Main article: Africa
Population
Main article: Population of Africa
People
Dogons
Dogons are a hunting people of 800 thousand people, mainly living in Mali and the border regions of Burkina Faso. About 90% are Muslims, about 10% are Christians.
In Mali, a pro-government militia Dan Na Ambassagu ("Hunters who believe in God") is formed from Dogons to fight the Islamists, and the spelling Dan Ambassagu is also found.
Leader Dan Na Ambassagu for February 2024 - Youssouf Toloba.
The stronghold of Dan Na Ambassagou is the Bandiagar Highlands in the Mopti region (central Mali).
Dan Na Ambassagu consists not only of Dogons, but also of other ethnic groups - Mossi, Bobo, Telem, etc. In this regard, it has a flexible umbrella structure, militia units are busy guarding their own villages, some villages nominally submit to Yusuf Toloba, in practice having little contact with other commanders.
Because of this, it is difficult to determine the exact number of Dan Na Ambassador, according to various estimates, it ranges from several hundred to 5 thousand people. The backbone of Dan Na Ambassagu is made up of professional hunters.
As of early 2023, the militia has Toloba's personal security, a semblance of special forces (the Mad detachment) and a political wing led by former Mali captain Mamadou Goudienkile.
Gudyenkile is responsible for contacts with the press and coordination with the Malian official authorities. Both the military and political wing of Dan Na Ambassagu are most active in the Bandiagar Highlands area. In large cities (Bamako, Mopi, Sevare) there are representatives of Dan Na Ambassagu to communicate with government agencies on the ground.
Dogons act as informants and guides for government forces in counter-terrorism operations or put their militias to the aid of the army.
The Dogons live mixed with the Fulani, who supply manpower to the ranks of the Islamists. In view of this, many Dogons speak both the Bamana language (which is state-owned in Mali along with French) and the Fulani language, and can be involved as translators to communicate with Malian military personnel and during interrogations of Fulani terrorists.
To protect against Dogon, the Fulani either turn to Islamists for help or form their own militia. In some cases, such a militia does not want to contact Islamists in order to avoid problems with the authorities. At the same time, Fulani units, which do not want to cooperate with Islamists and advocate military cooperation with catch-ups, are a minority, are characterized by a weak organizational and command structure and a lack of resources for a full autonomous existence.
In terms of combat potential, such detachments are significantly inferior to the Dogon militia and Islamist Fulani groups.
The main opponent of Dan Na Ambassagu are the Islamist groups Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam val Muslim (DNIM, banned in Russia) and Katiba Masina. The power potential of these groups is higher than that of Dan Na Ambassador. At the same time, the DNIM combines forceful actions with propaganda actions, trying to mediate the conflict between the catch-ups and the Fulani in order to attract the Dogons to their side, since not all Dogon villages agree to join Dan Na Ambassag.
In turn, influential Western expert centers (for example, Crisis Group, etc.), under the guise of independent recommendations, promote the idea of simultaneously disarming militia groups without taking into account their role in ensuring the security of the Malian state. It is proposed to disarm both Dan Na Ambassagu and the Fulani militia fighting against Dan Na Ambassagu. If this is done, the African Corps channel wrote, DNIM, Katiba Masina and other Islamist groups will receive greater freedom of action, the recruitment of ethnic Fulani into the ranks of Islamists will not stop, and the Mali Armed Forces will lose one of the main allies (Dogons).
The Mali Armed Forces are recommended to abandon counter-terrorism measures and switch to passive defense of civilian facilities and settlements, which will mean a deliberate loss in the confrontation with terrorists. In parallel, Western human rights organizations are creating a negative information background around Dan Na Ambassagu, accusing the Dogons of attacks on the Fulani and human rights violations. Such accusations are not heard against the Fulani Islamists.
Yilan
Main article: Fulbe (Fulani)
Tuaregs
Main article: Tuaregi
Migration
2021: Net outflow over 4 years
14 languages, the main one is Bambara
As of 2024, 13 national languages are used in Mali. French, which is common among 17% of the population as a second language, received the status of a "working" language after a referendum held in 2023. It is used in the media, in administrative and political institutions.
The most common language is Bambara - it is used as a first or second language in central and southern Mali about 80% of the population. As a percentage, the number of residents using the rest of the national languages as the main one is less than 10%.
