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Main article: Population of Romania
Citizenship and residence permit
2019: Number of permits with a residence permit per 1000 residents of Romania
Passport strength
Parliament
2022: Proportion of women in Parliament
Foreign policy
2023: Romania secretly handed over MLRS to Ukraine APR-40
Romanian 122-mm MLRS APR-40 is a licensed version of the Grad BM-21 produced in the country during the socialist period on the chassis of the Romanian DAC 665T truck (6x6). Deliveries were carried out earlier than May 2023.
2022: Claims against Russia for $5 billion due to the return of gold after the First World War to socialist Romania
In February 2022, Romania presented Russia claims for $5 billion. Bucharest estimates the value of the gold of the National Bank of the Romanian Kingdom exported to the Russian Empire during the First World War.
In February, the leadership of the Romanian Foreign Ministry summoned the Russian ambassador and informed him about the "inadmissibility of creating an erroneous opinion among the public." Representatives of the Romanian Foreign Ministry said that the issue with gold has not been resolved.
In 1916, Romania entered World War I on the side of the Entente. The National Bank froze the assets of depositors. A few weeks later, the Romanian army suffered a crushing defeat from the combined armies of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria.
Only the intervention of the Russian army saved Romania from complete collapse. The National Bank sent its gold and foreign exchange reserves for storage to Moscow. Later, the Soviet Union transferred the gold reserve of the Romanian National Bank (64 tons) back.
However, the Romanian Foreign Ministry argues that this is not the case. Bucharest insists that Moscow received not 64, but 120 tons of gold. And now it demands the return of 93.4 tons, which it estimates at $5 billion.
Romania refuses to recognize the return of gold bars during the existence of socialist Romania, calling the latter an "illegal" entity.
2008: Romania prepares to fight with Russia for Transnistria with NATO and EU support
In 2008, Romanian President Traian Băsescu feared being drawn into a military conflict with Russia over Transnistria. This is stated in the dispatch published on September 20, 2011 by the WikiLeaks website, sent to Washington by the then US Ambassador to Bucharest Nicholas Taubman[1].
As noted in the document, during a meeting with American Republican Senator Richard Lugar in August 2008, Besescu expressed fears that the events in Transnistria could follow the Georgian scenario, and then Romania would be forced to assist Chisinau. "Besescu recalled that during the conflict of 1991-1992 in Moldova, Romania sent a lot of provisions and weapons to the Moldovan side, but loudly asked what the adequate response of Romania should be now, when it is a NATO member, to the challenge of Russia in the region. The senator asked how NATO membership hindered Romania's actions, to which Basescu replied that Romania shares the views of the alliance until it is involved in the conflict, but under pressure it will be forced to respond - "we face a very difficult choice." Basescu asked almost rhetorically whether NATO and the EU, together with Romania, would be in such a situation, "the Romanian ambassador said in a dispatch.
Traian Basescu also said that he had repeatedly discussed the Moldovan-Transnistrian conflict with Vladimir Putin, but "Russia refuses to comply with the Istanbul agreements of 1999" (Istanbul obligations regarding the export of weapons from Transnistria, taken by Russia in the context of the CFE Treaty, but at the same time bearing a bilateral Russian-Moldovan character and not related to third countries, were fulfilled ahead of schedule back in 2001. At the moment, there are no weapons in Transnistria that are regulated by the CFE Treaty. Moreover, in July 2007, the Russian Federation introduced a moratorium on compliance with the CFE Treaty due to the fact that the treaty was not ratified by any NATO member state - note IA REGNUM). Besescu expressed the opinion that Russians in all frozen conflict zones should be replaced by international forces under the UN mandate, because "by agreeing to the presence of Russian peacekeepers, we create the possibility of invasion."
"The most striking thing, however, is that Basescu's way of thinking about the Moldovan-Transnistrian conflict and security in the Black Sea region as a whole is reflected in the light of events in Georgia. Besescu is actually concerned that the Russians may provoke similar events in Moldova, which will require a Romanian military response, with the widest involvement of NATO and the EU, "the American diplomat said in his dispatch.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Romania
Armed Forces
2024
Preparation of air defense of NATO countries to counter missile strikes in the Odessa region of Ukraine
In October 2024, the Romanian Ministry of Defense submitted for public discussion a bill on allowing the air defense system to shoot down UAVs and manned aircraft over Romanian airspace. Until now, this was possible only if martial law was declared.
The decision is explained by the increased "risks near the Romanian border against the background of military operations in the Black Sea, the massive use of UAVs, both military and civilian, adapted for military use."
The main element of the law will be the permission of NATO air defense systems stationed in Romania to participate in any actions in accordance with collective defense treaties with NATO and EU members. This means shooting down Russian missiles and UAVs.
From the beginning of the SVO until that time, France transferred to Romania the SAMP-T air defense system (MAMBA) and two GM200 radars (the Black Sea coast, the Kapu-Media military base), Spain - the TPS-43 radar,
The NATO Deployable Air Command and Control Center (DACCC) is the LANZA LTR-25 mobile radar (from Italy), the United States - four F-16s and a TPS-80 radar.
