Myanmar

Main article: Countries of the world

Separatism

Wa State - Drugs and Funding by China

In the east of Myanmar, in the state of Shan in 2023, the territories of the unrecognized state of Wa, which is de facto an independent political entity with its own army, are located.

The armed group operating in the region - the Joint Army of the Wa State - remains aloof from the civil war.

However, the Wa authorities maintain allied relations with several organizations fighting against the regime. Such as the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army, Taang National Liberation Army, etc.

As part of these alliances, Wa supplies weapons and equipment to formations.

Supporting ethnic groups, the Wa state has several goals:

• Creating a buffer zone between the Ba territories and the zone of active clashes. Its task is to contain possible attacks by unfriendly ethnic groups or the Myanmar Armed Forces on the state of Wa.

• Further expansion of the territory. For a long time, the Wa and the Shan armed groups operating in Shan State have been fighting for influence in the region. The elimination of the largest of them by the forces of other gangs will unite the divided territory of the Wa state.

Shan State is part of the so-called Golden Triangle, a geographical area located on the borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Laos, known for drug trafficking, the Rybar channel wrote in February 2023.

At this time, heroin, synthetic methamphetamine and yaba pills are produced in the region.

Drugs are subsequently distributed throughout Southeast Asia and far abroad. Wa authorities use the proceeds generated from the sale of opium and methamphetamine to fund their political goals as well as promote nationalism.

The Wa state also enjoys support from the PRC. Chinese is common in the region, the Chinese yuan is used as the currency, and the Internet and mobile communications are provided by Chinese providers. Beijing also actively supplies weapons to the Joint Army of the Wa State.

For the PRC, Wa has become one of the tools to influence the authorities in Myanmar in order to control an important logistics route for itself to the Indian Ocean.

In recent years, China has been actively investing in transport infrastructure to make it easier to get goods from Singapore through Myanmar to Sichuan province, one of the most populated.

From the coast of the Bay of Bengal, a Chinese gas pipeline and oil pipeline pass through Myanmar.

Myanmar is also part of China's Belt and Road strategy.

While there is a civil war in Myanmar, the Wa state, even without directly participating in it, benefits the most from the situation.

The influence of the Joint Army of the State of Wa in Shan State is becoming stronger, since in fact it is she who sponsors local gangs.

With the support of most groups, the Wa authorities will be able, firstly, to crush all drug trafficking in the state, and, secondly, to achieve their goals of expanding the territory.

The strengthening of Wa in the status of an independent state can also contribute to the transition of Myanmar to confederation, and not to the federation for which ethnic groups have been fighting since the middle of the 20th century. However, the decisive word in getting ahead of the future device of Myanmar is still in favor. China

Economy

GDP

2020: GDP per capita - $1.4 thousand

Inflation

2022: Inflation in November - 19.4%

Power

2020: Low per capita energy consumption

and

Gas export

2022: Gas exports via pipelines to China and Thailand

Mining

2025: 9th in the world in rare earth reserves

Countries with the largest reserves of rare earths (in metric tons):

China: 44m

Vietnam: 22m

Brazil: 21m

Russia: 19 million

India: 6.9m

Australia: 4.2m

US: 2.3 million

Canada: 830,000

Myanmar: 510,000

Mexico: 290 000

USGS, Mineral Raw Material Summaries, January 2025

2022: Among the 10 leading countries in the production of critical raw materials

2021: Myanmar's share of global rare earth mineral production - 9.3%

Agriculture

2019: Low use of pesticides in agriculture

Financial system

Payment systems

2024: Launch of the Mir payment system

The payment system "Mir" in July 2024 was launched in some restaurants and shopping centers in Myanmar. This TASS was reported to the correspondent at the embassy Russia in the republic.

Real estate

2020:58% of urban population lives in slums

Consumption

2023: Fish consumption is higher than meat consumption

2019: Poultry meat is the most consumed type of meat

Foreign trade

2024: Trade turnover between Russia and Myanmar soared by 40% over the year and reached $280 million

Trade between Russia and Myanmar in 2024 increased by 40%, reaching $280 million. This was announced on March 4, 2025 by the chairman State Thoughts Vyacheslav Volodin at a meeting with Myanmar Prime Minister Min Aung Hline. During the talks, the prospects for expanding economic and humanitarian cooperation, as well as the development of inter-parliamentary dialogue between the countries were discussed.

The growth of trade is due to the expansion of the range of exported and imported goods between the two countries. The positive dynamics of bilateral trade is also confirmed by the data of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia, according to which over the 11 months of 2024, trade between Russia and Myanmar increased by almost 1.5 times.

Trade turnover between Russia and Myanmar for the year increased by 40%

The basis of Russian exports to Myanmar are:

• Machinery, equipment and vehicles (82.17% of total exports in 2021).
• Metals and products from them (6.93% of total exports).
• Products of the chemical industry (6.22% in the export structure).