Most of Mali's languages are part of the Mande family, which belongs to the Niger-Congolese family. Other languages are included in the Dogon and Senufo languages, which also belong to the Niger-Congolese family. Mande, Senufo and Dogon stand out among the Niger-Congolese languages because of their deviating basic order of the words "subject-object-verb." Fula, common throughout western Africa, is a member of the Senegambian branch.
Other language families include Afrasian, represented by the Berber language Tamashek and Arabic, and Songai languages.
Marriages
Allowed to have more than one spouse
Overweight
Mortality
2022: Life expectancy - 59.4 years
2018: Traffic safety
2016: Opioid deaths
Fighting Colonial Dependence on France
For 2023, Mali is fighting colonial dependence on France, which controls all significant processes in politics and the economy. For more on specific instruments of influence, see French Foreign Policy.
Armed Forces
Main article: Armed Forces of Mali
Economy
Main article: Economy of Mali
Education
2020: Sankore University is the oldest functioning educational institution in the country, founded in 989
2019: Only 38.7% of the population can read
Health care
2022: Abortion ban in place
2021: Maternity leave
in
2020
Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave from 1 to 2.9 months
Part of the population defecates on the street
Crime
2025: Kidnappings of foreigners for release for ransom
Come to work, but be captured by militants. This situation has already become typical for foreign workers arriving at mines and factories in Mali.
In early November 2025, the Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslim group kidnapped the next Indian workers in the hope of receiving a ransom for them from relatives or officials of the exodus country.
As a rule, the lives of ordinary people are ignored by state foreign structures, and workers continue to vegetate in militant camps. In the summer, the group captured the Chinese and Indians who worked at the factory in Kaes and Dugabugu. None of them were released.
By attacking work zones and mines, the militants hope to catch "big fish," as they succeeded in September 2025. The group captured two Emiratis and one Iranian. At the same time, one of the prisoners turned out to be a member of the ruling family of the emirate of Dubai. All three were soon released thanks to the intervention of structures from the UAE, which contributed a ransom of $70 million.
2024: The rise of drug trafficking by armed groups
Main article: Drug trafficking
According to [1] a UN report published in the spring of 2024, the number of drug seizures in the African Sahel region has increased sharply, indicating that significant routes for the trafficking of various illegal substances pass through this region.
In 2022, 1,500 kg of cocaine was seized in Mali, Chad, Burkina Faso and Niger, compared with an average of 13 kg between 2013 and 2020. A sharp increase has been observed since 2021.
From this, it can be concluded that cocaine traffic from Latin America changes the delivery patterns of the product to Europe, using West Africa.
So Senegal and Guinea became one of the main hubs from where narcotic substances enter European countries. Despite the perceived struggle with large parties and the detention of traders, corruption allows illegal traders to easily redirect traffic in the right direction.
From Dakar and Conakry, cocaine enters Mali, where separatists Azawada and radical Islamists from the al-Qaeda-affiliated group Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslim (DNIM) organize transit through the town of Tabankort in the north of the country. Then cocaine enters the Niger city of Agadez, from where it is redirected to Libya, and from Tobruk traffic goes to Europe.
By ensuring the smooth operation of drug trafficking, various armed groups in the Sahel receive funds for the purchase of weapons in the illegal market.
Prisons
2019: The minimum age for children to be jailed is 13
2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens
Terrorism
Culture
Religion
Mali is a secular state. The country's criminal code spelled out criminal liability for religious prosecutions. At the same time, due to the civil war and the presence of various jihadist groups, persecution of Christians began in the north of the country in the 2010s.
In 2024, about 90% of the population of Mali profess Islam, 8% adhere to traditional beliefs, about 2% are Christians (Catholics and Protestants).
Islam
2024: Important role of Sufi fraternities - tariqas
As of 2024, the majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni. An important role in religious life is occupied by Sufi fraternities (tariqas). The oldest tariqa is tijaniya, which has special influence in the southern regions of the country. In the west, the influence of the hamalliya tariqa is noticeable, in the north - the kadiriya. In Mali, there are also adherents of the Sufi movement of Muridiyya. Several thousand followers of the Senusiyya tariqa live on the border with Niger. There are also adherents of the Ahmadiyya sect in Bamako.
XII century: The destruction of the imamate of Rustamids and the transition of Mali from Ibadism to Malikite Sunnism, centered on Timbuktu
After the Imamat of the Rustamids was destroyed by the Fatimids, the influence of the Ibadites in the 11th-12th centuries south of the Sahara comes to an end and preachers, traders and immigrants adhering to the Malikite madhhab begin to arrive there without hindrance. And instead of the Ibadite Gao, the Malikite Timbuktu becomes the new center.