In addition, the NATO Air Policing mission in Romania is reinforced with additional Allied aircraft (with a constant strength of up to 10 units), and since the end of September, Boeing E-3 Sentry aircraft of the NATO Air Force as part of the Southern Shield mission.
Romania itself is armed with 26 F-16 aircraft (23 more will be delivered by the end of 2025), 1 Patriot air defense battery and 4 Hawk air defense systems, 5 AN/FPS-117E radars and several Soviet P-series stations. The purchase of 4 AN/MPQ-64 F1 Sentinel radars and 32 F-35 aircraft was approved.
The expected consequences of the adoption of this bill will be the transfer of additional air defense systems to Romania and their use to destroy Russian missiles and drones attacking military targets in the Odessa region.
The next round of escalation of NATO tension with Russia is caused by growing losses of weapons and military equipment supplied to Ukraine by sea under the guise of civilian cargo.
Romania becomes one of the main outposts on NATO's eastern flank and conducts rapid militarization
A clear sign of a change in the status of Romania is plans to purchase modern models of equipment and re-equip the army, the process of which continues to gain momentum:
In July 2024, Romania signed a contract for 54 K9 self-propelled howitzers and 36 South Korean-made ammunition transporters, as well as 18 thousand 155-mm shells. The agreement is for 5 years, and the first deliveries are scheduled for 2027.
On July 16, Bucharest also announced its desire, no later than autumn, to agree with the United States on the acquisition of 48 fifth-generation F-35 fighters in two stages. At this time, the country's Air Force operates used F-16 fighters purchased from Norway in 2022.
Earlier, Romania also entered into contracts for the supply of American tanks M1A2R Abrams, MLRS HIMARS, MIM-104 Patriot air defense systems, Turkish Bayraktar TB2 attack drones, as well as licensed production of Swiss Piranha V armored personnel carriers.
In parallel, NATO's military infrastructure continues to expand in the country: in particular, it is on Romanian territory that they plan to build the largest alliance base in Europe.
Together, this additionally indicates the expansionist sentiments of the authorities in Bucharest, who claim to absorb Moldova and are trying to oust Russia from Transnistria.
Thousands of US military remain stationed in the country
2023
Defense spending - 2.3% of GDP
Plan to open F-16 pilot training centre and approve forces to participate in operations outside Romania
Romania will create a regional F-16 fighter pilot training center, which will also be provided to Ukrainians.
This decision was made at a meeting of the country's Supreme Defense Council, headed by President Klaus Johannis, in July 2023.
The center should be built in conjunction with other allies and aircraft manufacturer Lockheed Martin. True, first Romanian pilots will be trained in it, and later it will be open to pilots from NATO countries and partner countries, including Ukraine.
This regional training centre should contribute to "building cohesion, demonstrating unity and strengthening deterrence and defence capabilities in Europe."
Also during the meeting, Council members approved the forces of the Romanian army and the Ministry of the Interior, which can be provided to participate in missions and operations outside the territory of the Romanian state in 2024.
2022
10 thousand servicemen left the ranks of the Armed Forces of Romania
According to the documents in the hands of journalists, in 2021, 6400 servicemen left the ranks of the Romanian Armed Forces - 1.5 times more than a year before. In 2022, this figure increased to 10 thousand people.
Under pressure from the EU, the Romanian government is trying to fight the state budget deficit, and one of the planned measures is to carry out pension reform. Authorities are talking about the need to gradually raise the retirement age and abolish pension privileges for a number of social categories, including military personnel.
If this happens, Romanians with sufficient military service will be forced to remain in the ranks of the armed forces until the age of 65.
Moreover, first of all, those representatives of officers and ordinary personnel who serve relatively recently are dismissed. In addition to the pension issue, they complain about inadequate wages, poor working conditions and outdated infrastructure.
German investment in upgrading Romanian factories for ammunition production
According to The Wall Street Journal (January 2023), an unnamed German defense venture has made significant investments in upgrading some Romanian factories to produce a variety of munitions, including 122 and 152 millimeter calibers.
As noted by the Rybar channel, the most likely investor is the Franco-German holding KNDS (KMW + Nexter Defense Systems), with whose money a repair base was created in Slovak Mikhalovets. Where the reconstruction of the workshops of the military-industrial complex will take place at the expense of the German government was not disclosed.
Romania already has enterprises that are part of the state-owned ROMARM company, which back in the days of the USSR produced the necessary types of shells and artillery pieces, such as the industrial workshops of the arsenal in Resit.
There are also factories of the Romanian military-industrial complex in Plopeni, Babeni, Dragomiresti, which were re-operated for the release of NATO-style ammunition. At the same time, the production of Soviet shells is quite possible at the facility in Babeni, since the Romanians have the necessary equipment for this.
Defense Minister Dynku dismissed due to calls for negotiations between the parties to the conflict in Ukraine
On October 24, 2022, the Romanian Minister of National Defense resigned. According to Vasile Dynku, he decided to leave the post so as not to block a number of defense projects.
