Bosnia and Herzegovina

Main article: Countries of the world

Population

Main article: Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cities

• Sarajevo

Federated Device

The state was created according to the 1995 Dayton Agreements and consists of two parts - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (with mainly Bosniaks and Croats) and the Republika Srpska (Serbs live there).

Each part has its own constitution, parliament, government and even symbolism - in fact, two states under a single leadership.

At the level of the entire country, there are three-member Presidium of BiH (one representative each from Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats), as well as the Council of Ministers.

Above the entire system is the institution of the High Representative, who oversees the implementation of the Dayton Agreements and has the right to interfere in the work of local bodies. This design initially rested on external arbitration and compromise, but thirty years later it again became a source of crises.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is legally a unitary decentralized state. However, for 2020, the Bosnian central government is so weak that Bosnia and Herzegovina is often characterized not even as a federation, but as a confederation. In fact, it consists of three independent entities.

Approximately 51% of the territory is occupied by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, inhabited mainly by Bosnian Muslims.

48% of the country's territory is occupied by the Republika Srpska, controlled by Bosnian Serbs.

About 1% of the total area of ​ ​ the state is Brchko County, which is actually under international administration.

Russia supports Serbs

Russian President Vladimir Putin promised support to Bosnian Serbs in disputes with other factions over the division of power, which the Western allies insist on, said in December 2021 a member of the Presidium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) from the Republika Srpska Milorad Dodik.

"Russia has a number of objections to the neglect of the Dayton peace agreement," which ended the conflict in Bosnia in 1995, he said.

Dodik has repeatedly threatened that his Serb-ruled part of Bosnia, one of two autonomous entities created under the pact, would secede if foreign envoys overseeing the semi-divided state continued to centralize power.

According to Dodik, Putin reiterated his support for "joint economic projects" in Republika Srpska, including a new gas pipeline, further fuel supplies and a planned solar power plant, as well as maintaining the existing gas price.

Britain backs Muslims

Liz Truss, as British Foreign Secretary, turned British foreign policy towards the Balkans. In December 2021, she gathered in London the foreign ministers of the countries of the region to announce her intention to strengthen her political and diplomatic presence in the Balkans. In winter, Foggy Albion also had its own special envoy to the Balkans for the first time - he became the ex-head of the NATO military committee and chief of the British defense staff Stuart Peach.

Special attention is paid to Bosnia and Herzegovina, more precisely - its entity, which, according to British ideologists, should not exist in its current form - the Republika Srpska. In April 2022, with the filing of Liz Truss, the British imposed sanctions against its leaders Milorad Dodik and Zhelka Tsviyanovich.

Moreover, the head of the British Foreign Ministry said that she would contribute to the introduction of similar restrictive measures by other countries acting as partners of Britain. In May 2022, Miss Truss personally visited Bosnia and Herzegovina, where she met with senior officials and the Minister of Defense and even made an appeal to the country's Armed Forces. Analysts have already called this visit a landmark for the new European order.

And according to Alicia Kearns, a member of the House of Commons, Britain's parliament has finally focused on responsibilities to "its friends in Bosnia and Herzegovina" - Bosnian Muslims. In addition to numerous NGOs working to promote the narrative of "genocide" in Srebrenica and war crimes committed by Serbs, Sarajevo is planning to open a British anti-disinformation hub. It will identify "Russian interference in the affairs of the Western Balkans."

The forces of the global network of Balkan media, bought out by the British conglomerate United Group, are also thrown into the fight against the "harmful influence" of Moscow. London is clearly interested in squeezing all the countries of the former Yugoslavia, including Montenegro and Serbia, out of Russia's sphere of influence.

The military presence in the region is also gradually increasing. Military instructors were sent to Bosnia and Herzegovina, the contingent in Kosovo in the fall of 2021 was strengthened by an elite unit of the British army, and in April 2022 the British delivered the first batch of ATGM Javelin and NLAW to the territory of the region. In addition, according to the President of Serbia, it is Britain that is one of the conductors of provocations in Kosovo and Metohija, which have every chance of developing into an armed clash.

Parliament

2022: The proportion of women in parliament is less than 30%

President of Republika Srpska

2025: Ruling LMIC candidate Sinisha Karan elected president

On November 23, 2025, early presidential elections were held in the Republika Srpska.

