Main article: Human body
Blood is formed from hematopoietic stem cells
In humans , blood is formed from hematopoietic stem cells, the number of which is about 30,000, mainly in the bone marrow, as well as in the Peyer plaques of the small intestine, thymus, lymph nodes and spleen.
Composition of substances
Blood is distinguished by an amazing constancy in the composition of some substances.
So, protein - 5-8%, sugar - 0.07-0.12%, the total amount of salts - 9.9. The ratio of potassium, sodium, calcium salts is strictly definite.
Blood cells
Red blood cells - red blood cells
Unlike other cell types in the human body, mature red blood cells do not contain nuclei, mitochondria, or ribosomes. The absence of these cellular structures leaves room for hundreds of millions of hemoglobin molecules found in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is a component of red blood cells belonging to a group of proteins. It consists of 96% of the protein substance globin and 4% of the substance with a 2-valent iron atom - heme.
In 1 cell of the red blood cell there are about 280 million hemoglobin molecules, which forms the red color of the blood.
The animation below takes place in real time (a 20-second cycle) and shows how the red blood cell - the red blood cell - deforms as it passes through the capillaries, and how it changes color in the process of oxygen saturation, passing through the circulatory system.
The alveoli are tiny sacs located at the ends of the tubes in the lungs and in direct contact with the blood. Gas exchange is carried out through the alveoli.
When the air reaches the lungs, oxygen dissolves in the blood through the alveoli, and carbon dioxide gas , on the contrary, enters, lungs to exhale from the body.
Malaria is associated with lesion by red blood cell parasites.
Platelets
Leukocytes
Leukocytsi (from other Greek λευκός - white and κύτος - receptacle, body, literally white cells) - a heterogeneous group of blood cells of humans and animals different in appearance and function, distinguished by signs of the presence of a nucleus and the absence of independent coloration.
Formed in the red bone marrow, found in the entire body of the animal.
The lifespan of a white blood cell ranges from several hours to several years. The main function of white blood cells is to protect the body from pathogens and remove tissue destruction products.
The video below shows white blood cells moving around the blood in search of pathogens for immune protection.
In the video below, white blood cells destroy a foreign agent in the body. Perhaps something similar is happening in your body right now.
In the video below, the neutrophil (one of the white blood cells) chases after the bacterium (staphylococcus). They move between round red blood cells, blood cells.
The video shows the bacteria hiding behind cells that are much larger than them, and as the phagocyte tries to destroy one bacterium, the other (right), anticipates the danger and, noticing that the phagocyte passed by in pursuit of a nearby bacterium, goes the other way.
The process of chasing a white blood cell is called chemotaxis, and the process of absorbing and digesting a foreign particle is called phagocytosis.
Lymphocytes make up 25-40% of all white blood cells
Main article: Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell, the main cells of the immune system that provide immunity.
In the adult human body, 25-40% of all white blood cells are lymphocytes (500-1500 cells in 1 μl), in children the proportion of these cells is 50%.
Many pathogens are located inside the affected cells out of reach for humoral immunity factors (such as antibodies). To cope with intracellular parasites, a separate system of cellular acquired immunity arose, based on the functioning of lymphocytes. T-killers
Blood groups
2024: Enzymes that turn different blood types into the first are discovered
At the end of April 2024, European researchers from the Danish Technical University (DTU) reported the discovery of a mechanism that allows any form of blood to be converted into universal blood of the first group. In the future, this can significantly simplify the implementation of medical procedures involving blood transfusion to a patient.
Biologists conducted work under the guidance of Professor Maher Abou Hachem. They found that bacteria of the species Akkermansia muciniphila, existing in the human digestive system, produce enzymes that can be used to convert different blood groups. The fact is that these microbes have the ability to break down the main component of mucus, similar in structure to antigens that determine the type of human blood. The researchers concluded that the enzymes of said bacterium could be used to convert donated blood of the second, third and fourth type into blood of the first group by purifying it from antigens.
It is noted that every year donors around the world donate more than 118 million standard doses of blood of all types. The use of enzymes produced by Akkermansia muciniphila bacteria to convert samples into generic type one blood will greatly simplify logistics and reduce the likelihood of blood entering the patient's body during surgery or other medical procedures.
The process of converting blood according to the new method takes about 30 minutes and does not require heating of the processed biomaterial. This distinguishes the proposed technology from other methods of blood transformation. The introduction of the method is expected to reduce the need to collect universal donated blood of the first group.[1]
Rhesus factor
Blood with zero Rh factor
Gold blood, or zero Rh-factor blood, is an extremely rare blood type that has been identified in just 43 people around the world in the intervening 50 years by 2020. It is in demand both for scientific research and for blood transfusion. At the same time, it is incredibly dangerous for the lives of people in whose body it flows, due to its deficiency.