Nevertheless, the transition from Ibadism to Malikite Sunnism in Mali took a long time, wrote Kirill Semenov.
In particular, the Ibadites lived there back in the XIV century and were called "saganogo." They, in particular, are mentioned by Ibn Battut. Also, the Ibadit was Sonny Ali, the ruler of the Songai state. But after the 15th century, judging by available sources, all the Muslims of Mali were already Malikites.
Nevertheless, the architecture of Malian mosques still bears Ibadite features and the proximity of this architecture to the architecture of mosques in the Ibadite region of Mzab/Gardaya in Algeria, which was also a fragment of the Imamat Rustamids, is obvious.
9th century: The Ibadite rulers of the Rustamid state from present-day Algeria bring Islam to Mali, centered in Gao
Islam began to spread in Mali in the 9th century and is a Muslim country with the oldest centers of Islam south of the Sahara.
It was from Mali that the spread of Islam began in the trans-Saharan region and the Sahel and this happened exclusively peacefully.
At the same time, Islam in Mali was brought not by Sunni preachers, but by Ibadite Muslims who fought the Umayyads and were able to create their own states, including in North Africa.
So, if the Ibadites from Oman owe the spread of Islam to East Africa, where the Ibadite leaders Oman Suleiman and Sayyid resettled with their supporters after Hajaj ibn Yusuf conquered Oman on behalf of the ruler Abd al-Malik from Banu Omeya.
That sub-Saharan Islam began to spread due to the active activities of the Imamat Rustamids, another Ibadite state that existed in the 8th-10th centuries in the territory of modern Algeria and took control of all trade routes through the Sahara. And the Ibadites became the discoverers of land on the Western Nile, as the Niger River was then called.
If the Omani Ibadites used their Dow ships to colonize and spread Islam in East Africa, the Ibadites of the Rustamid state used "desert ships," that is, camels on which they crossed the sandy ocean.
Imam Aflah (Yaflah) ibn "Abd al-Wahhab ar-Rustami himself, the ruler of the Rustamid state (824-872), wanted to make a personal trip to Mali to convince the local ruler and his people to convert to Islam, but his health did not allow him. And then the imam sent his son Ali to Mali, who beat the ruler of Mali and his people to Islam.
Therefore, it is natural that at the first stage of the Islamic history of Mali, Ibadite Islam was professed, and the city of Gao, founded by the Rustamids, which was also their largest trading post, became the main center of Islam in this country.
Catholicism
Catholicism began to spread in Mali from the second half of the 19th century, after the capture of this territory by the French. The first Roman Catholic missionaries appeared here in 1868.
After the country gained independence, the Roman Catholic Church became self-governing rather than missionary.
Over half of the supporters of the Roman Catholic Church in 2024 are concentrated in two dioceses - Bamako and San. Most Catholics live in the Segu region (up to 40% of Malian Catholics).
He heads the Roman Catholic Church of Mali, the archbishop (Malian), to whom five bishops are subordinate (three of them foreign - French missionaries) and over 150 clergymen, including many foreign missionaries.
The Roman Catholic Church has at its disposal over 40 cathedrals, churches and other religious buildings, about 70 different profiles of educational institutions, in which more than 10% of all students of Malians study.
Protestantism
Protestantism began to spread in Mali only at the beginning of the 20th century.
Missionary activities are primarily carried out by representatives of the North American organizations of the Presbyterian Church.
Although Christians in Mali are small, most of them - representatives of the nobility and traders, occupy a niche of the middle class. But due to the presence of foreign missionaries, they are a more francophile group than the rest.
Traditional beliefs
Traditional African beliefs in 2024 play an important role in the spiritual life of the peoples of Mali and have a great influence on Malian Muslims and Christians, who retain some elements of traditional beliefs, primarily animism.
Cults are based on the worship of the spirits of ancestors and faith in the reincarnation of the soul. The complex mythological system of bambara and dogon includes a large pantheon of heroes and deities. The main deities at the bambara are Pemba and his wife Muso Koroni Kundye. In addition to creative power, the divine couple is also credited with the possibility of destructive action: it is believed that Pemba deprived people of immortality, and Muso Koroni Kundye brought evil to the world out of jealousy, but later trained people in agriculture.