In turn, Myanmar supplies to Russia:

• Rice and fruit jams (traditional agricultural products of the country's exports).
• Textiles and shoes (a significant part of Myanmar exports to Russia).

Vyacheslav Volodin at the meeting noted that he considers the Prime Minister of Myanmar as a great friend of Russia. He stressed that despite the fact that this is their first meeting, he hopes that it will lay a solid foundation for strengthening bilateral relations in all areas, including inter-parliamentary cooperation.

Myanmar Prime Minister Min Aung Hline expressed his readiness to cooperate in any area. He said that the republic had a parliament until 2020, but after the introduction of the state of emergency, the work of the legislative bodies was suspended. The prime minister assured that after the state of emergency is lifted, elections will be held in the country.^[1]

2023: Trade turnover between Russia and Myanmar grew 2.7 times over the year to $200 million

At the end of 2023, trade between Russia and Myanmar reached approximately $200 million. This is 2.7 times more than in the previous year. Such data in mid-February 2024 were disclosed by Freedom Finance Global analysts.

The basis of exports Russia to Myanmar is petroleum products, equipment, tools and transport. The key categories of Russian imports from Myanmar are textiles, shoes, and agricultural products. As Freedom Finance Global specialist Vladimir Chernov notes, Russia sees Myanmar as a unique entry point into Southeast Asia because of its location and logistics, because it borders on,, India,, and China Thailand. Malaysia Bangladesh Laos

Yangon, Myanmar

Russian Minister of Economic Development Maxim Reshetnikov notes that the Russian Federation and Myanmar are preparing a number of joint projects in the field of power. We are talking, in particular, about the construction of coal, wind and hydroelectric power plants, as well as the installation of solar panels. In addition, the parties completed the procedure for agreeing on an intergovernmental agreement on the construction of a ground-based low-power nuclear power plant. A project to create a Russian plant for the production of humic fertilizers in Myanmar is also being discussed.

It is noted that Myanmar has increased the supply of rice, fruits and clothes to Russia. In turn, Russian companies assess the possibility of increasing exports to Myanmar not only of hydrocarbons, but also of fertilizers - both organic and inorganic. Russia is also discussing with Myanmar settlements in digital financial assets (CFA). Such operations will be more difficult to track, which will reduce the risks of secondary Western sanctions, which cause difficulties with cross-border payments. CFAs can be linked to raw materials or exchange rates.^[2]

2022: China is the biggest export destination

2020: 3rd in the world in hair exports - $9.5 million

2018: Clothing exports - $4.1 billion

Population

Population

2022:55 million people

Nationalities

As of 2023, the Myanmar government recognized 135 ethnic groups as living in the country. The place of the ethnic majority is occupied by the Bamar people. Minorities include Kaya, Shans, Kachins, Mones, Ranks, Arakans and others.

Migration

2021: Net outflow over 4 years

Marriages

Allowed to have more than one spouse

Armed Forces

2021: Defence spending - 3.33% of GDP

2018: Military spending - $2.03 billion

Education

2021: Literacy rate of the population - 75.6%

2019: Number of years of education by citizens over 25

Health care

Maternity leave

in

2022: Abortion ban in place

2020

Duration of guaranteed paid sick leave 6 months or more

Part of the population defecates on the street

Crime

2025

Myanmar is the world's largest opium producer

Main article: Drugs

Opium poppy cultivation in the Golden Triangle reached a ten-year high in 2025. And the main center for the production of opiates remains Shan State in eastern Myanmar.

In areas of the country not controlled by the central government, the area under poppy crops increased by 17% in 2025 - to 53.1 thousand hectares. This makes Myanmar the world's main source of illegal opium and its derivative, heroin.

For a decade, the Golden Triangle has been dominated by synthetic drugs, displacing the rest of the illicit substances. Now, however, Myanmar's opium economy has actually recovered.

The price of opium is also steadily growing. If in 2019 a kilogram of raw materials cost $145, then in 2025 - already $329. At the same time, the total production volume remains at a historically high level.

All this is happening against the backdrop of a sharp decline in the production of opiates in Afghanistan. There has already been a reorientation of heroin flows from Myanmar to markets that previously depended on Afghan raw materials.

Historically, drug production in the Golden Triangle is closely linked to years of civil conflict in Myanmar. For ethnic armed groups, money from the sale of banned substances is one of the main sources of funding for hostilities. That is why, unfortunately, it is not yet necessary to count on the end of the war.

Police release Russian woman held in cyber slavery in Myanmar

On December 26, 2025 Russia , the citizen was released from cyber slavery in Myanmar. She was returned to her homeland as a result of joint actions of the Thai police and the Russia embassy in. Bangkok

Russian Ambassador to Myanmar Iskander Azizov told TASS that several dozen Russians may be in Myanmar call centers, where they were illegally taken out of Thailand.

