in Russia. Arrival in Odessa (12 April 1886). Audience with Alexander ІІІ in Livadia (April 20-23). A trip to Nikolaev to send collections, then to relatives in Malin through Kyiv. Arrival in St. Petersburg (June 10).

Nomination of the project for the organization of the Russian free colony in Oceania. Discussion of the project in the press. Mass movement of those wishing to move to Oceania. Receiving a letter from L. N. Tolstoy with a high assessment of the activities of Miklouho-Maclay. The opening of the exhibition of ethnographic collections (October 8), then donated to the Academy of Sciences. Public lectures (November 17, 22, 24, 29, December 1, 8, 11). The final refusal of the tsarist government to organize a Russian free colony in Oceania (December 9). Work on preparing to print the first volume of travel. Severe illness.

1887, March-July - a trip to Australia via Odessa and Suez for his wife and children. Return to Russia through Italy and Vienna. Delivery of zoological and anatomical collections.

1887, July-1888, April - stay in St. Petersburg. Trip to Malin to see his mother (August 1887). Increased disease. Attempts to continue work on the first and second volumes of travel. Preparation of the latest articles "Island of Andra," "For a few days to Australia," compiling an autobiography. Exchange of letters with L.N. Tolstoy.

1888: Death in St. Petersburg at the age of 41

Main article: At what age did famous people die

1888, April 2 (14) - death in St. Petersburg at the age of forty-one. April 5 (17) - funeral at the Wolf cemetery.