The main Dogon deity is Amma, who, according to their beliefs, has 14 incarnations corresponding to the 14 worlds he created (7 heavenly and 7 earthly). This people have a cult of masks, with which ritual dances are associated. Every 60 years, the Dogons celebrate the ancient religious festival of "sigi," culminating in the removal of a 10-meter sacred mask.
Cinema
Films by Suleiman Cisse
The Malian director with a diploma from VGIK Suleiman Cisse during the dictatorship of Musa Traore was imprisoned for shooting with French money rather harsh in relation to local reality and the film "Girl" that angered the authorities (Den muso, 1975). His main character becomes a victim of rape, but instead of sympathy and support, she meets with a completely backlash from society.
The repression did not scare the director, and, having been released, he made another acutely social film - "The Wind" (Finye, 1982), in which two teenagers - a young man and a girl - come into conflict with their parents, thereby symbolizing the rebellion of Malian youth against both the traditional aristocracy and the new political establishment.
MEDIA
2025: Suspension of broadcasting of two French TV channels: TF1 and LCI
Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslim militants in 2025 spread lies and statements designed to intimidate the population. Quite often, Western media help them in this, which spread Islamist narratives, thereby fueling panic.
In November 2025, the Government of Mali announced the suspension of the broadcasting of two French television channels: TF1 and LCI. The authorities accused information resources of disseminating false information about the situation in the country and bias.
Earlier in Mali, they announced the closure of RFI and France 24, which published lies about the actions of the army.
Russian RTVI and Sputnik are already broadcasting in Mali.
History
2024
Abdoulaye Maiga named prime minister
In November 2024, Shogel Maiga, Prime Minister of Mali, was dismissed and replaced by Abdoulaye Maiga. The reason for the removal from office was his criticism of the transitional authorities and complaints about the restrictions on his powers.
The new prime minister is close to the current president of the country and is a more ardent supporter of the anti-French line.
Spain is the main conductor of Western politics in Mali
In May 2024, the states of the European Union decided not to renew the mandate of the EUTM mission in Mali after May 18, 2024.
Like MINUSMA, EUTM's activities have proved to be of little practical use. During her 11 years in residence, she caused only discussions of the European public and led to the deaths of several servicemen.
However, the current command of the mission in Madrid does not consider this act to be the final severance of ties with the Malian leadership. The Spanish Minister of Defense expressed a desire for other bilateral agreements and the preservation of the Spanish military presence in Mali.
At this time, Spain is the main conductor of European influence in the Sahel. So it is Spanish diplomats who make a significant contribution to keeping the pro-Western position of the Mauritanian authorities. Thus, they paved the way for subsequent projects by the Pentagon leadership.
The Spanish government is faced with the task of squeezing out Russian influence in Mali, wrote Rybar.
Colonel Assimi Goita suspended political parties for 4 months and extends military rule until 2027
On April 10, 2024, the head of Mali, Colonel Assimi Goita, issued a decree suspending the activities of political parties and associations of a political nature throughout the country until further notice.
The decision aims to end the ongoing political unrest that is damaging the country's stability and development.
"The activities of political parties and the activities of political associations throughout the country are suspended until further notice for security and public order reasons," the resolution adopted by the Council of Ministers said.
In July 2024, the Mali authorities lifted the ban on the work of political parties and associations, which has been in effect since April 2024.
The Council of Ministers recalled that it suspended the activities of political movements so as not to violate public order in the country.
The military government, led by Colonel Assimi Goita, conducted an inter-Malian dialogue in the spring on how and when to organize a transition to civilian rule. As a result, the discussion came down to extending the transition period until 2027.
2023
The liberation of the city of Kidal by government forces
The Mali Armed Forces, together with the fighters of the Wagner PMC, in November 2023 successfully cleared the area around the already former makeshift capital of the Azawad Coordination Movement - the city of Kidal. Despite propaganda from the separatists, the local population was happy to see the army and Wagnerites.
The situation in the city has stabilized. Military personnel patrol the streets, and a curfew was imposed at night. All citizens who had previously left Kidal can return, authorities said.
Tuareg rebels, as expected, retreated into the desert to regroup. However, they have already stated that they intend to continue the fight.
In honor of the liberation of Kidal, after 10 years of occupation by Azawad, festive demonstrations were held in the major cities of Gao, Mopti, Bandiagara and Bamako. Some protesters also carried flags of Russia and Mali.
The governments of Niger, Burkina Faso and the Russian Federation congratulated the president of the transitional government of Mali, Assimi Goita, on his major success in the fight against the separatists from Azawad.