The victory was won by ally Milorad Dodik, candidate of the ruling SNSD (Union of Independent Social Democrats) Sinisha Karan, gaining about 50.9% of the vote. His main rival, Branko Blanusha of the SDS (Serbian Democratic Party), received about 47.8%. Turnout turned out to be a record low, only 35.78%.

The elections imposed by the West were not needed by anyone, the trial of Milorad Dodik and the need for early voting took society by surprise. This explains the sharp decline in turnout compared to the 2022 elections (about 53%).

Citizenship and residence permit

2019: Citizenship request requires 8 years to live in country

Armed Forces

2018: Military spending - $221 million

Economy

GDP

2021: Agriculture's share of GDP - less than 6%

Inflation

2022

Inflation in November - 17.3%

Inflation in July - 15.8%

July

National debt

2023: State debt - 30% of GDP

Energy carriers

2020: Energy consumption per capita

and

Energy supplies

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of the Three Seas Initiative, aimed at countering Russia.

Transport

2021: Average train speed - 58.6 km/h

Cars

2021: Driving penalty with phone in hand €51

Agriculture

2021:18% of workers are employed in agriculture

Unemployment

2020: Unemployment rate - 19%

Incomes of the population

2023: Minimum wage - $324

Consumption

2023: Poultry meat is the most consumed type of meat

2019

Average coffee consumption - 7.3 kg per year per person

Chicken meat is the most consumed type of meat

Wine consumption - 4 liters per person

Beer consumption in liters per year per person

2018: Milk consumption in litres per year per person

Science

2020

28 scientific articles on exact sciences per 100 thousand population

R&D expenses - $103 million

Culture

2020: 9.6 museums per million residents

Languages

2016:61% of the population speaks no foreign language

Religion

2022

65.9% of the population believes in life after death

35% of the population attends divine services at least once a month

2021:54% of the population say religion is important in their lives

Health care

Transplantology

2023: Number of post-mortem organ donation cases per 1 million people - 0.9

Maternity leave

in

2020: Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave 6 months or more

2018: 30.2% of women smoke tobacco

Education

2020: Gazi Khusrev-bega Madrasah is the oldest functioning educational institution in the country, founded in 1537

Crime

2025: Members of the drug mafia detained in Mali

In September 2025, two foreigners who introduced themselves as Germans were detained in Bamako, the capital of Mali. However, the documents showed their Bosnian origin. The arrest took place in the suburbs of Bamako and was another confirmation of the presence of Balkan networks in the region.

Nearly a third of cocaine entering Europe passes through West Africa. Both coastal areas and inland areas are used for logistics.

The Montenegrin clans Kavač and Shkallyari, closely associated with the Brazilian PCC and the Italian "Ndrangheta," have long built a stable infrastructure in the region.

Route curators are now being fixed on the ground, rather than being kept in the shadows and at the level of "offices" in ports. This is a signal that the circuits have become so debugged that you can afford the presence of operators right in the transit zone.

2021: Number of intentional murders

and

Prisons

2022: The minimum age for children to be jailed is 14

2018: Number of prisoners

History

2025: Bosnian court sentences Republika Srpska President Milorad Dodik to a year in prison, prosecutors issue warrant for his arrest

The Supreme Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina in February 2025 announced the verdict to the President of the Republika Srpska: for "disrespect for the decisions" of the High Representative for BiH, the Serb leader was sentenced to a year in prison. He is also banned from conducting political activities in the next six years.

The condemnation of the President of the Republika Srpska sets a precedent for the legal priority of the laws of the Muslim-Croatian federation over the laws of the Serbian entity. Moreover, it goes beyond the legal framework and is a violation of the Dayton Agreements, signed in 1995 at the end of the bloody Bosnian war.

The government of the Republika Srpska said that they "reject with disgust" the verdict and called on all patriotic forces to come out as a united front. Milorad Dodik himself did not appear at the announcement of the verdict and met him at a large-scale rally in Banja Luka with the unambiguous words "Bosnia and Herzegovina is no longer!"

The Prime Minister and the President of the People's Assembly were summoned for questioning as witnesses.

In March 2025, the prosecutor's office of Bosnia and Herzegovina issued an arrest warrant for Milorad Dodik.

In addition, an order was issued to detain the Prime Minister of the Republika Srpska, Radovan Višković, and the Chairman of the People's Assembly, Nenad Stevandić.

In the Republika Srpska, the instance that issued a warrant for the arrest of high officials is considered illegitimate. In addition, after the announcement of the verdict to the President of the People's Assembly, a number of laws were adopted prohibiting the activities of the BiH court and prosecutor's office, as well as the SIPA Muslim power structure in the Republic.