Russian woman held in Myanmar in cyber slavery released by police

According to Izvestia, the Myanmar armed forces released about 2 thousand people (1.6 thousand men and 455 women) from the illegal KK Park call center in the Myanmar border with Thailand. Among those released were Russian citizens. During the operation, 98 guards were arrested, 30 Starlink satellite terminals and weapons were seized. The KK Park call center operated for 5 years without licenses under the control of armed groups and was involved in money laundering, human trafficking and online fraud.

KK Park is just one of at least 30 illegal call centers in Myanmar's border areas. The activity of transnational organized crime groups in online fraud, financial fraud and human trafficking remains a major security challenge. Criminal gangs create illegal call centers and online casinos in areas bordering Thailand and China.

Wai Yang Phe Naing, a senior consultant and researcher at Green Growth Asia Consultant, cited law enforcement weakness, corruption and political instability in Myanmar as the reasons for the existence of such centers. In his opinion, armed groups use the conditions of the conflict to create a profitable business along the border. He described the rogue centres as a growing threat to the entire ASEAN region and called for concerted action by the international community.

The scheme for involving victims has been worked out in detail. Citizens of the CIS countries are looking for work abroad, finding vacancies in the IT sphere or the modeling industry in Telegram channels. The ads look decent, with links to companies' websites.

One of the victims, a citizen of Kazakhstan, responded to the vacancy of an IT specialist with a salary of $4 thousand. After arriving in Bangkok, he was met, placed in a hotel, and three days later, along with six other citizens of Kazakhstan, he was transported to the border for 24-25 years and transported by boat to Myanmar. At KK Park, their passports were seized. Among the hostages were also citizens of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, the United States and South Africa.

The conditions of detention were tough. The hostages lived in rooms with bunk beds. The view from the windows of the cafe signs was fake. There were death threats for trying to escape. Violence was used for failure to comply with the plan: beating with a stun gun, bamboo sticks, handcuffing.

The job was to lure money from victims through correspondence novels or offers to invest in cryptocurrency through fake exchanges. Each demanded to lure $200-250 thousand, the monthly plan was $1.5 million. The working day lasted up to 17 hours, it was necessary to correspond with a dozen victims.

The implementation of the plan was sometimes encouraged by exemption for ransom up to $100 thousand. The refusal to work could lead to a transfer to a "black company" with even more cruel conditions. A citizen of Belarus Vera Kravtsova, who went to Thailand to work as a model, died. In early October 2025, her relatives were sent a ransom demand of $500 thousand, later the criminals reported her death and cremation.

The BBC reports on the possible involvement of Chinese businessman She Zhijiang, who heads the Yatai International Holding Group, in the activities of criminal call centers. Reuters suggests that one of the beneficiaries is a Chinese businessman from Bangkok, Wang Yi Cheng: from January 2021 to October 2022, about $87.5 million was received by his accounts, which were then distributed to 50 other addresses.^[3][4][5]

Three Russians kidnapped in Myanmar to work in fraudulent call centers

Three citizens Russia were kidnapped in Myanmar for forced labor in fraudulent call centers. This was announced in December 2025 at the consular department of the Russian Embassy in Myanmar.

The Russian diplomatic mission confirmed that three appeals from relatives and acquaintances of the abductees are under consideration. The institution clarified that in all cases the corresponding diplomatic notes were sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Myanmar.

Russians kidnapped in Myanmar for forced labor in call centers

Vice-President of the Unified Coordination Center for Support of Compatriots Abroad (ECSC) Ivan Melnikov said that among the abductees is a Russian fashion model. According to him, she arrived in Thailand, from where she was sent to Yangon under the pretext of an interview. In Myanmar, her passport and other documents were seized, after which they were forcibly taken to a call center engaged in fraudulent actions. For her release, the kidnappers requested a ransom of $10 thousand.

According to Melnikov, about 200 people are being held in this center. Physical violence, torture with stun guns and threats of reprisals are applied to the recalcitrant. The vice-president of the ECSC appealed to the head of the 3rd Asian Department of the Russian Foreign Ministry Lyudmila Vorobyeva with a request to facilitate the return of the abducted woman to her homeland.

According to the TASS agency, six Russians were released from such centers in Myanmar during 2025. The three were repatriated with the support of Thai authorities and the Russian embassy in Bangkok. The two left Myanmar on their own but were detained in Thailand for crossing the border illegally and deported. Another Russian citizen returned through China.