Under the Pod Kontrolem of the rebels Tuaregs , there are still large territories in the north of the country, and the city of Tessalit is still not connected to the territories controlled by government troops.
France organizes Tuareg attacks on Mali government troops
In September 2023, the Russian delegation headed by Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Yunus-Bek Yevkurov again arrived in Mali. During the visit, Yevkurov met with the defense ministers of Mali and Niger, as well as with the leader of the Mali military government, Assimi Goita.
Probably, the increased attention of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation to the region is due to another escalation in connection with the Tuareg uprising and the growing threat from radical Islamists.
The Azawad Tuareg Coordination Movement, which declared war on the Mali government, is believed to be directly supported through France's DGSE foreign intelligence line. The attack on the city of Burem was a test of the forces of the militia and the capabilities of the Malian army, and the remaining units of the PMC Wagner. At this time, Tuareg rebels led by French operatives are preparing to attack the city of Gao, the capital of the province of the same name.
The DGSE assures Tuareg rebels that France will support their aspirations to create an independent state in the event of serious successes on the battlefield, and will help in the fight against militants from the local branch of the Islamic State and the Jamaat Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslim group affiliated with al-Qaeda.
The French leadership seeks to weaken pro-Russian influence in the Sahel and at the same time motivate other terrorist groups to intensify attacks on the positions of the Mali Armed Forces.
Amid a prolonged and inconclusive fight against militants in the deserts of northwestern and western Mali, French analysts expect growing discontent with both the current authorities, who cannot cope with the radicals, and Russia, which is allegedly unable to help them due to its participation in the conflict in Ukraine.
The long-running preparations for the uprising are evidenced by reports of two DGSE operatives being wounded in an accidental clash with an IS militant unit in northern Mali two months ago. The purpose of the trip was just negotiations with the leaders of the Tuareg Azavad.
Refusal to condemn Russia in the conflict in Ukraine
2022
Continued rapprochement with Russia
As of November 2022, the most active in Mali are still Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslim (affiliated with al-Qaeda) and Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (affiliated with IS).
If the first commits regular attacks mainly in the central region of Segu, then the second has been developing its presence in the Gao and Menaka regions for several months.
The struggle for control of territories is the cause of intense armed clashes between the groups themselves, which in turn leads to even greater civilian casualties.
The Malian army, with the support of PMC Wagner, is conducting operations in vulnerable areas. According to the reports of the Malian army, 133 militants were liquidated in October 2022, 122 suspects were arrested.
In response to the increased activity of the Russian PMC, France on November 17 suspended financial assistance to Mali's development programs.
Just a few days later, the Malian authorities banned the activities of all NGOs associated with France as a response gesture. Representatives of the government and civil society of Mali commented on the actions of the French as attempts to "use aid in the form of a means of blackmail."
After the official completion of Operation Barkhane by the French, Britain, Kot-d, Sweden, Germany and Lithuania have already announced the withdrawal of their contingents from Mali. Earlier, Benin, Denmark and Egypt took similar measures.
Pakistan, Bangladesh and India, on the contrary, announced plans to deploy their helicopter units.
Another step towards rapprochement with Russia was the working visit of the Minister of Internal Affairs of Mali, Brigadier General Daoud Ali Mohammedin to Moscow. At a meeting with Russian Interior Minister Vladimir Kolokoltsev, an agreement was signed on cooperation in the field of security, intelligence and personnel training.
Mali demands at the UN to stop acts of aggression by France
In August 2022, Mali asked the UN Security Council to convene an emergency meeting to put an end to what it regards as "acts of aggression" by France in the form of violations of its sovereignty and support provided, according to Bamako, to "jihadist and spy groups."
On August 17, the Malian Foreign Ministry circulated a letter from Foreign Minister Abdoulaye Diop to the UN Security Council accusing France of "repeated and frequent violations" of national airspace by the French Air Force. The minister says Mali "reserves the right to self-defence" under the UN Charter if France's actions continue.
2021: Colonel Assimi Goita leads the country and begins a course towards cooperation with Russia
The most difficult situation with the weakening of states by terrorists has developed in Mali, Burkina Faso and the Three Borders region.
The failure of local authorities to deal with armed groups led to coups in Mali in 2020 and 2021, and two coups in Burkina Faso in 2022. In both countries, the military was in power.