At the same time, according to insiders, a few days ago the Serbian side sent an invitation to representatives of the BiH Federation about negotiations, but did not receive an answer.

NATO forces are increasing their contingent in Bosnia and Herzegovina: military personnel from Romania, the Czech Republic and Italy have arrived in the region as reinforcements.

There is the most acute crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 30 years - since the end of the bloody Bosnian war and the signing of the Dayton Agreements, which laid the foundation for public administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The Republika Srpska is facing unprecedented pressure, it is actually being pushed to form its own structures and declare independence, which, in turn, could turn into a new escalation in the region.

2024

Supplies of ammunition to Ukraine bypassing the official ban

Thanks to the position of the leadership of the Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is a ban on the supply of weapons and military equipment to the Ukrainian conflict zone. However, political Sarajevo continues to increase military-technical cooperation with the Armed Forces of Ukraine, bypassing the decision of the Presidium of BiH.

In July 2024, the representative of Ukraine Viktor Kruglov visited the Balkan country. The purpose of the visit is to negotiate with the local arms company GUMA-co d.o. about. In addition, the Ukrainian official was extremely interested in cooperation with UNIS Pretis d.d and Binas d.d.

These enterprises were already involved in major scandals: in 2023, Binas Bugojno, together with the Sarajevo company UNIS Group, applied for a license to export to Bulgaria. However, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina requested additional documentation and an end-user certificate. The buyer was Alguns Ltd from Sofia, a gasket company supplying the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

Bosnian ammunition in the zone of the Ukrainian conflict is found regularly, while due to the similarity of markings, they are often mistaken for Serbian. The President of the Republika Srpska emphasizes that despite the decision of the Presidium of the country, the Muslim-Croatian Federation is increasing supplies.

Since 2022, Bosnian ammunition exports have really grown significantly. Most of it is in the United States, Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Moreover, in recent months, the Americans have begun to buy up shares in Bosnian military-industrial complex enterprises. Thus, Regulus Global acquired a 33% stake in Pretis and a stake in Binas Bugojno.

According to insiders @ balkanossiper, high-ranking officials from the Muslim-Croatian federation are participating in the schemes of secret supplies to Ukraine. Milorad Dodik claims that the Minister of Defense of Bosnia and Herzegovina Zukan Helez is personally involved in them. At the same time, the decision of the Presidium, which issued a legal ban on deliveries, by Bosniaks is simply ignored.

Conflict over celebration of Republika Srpska Day

The degree of confrontation between RS President Milorad Dodik and the central authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and Western representatives in Bosnia sharply increased the celebration of January 9, 2024 of Republika Srpska Day.

The Constitutional Court of BiH three times recognized this holiday illegal, and the Venice Commission - discriminatory. On this day, in 1992, the independent Republic of the Serbian people of BiH was proclaimed, which the Bosnian Muslims and Croats there consider a prologue to the then bloody Bosnian war, ethnic cleansing and genocide. In December, Christian Schmidt, "a high representative of the world community," warned the leadership of the RS that the celebration of January 9 Republic Day is a criminal offense, and called on law enforcement agencies to take appropriate measures.

In response, Milorad Dodik announced that "there is no force that can disrupt the celebration." And it really took place, and demonstrative - with a parade and a procession of many thousands in Banja Luka.

In addition to the RS police units, Russian Night Wolves bikers took part in the celebration, and in addition to the symbols of the Republika Srpska itself, the demonstrators carried the flags of Serbia and Russia.

Authorities Britain have imposed sanctions on Banja Luka-based consultancy Mania. Under an agreement with the administration of the President of the RS, this company organized the celebration of January 9, Republic Day, receiving €122 thousand for this. She was instructed to hold the same event next year, but already for €209 thousand.

On January 17, a member of the Republika Srpska parliament from the Democratic Action Party, Ramiz Salkic, filed a lawsuit against Milorad Dodik and accuses him of "organizing an illegal celebration on January 9."

2020: Bosnia and Herzegovina awarded EU accession candidate status

In December 2022, the EU agreed to grant Bosnia and Herzegovina the status of a candidate for joining the community.