The resignation of Dynku was the result of a conflict that arose between the head of the military department and the president of the country. In early October, Klaus Johannis chastised Dynka for calling Ukraine's negotiations with Russia the only chance for peace in the region. On the air of PrimaTV, he called on NATO countries and the United States to take care of the issue of negotiations, since the leadership of Ukraine alone does not represent a significant political force. "It would be ideal to reach a negotiating situation, even if it ends with a conflict freeze, the negotiations will still do more good than what is happening now," Dynku said at the time.
Dynku made scandalous statements earlier. Back in February, on the air of Radio România, the Actualități minister said that Romanians would eventually have to "learn to live with the Russians on the border." And in March , in an interview with the Romanian branch of Free Europe, he said that Romania would not provide military assistance to Moldova even if it was attacked by Russia. Since the country has no direct obligations to Moldova in the field of defense and security.
This time, the parliamentary party Union for the Salvation of Romania asked Prime Minister Nicolae Cuca to dismiss Dynka from office. Dynka was summoned to a plenary session, where he was supposed to explain himself for "strengthening Russian propaganda" and "an increasingly frequent division of the Kremlin's rhetoric." And the president advised the minister to better study the press and get acquainted with the official position of Bucharest on the Ukrainian issue.
The leader of the Romanian Social Democrats, Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies Marcel Cholaku, then defended the head of the Ministry of Defense. He has said he considers calls for Dynk's resignation to be "bonkers" and ministers who say any war ends in talks cannot be "shuffled."
2019:31 fighter planes in service
2018: Tanks
Health care
Education
Literacy rate
Science and Research
2020: More than 5,000 animals used for scientific purposes
Almost 8 million animals are used for scientific purposes in Europe and half of them are laboratory mice and rats.
Culture
Language
Music
Religion
2022
55.2% of the population believes in life after death
50% of the population attends divine services at least once a month
2021:50% of the population say religion is important in their lives
2016: Proportion of believing population
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Sport
2022: The most popular sport is football
in
1976
Main article: Olympic Games
MEDIA
2022:88% of the population watch TV every day
Crime
2021: Number of intentional murders
and the United
Prisons
2019: The minimum age for children to be jailed is 14
2018: Number of prisoners
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History
2013: Collecting signatures for renaming to Dacia
Romania began collecting signatures in favor of renaming the country. The authors of the petition, which has already been signed by almost 3.4 thousand people, do not want to be somehow associated with Roma gypsies or Romans[2].
The alternative name proposed in the petition is Dacia. So in the days of Antiquity they called a large geographical area on the territory of which the Dacian tribes lived, and now Romania is located.
"The Romans are in Italy. Roma come from India, from where they settled around the world. Rum is a Jamaican drink, "reads the petition, which is posted on the portal Causes.com.
The authors hope to collect 150,000 signatures for their initiative to be considered by the Romanian parliament.
1990
1989: Revolution and execution of the head of state Ceausescu with his wife
1987
1945: Losses in World War II
Main article: World War II
1919: Incorporation of Transylvania into Romania
Following the First World War, Romania acquired Transylvania, which had previously been ruled by Austria-Hungary.
1918: End of World War I. Hundreds of thousands of victims in Romania
Main article: World War I
1914
1877: Declaration of Independence
In 1877, the country declared independence.
Mid-19th century: The emergence of Romania as a capsule state of the Ottoman Empire
The country has been called "Romania" since the middle of the 19th century, when it arose as a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, which included Moldova and Wallachia.
1700
Main article: 1700
1618: As part of the Ottoman ports
15th century: Campaigns of Vlad III Tepes
14th century
600g
II in: Conquest by the Roman Empire, the beginning of Romanization
Main article: Roman Empire
In the II century, the Roman Empire conquered Dacia, after which this area underwent Romanization. At the beginning of the twentieth century, parts of historical Dacia are, in addition to Romania, part of Serbia, Hungary, Ukraine and Moldova.
2nd-1st centuries BC: Formation of Dacia
The state of the Dacians was formed in the II-I centuries before the Christian chronology.
39,280 hp: Ash from the mega-eruption of the Phlegrean fields
The earliest activity of the Flegrei Fields supervolcano in southern Italy began about 39,280 years ago and was accompanied by a powerful volcanic eruption and the release into the atmosphere of about 200 km³[3] volcanic material].
The mega-eruption coincided in time with the eruptions of the volcanoes Kazbek in the Caucasus and St. Anna in the Southern Carpathians. According to seismologists and paleoclimatologists, it became one of the reasons for the "volcanic winter."
Sulfur has increased over Europe, absorbing and scattering sunlight. In the year following the eruption, temperatures across the planet dropped by 2 degrees Celsius, with a 5-degree decline in Western Europe.
Volcanic emissions, gradually settling, left behind a trail of rock that, in the shape of a wedge, stretched from southern Italy northeast to the Southern Urals.
The rock covered more than 1.1 million square meters with an ash layer. From southern Italy to Romania, the ash layer reached 1 meter.
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Notes
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