The new Malian leadership, led by Colonel Assimi Goita, has been pursuing a consistent course towards expanding military-technical cooperation with Russia since September 2021.
His policies enjoy broad popular support amid rising anti-French sentiment and the popularity of Wagner PMCs in the region.
"Musicians" have been openly operating in Mali since the end of 2021, stationed at military bases in different parts of the country and in the capital. Almost immediately, in addition to training the local armed forces, they had to take part in battles with the militants.
2020
Assimi Goit-led military dethrones Ibrahim Boubacar Keita
Ibrahim Boubacar Keita could not solve the problem with jihadists, and already in 2020 he was overthrown by a group of military personnel under the leadership of Assimi Goit.
Donzo kills 14 people from Fulani people
From the central part of Mali in mid-January 2020, there are reports of 14 killed and two wounded during a night attack on a village of the Fulani people.
Some of the victims had their throats slit. The attackers were allegedly donzo hunters.
Apparently, the resignation of the government in April 2019, which followed the massacre of the Fulani, did not particularly help in resolving the conflict.
2019
New attack on the donzo. 41 people died
In mid-June 2019, unidentified motorcycles attacked two villages in Mali, killing at least 41 people.
This happened in the central part of the country, where ethnic conflicts broke out in recent months. The victims from the villages of Yoro and Gangafani were mainly representatives of the donzo hunting fraternity.
Murder of 35 people in Sobana village
The massacre in the settlement of the hunting brotherhood donzo took place on the night of June 9-10, 2019.
The number of victims of the attack on the village of Sobana in Mali is 35, not 95, as previously reported.
This was stated by Prime Minister Bubu Cisse after he visited the village himself.
By June 12, the attackers have not yet been found or even know who they are. There is a version that it is jihadists who incite intercommunal conflicts, so that later, on a paid basis, they offer their protection to rural residents. Later it was reported that the attack was carried out by representatives of the Fulani.
Donzo kills 150 people from the Fulani people
In March 2019, the Donzo killed more than 150 people from the Fulani people in two villages in central Mali, one of the bloodiest clashes in the country's recent history.
2013: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita wins election
The military ensured the holding of elections in 2013, during which Ibrahim Boubacar Keita came to power.
2012: Outbreak of civil war and arrest of Amadou Toumani Touré
Due to the civil war that began in 2012 and the failures in the fight against jihadists, the military arrested Amada Tumani Toure.
2002: Amadou Tumani Toure comes to power
In 2002, Amadou Toumani Touré came to power in Mali.
1992: Military overthrows Musa Traore
In 1991, the military overthrew Musa Traore and Alpha Umar Konare came to power during the elections in 1992.
The 1970th
1968: Former French legionnaire Moussa Traoré comes to power in coup
On 19 November 1968, Mali's first president, Modibo Keita, was the victim of a coup by a former French legionnaire, Lieutenant Moussa Traoré. The new head of state established a dictatorship in the country that lasted until 1991.
1960: Disintegration of the alliance with Senegal and obtaining the status of an independent state. Modibo Keita - First President
The Federation of Mali became independent on June 20, 1960, but this union broke up on August 20, 1960, when Mali became a separate state. On September 22, the country also withdrew from the French Community and changed its name to the Republic of Mali. The date is considered the independence day of Mali.
The first president was Modibo Keita, an adherent of the ideas of socialism and pan-Africanism.
1959: Joining Senegal and establishing the Federation of Mali
In January 1959, Mali's autonomy joined Senegal, forming the Mali Federation.
1958: Gaining autonomy within the Republic of Sudan
In 1958, Mali gained autonomy and joined the French Community called the Republic of Sudan.
1914
1880: French occupation and establishment of the colony of French Sudan
In 1880, the French, after defeating the peoples who settled the territory of modern Mali, formed a colony called French Sudan. The prohibition of freedom of confession, the transfer of land suitable for agriculture to the state and French immigrants was an ordinary matter for the colonial administration.
Bamana Empire
After the conquest by the Moroccan sultan Ahmad al-Mansur of the Songai Empire at the end of the 16th century, on the site of Mali in the 18th century, the Bamana people formed the Bamana Empire, which lasted until the end of the 19th century and was conquered by the Tukuler people.
Lands within the empires of Ghana, Mali and Songai
The modern state of Mali occupies territories that were once part of such empires as Ghana (IV-XIII centuries), Mali (XIII-XIV centuries) and Songai (XV-XVI centuries).
Sport
2022: The most popular sport is football
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