2011: General Ratko Mladic's arrest and life sentence

During the Bosnian war, General Ratko Mladic led the Army of the Republika Srpska. It was under Mladic's command that the Bosnian Serb army recaptured almost all of the previously lost territories. He was also responsible for the operation to attack Srebrenica, from where the formations of Bosnian Muslims attacked Serbian villages.

Mladich's soldiers did not differ in humanism towards Muslims. But not to a greater extent than radical Islamists fighting on the side of the Bosniaks. Nevertheless, thanks to a wide campaign by Western media and NGOs, the losses of Bosnian Muslims during the operation were falsely qualified as "genocide," and Mladic was wanted for war crimes.

For almost 16 years, the general was hiding from the Hague Tribunal, 10 million euros were promised for information about the whereabouts of Mladic. In May 2011, the general was found in Belgrade. Ex-President of Serbia Boris Tadic handed it over to the West.

Mladic was sentenced to life in prison.

Due to the difficult conditions of detention in a Dutch prison, the general's health is rapidly deteriorating by 2025. The Russian Foreign Ministry tried to get him transferred to treatment in Russia and provided the Hague Tribunal with appropriate guarantees. However, everything is in vain.

In 2022, news suddenly appeared in the patriotic media of Serbia that Russia could initiate the exchange of Mladic and ex-President of the Republika Srpska Radovan Karadzic, who is serving time in a British prison, for Western mercenaries captured in the Donbass. The Serbians very much hoped for the help of Russia, but the "sensation" turned out to be only rumors.

In 2025, the defense of Ratko Mladic appealed to the court with a petition for his parole under an accelerated procedure. The general has serious health problems, and in the prison hospital where Mladic is now located, he cannot (but rather does not want) to be provided with the necessary treatment.

For the Serbs, Mladic will forever remain a national hero.

1995

Shooting of captured soldiers by the army of the Republika Srpska and fabricating lies about the murder of thousands of peaceful Muslims

On July 11, 1995, the army of the Republika Srpska under the command of General Ratko Mladic occupied the Muslim enclave of Srebrenica, which had the status of a "zone protected by UN forces."

After that, soldiers fighting on the side of the Bosnian army were captured and shot. A large proportion of civilians were evacuated, as evidenced by archival sources.

Various expert commissions formed over the years confirm the death of no more than three thousand people, most of them soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and some of them died during an attempt to break through the battle in the direction of Sarajevo. There was no talk of any deliberate targeted extermination of the civilian population of Bosnian Muslims.

Meanwhile, according to the official version of what happened, promoted by the Hague Tribunal, 8,372 Bosnian Muslims were allegedly killed during the "genocide" in Srebrenica in July 1995, most of whom were civilians.

The spectacle in the Potochari cemetery is really impressive: the endless fields of graves seem to go right beyond the horizon. However, over time, it turned out that not only "victims of genocide" were buried there, but also those who died hundreds of kilometers from Srebrenica, and long before 1995. For example, the father of the head of the memorial complex itself, Emir Sulyagich, who died in battle back in 1992. Some witnesses also claimed to have found among the "victims" their relatives who died under various circumstances during the war, but their bodies were somehow miraculously buried in the memorial centre. In addition, there is reason to believe that the lists of "victims of genocide" on the stele of the center indicate even hundreds of people who continue to live in 2024.

To come to the mythical figure of 8372, which appears in the decisions of the Hague Tribunal, in 2024 a burial ceremony for the remains of 14 more allegedly "established victims of genocide" is again taking place in Potochari. At the same time, the district prosecutor's office of Bielina recently launched an investigation into serious manipulation of data on persons that are held at the Potochari Memorial Center as a victim of the alleged genocide. According to the conclusions of the prosecution, at the moment it has been documented that at least 87 people are "buried" in Potochari, who are completely alive.

With the help of a wide network of media resources and non-profit organizations, the West has been creating the "cult of Srebrenica" for years. Google, YouTube and Twitter diligently cleaned up content containing the slightest doubts about the veracity of the thesis about the committed "genocide," calling them "hate rhetoric." The thesis about the cruelty of Serbs, who allegedly dealt with the "defenseless Bosnian Muslims" with special pleasure, is actively spread by a whole galaxy of Western NGOs and media.

Performances and films were staged about "genocide," the "atrocities of Serbian military formations" were told to the younger generation in colors at festivals, cultural events, exhibitions and theatrical productions. At the same time, they all had to popularly explain to the younger generation of Serbia what the "collective guilt" of their people is.