Blood with zero Rh factor is called "golden" for two reasons. Most importantly, the complete absence of Rh antigens means that "golden blood" can be accepted by anyone, even someone with a rare blood type in the Rh factor system. Its life-saving potential is so enormous that, although the samples submitted to blood banks are anonymous, many often try to track donors with a zero Rh factor to ask them to donate more. However, due to its shortage, gold blood is used only in the most extreme cases, since it is almost impossible to replace it.
But what if a person born with such an unusual blood type needs a transfusion? This can be a huge problem, since their body is only suitable for blood with zero Rh factor. It's dangerous to live with golden blood. If they receive blood from a person with Rh-positive factor, then this can cause a potentially fatal reaction of the immune system in their body.
Golden blood is both a curse and a blessing. On the one hand, you have the opportunity to save countless lives by simply donating blood, but on the other hand, you are constantly worried about avoiding situations where you may need a blood transfusion.
Blood velocity
The heart pumps oxygenated blood through the aorta (the largest artery in our bodies) at a rate of about 1.6km/h.
By the time the blood reaches the capillaries, it is moving at a speed of 109 cm/h.
The blood pumped by the heart irrigates about 75 trillion cells throughout our body.
Blood clotting
Main article: Hemostasis
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How snake venom acts on human blood
Blood plasma production in Russia
2023: Mishustin approved the concept of increasing blood plasma procurement for the production of drugs
In February 2023, Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin signed a decree approving the concept of increasing blood plasma procurement for the period until 2030. In Russia, it is planned to increase the production of drugs based on blood plasma in order to fully provide citizens with such domestic drugs.
According to the press service of the Cabinet, the concept proposes to modernize federal and regional institutions that collect and store blood, reduce the cost of plasma procurement by increasing volumes, and develop interaction with donors. In the federal budget for the next three years, almost 8 billion rubles are already provided for these areas.
The implementation of these plans will provide Russian pharmaceutical companies with the necessary amount of blood plasma for the production of drugs based on it.
The concept will be implemented in three stages. The first is designed for 2023-2024. Within its framework, the plasma centers and blood service institutions of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency (FMBA) will be modernized.
During the second stage, from 2025 to 2027, it is planned to re-equip regional blood service institutions and, in total, increase the volume of plasma procurement to 1.2 million liters per year for the subsequent production of drugs.
At the third stage - from 2028 to 2030 - the volume of plasma procurement is planned to be increased to 1.8 million liters per year. This will not only create a permanent and significant supply of raw materials for the production of drugs for Russians, but will also open up opportunities for the export of domestic drugs.
Medicines obtained from blood plasma are used to prevent and treat infectious diseases, help save the lives of patients with diseases of the circulatory system, various neoplasms and pathologies. In addition, such drugs are indispensable in emergency situations when people need emergency assistance.[2]
2022: Natsimbio named sole producer of blood plasma
At the end of January 2022, Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin signed a decree approving the National Immunobological Company (Natsimbio) as the only contractor for the processing of blood plasma prepared by the FMBA of Russia on its own or received from organizations that are part of the blood service, or purchased from these companies. State contracts with the holding included in Rostec will be concluded until the end of 2023. Read more here.
Blood test
Main article: Blood test
Blood donation
Main article: Blood donation
Blood transfusion
2023: US IT millionaire, 45, will no longer transfuse his son's blood to slow ageing It didn't help
On July 11, 2023, it became known that 45-year-old American IT millionaire Brian Johnson decided to curtail the experiment on transfusing his own son's blood to slow down aging and increase life expectancy. Read more here.
Blood diseases
- Sepsis (blood poisoning)
- Leukemia (leukemia, blood cancer)
- Thalassemia is a genetic disease of the blood that leads to a decrease in hemoglobin levels and prevents the transportation of oxygen through the body.
Technologies
Blood glucose monitoring
Main article: Blood glucose monitoring systems
2024: Domestic blood extraction valve developed
Technological Development Agency (hereinafter referred to as the Agency) has accepted from the company Hemojenix"" a set of design documentation for a component product that is critical to. the Russian medicine This was announced Hemojenix by "" on October 9, 2024. More. here
2023: Russia began to use a new technology for blood purification without replacement with donor plasma
In the First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov began to use technology to instantly reduce the content of "bad" cholesterol in the blood. During the course of application of the technology, patients with severe autoimmune diseases can achieve remission. This was reported in the press service of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation on July 19, 2023. Read more here.
2022
For the first time, artificially grown blood cells were transfused to patients
On November 7, 2022, it became known that cells grown in artificial conditions were transfused to patients. This case was the first in the world when red blood cells grown in a laboratory were transfused into a patient as part of a blood transfusion experiment. Read more here.
A mobile application has been created to determine the level of oxygen in the blood using a smartphone camera
On September 19, 2022, it became known that a group of American researchers created a program that allows smartphones to determine the level of blood oxygen saturation up to 70%. Read more here.
1978
Hematology - Blood Medicine Section
The study of blood is carried out by a section of medicine called hematology.
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