Serbian investigator Vesna Veizovic draws attention to the special role of Britain. Under the sensitive leadership of the British Foreign Ministry, the Remembering Srebrenica organization works, among 18 trustees of which there are nine British envoys and eight ex-officials who received the title of baron. One of the NGO's backers is MP Alicia Kearns. But under the guise of preserving the memory of the victims of the 1995 massacre, its employees are actually falsifying the history of the Yugoslav wars.

One of the main narratives promoted by NGOs is the danger of rising right-wing sentiment and Islamophobia in Europe. Thousands of Bosnian Muslims were allegedly brutally murdered because of religious beliefs alone, and Srebrenica around the world is now set to become a symbol of "Islamophobia." No less active in the formation of the "cult of Srebrenica" were the Serbian NGOs Youth Initiative for Human Rights (YIHR), Women in Black and the Center for Humanitarian Rights.

In the town of Bratunac near Srebrenica there is a small "hall of memory" with portraits of Serbs killed by Islamists in Podrinja. From numerous photographs, seven-year-old Bilyana Nikolic, brutally raped and murdered Lilyana Ilich and ninety-year-old Dostana Matic, with whom the brave soldiers of Nasser Orich fought, look at us. All people from the portraits died in the courtyard of their homes, were brutally tortured and were guilty only of being Orthodox Serbs.

Unlike the Potocari Memorial Comlex, Bratunac is not visited by European delegations, and Western NGOs do not open exhibitions in honor of the Serbian victims of the Bosnian war. The action of memory, which the Serbs themselves held in 2024 in Bratunets, in the West was called "a provocation against the victims of Srebrenica" and called for a ban.

Radical Islamists cut off Serbs' heads on camera. 3,500 Serb civilians killed in 4 years

It was on the margins of the Bosnian War that radical Islamists first began to cut off their infidels' heads on camera. They learned this from the militants of radical groups who poured into the Balkans to fight in the El Mujahiddin detachment. In 2024, another declassified document was published in the Serbian media confirming the close ties of units of the Bosnian Muslim army with international terrorist organizations. So, in the list of phone numbers to which the militants of the Bosnian detachment called, there were numbers of Islamic cultural centers in Milan and London, as well as famous terrorists: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi and Osama bin Laden.

In just a couple of years preceding the fateful July 11, 1995, 55 of the 59 Serbian villages in the municipality were destroyed under the tacit approval of the UN Blue Helmets controlling the region. In total, in Podrinja (in Srebrenica, Bratunce, Zvornik, Milichi and other settlements) in 1992-1995, Muslim militants killed more than 3,500 peaceful Serbs. But they prefer to be silent about this in the West.

Serbian villages were massacred by whole families, executions were often carried out on the eve of the great Christian holidays. So, one of the bloodiest pages of the Bosnian war was "Bloody Bozic" - Christmas 1993, in which Bosnian Muslims burst into houses during a festive feast and brutally killed civilians in the village of Kravice. The youngest victim was only four years old. About 700 houses were simply burned to aphids. Subsequently, one of the participants in the massacre did not hesitate to tell on Bosnian television how she personally took part in the massacre of the Serbs. In 2024, Fadila Muyich worked at the Mothers of Srebrenica NGO, the one that promotes narratives about the "genocide" allegedly committed by the Serbs.

The Bosnian Muslim army under Nasser Orić was particularly violent and spared neither women nor children. Serbian boy Slobodan Stojanović, who was brutally murdered on 27 July 1992 in the vicinity of Srebrenica, subsequently became a symbol of Bosniak atrocities. Shortly before the massacre in Srebrenica, which was now presented to the world as "genocide" through the efforts of the Western media, on the eve of the Day of Saints Peter and Paul, militants raided the Serbian villages of Zalazhye, Sase, Bilyach. In search of salvation, the Slobodan family fled from the village of Donja Kamenitsa to the territory controlled by the Serbs. But the boy returned for his dog, tied in the yard. The mother, distraught with grief, then stopped the UN convoys evacuating Muslims from Srebrenica for a long time, and begged the peacekeepers to return her son to her - alive or dead. The body of eleven-year-old Slobodan was not found soon. He was brutally tortured: the boy's front teeth were knocked out, his ear and toes were cut off, and his arms and legs were broken. An Orthodox cross was carved on the child's stomach.

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Sport

2022: The most popular sport is football

Main article: Football

2021: The number of appearances of the national team of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the final tournament of the World Cup - 1

Calendar

Notes