Russian Ambassador to Myanmar Iskander Azizov previously said that several dozen Russians could be held in Myanmar's fraudulent call centers after being exported from Thailand.^[6]

Deportation of more than 9.4 thousand foreigners who worked in fraudulent call centers

From late January to early November 2025, Myanmar authorities expelled 9,403 foreign nationals convicted of working at fraudulent call centers located in the KK Park complex near the Thai border, in the Myavadi district of Karen State.

Information about this was released in an official government statement published in the Global New Light of Myanmar. Myanmar authorities are actively working to find and expel foreigners who illegally entered the KK Park area in order to carry out online fraud and other criminal activities. According to Global New Light of Myanmar, most of these illegal migrants (more than 90%) enter Myawadi County through Thai territory.

Criminals deported from Myanmar and illegal migrants are mostly bought tickets home. Also, sometimes the guarantor can be the embassy of the country whose citizen is the person being deported.

Myanmar deported more than 9.4 thousand foreigners who worked in fraudulent call centers

According to representatives of the Myanmar authorities, the country's law enforcement officers are investigating fraudulent schemes and persecuting those involved in the creation of illegal virtual casinos in Karen State, as well as in the northeastern and eastern parts of Shan State, bordering Thailand, Laos and China. To combat the activities of intruders, the Myanmar government actively cooperates with the countries of the region and international structures.

In January-March 2025, a large joint operation of the special services of China, Thailand and Myanmar to eliminate fraudulent call centers took place in Myavadi District. As a result of the operation, about 10 thousand foreign citizens were released.^[7]

Selling fraudulent call centers in Asia to captives' organs

Fraudulent call centers in Southeast Asia have created a system for trading forced laborers, and those whose health is shaken are sold for organs. This was announced on October 30, 2025 to RIA Novosti by Thai television journalist Thaphani Iatsirichai, who is investigating the activities of fraudulent call centers.

The agency spoke with Iatsirichai after the opening of the Severe Truth photo exhibition in Bangkok, which presented photographs taken on the territory of several call centers.

Victims of rogue centres who were tricked or forced to work in Myanmar are stuck in limbo at KK Park, a rogue factory and human trafficking centre on the Thai-Myanmar border

Complexes such as KK Park in Myanmar have many "firms" that resell employees to each other, according to the TV journalist. Each of them specializes in a certain type of fraud. If a worker does not cope with complex tasks, they are sold to a company using more primitive schemes.

Unproductive women are often transferred to karaoke bars, where they work like prostitutes, and men without much ability or education are forced to perform physical labor. In the most hopeless cases, with serious health problems, people are sold for organs.

The seized organs are sent illegally to China for clandestine transplant operations, Iatsirichai said, and victims' corpses are often dumped into the border Mei River. The Thai military has already found bodies with traces of organ extraction.

Employees in call centers are distributed according to the language principle. Each group has fellow countrymen who initially trap people and then help Chinese managers control the "staff."

Iatsirichai confirmed the presence in call centers of Russians and citizens of post-Soviet countries who are used to deceive Russian-speaking and English-speaking clients. For the leadership of call centers, the journalist claims, it is not nationality that is important, but the language of communication with victims.^[8]

In the fraudulent call centers of Myanmar there are 20-25 Russians - they were taken out of Thailand by traffickers

On the territory of Myanmar, from 20 to 25 Russian citizens who were taken out by traffickers from Thailand can be in fraudulent call centers. Russian Ambassador to Myanmar Iskander Azizov told TASS on October 11, 2025.

According to him, it is difficult to establish the exact number, since the Russians enter the territory of the republic illegally. The diplomat admitted that some Russian citizens can voluntarily work in fraudulent call centers in Myanmar. At the same time, Iskander Azizov stressed that traders people "with a little hunting" transport Russians across the May River, along which the Thai-Myanmar border passes. The Russian ambassador to Myanmar did not provide additional clarification on this matter.

On October 1, 2025, it became known about the release of a Russian citizen who was fraudulently taken out of Thailand to work in a fraudulent call center in Myanmar. The vice-president of the Unified Coordination Center for Support of Compatriots Abroad (ECC) Ivan Melnikov told TASS about this.

According to the Ambassador of the Russian Federation, by October 2025, up to 25 Russians may be in the fraudulent call centers of Myanmar

These events are developing against the background of agreements reached in 2025 between Thailand, China and Myanmar on joint measures to counter fraudulent centers created by Chinese criminal groups. As noted by TASS on October 11, 2025, from 100 to 120 thousand people can be involved in these centers. As a result of the measures taken, the activities of criminal enclaves in the Myanmar cities of Myavadi and Shwe Kokko were suppressed. Thailand has initiated a power outage in five border areas that has cut off internet communications and fuel supplies.

According to a statement by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand dated May 2025, during the operation in Myanmar, more than 9.2 thousand fraudsters affected by the activities were released and exported to the kingdom, including 5.4 thousand citizens, PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA as well as subjects of the CIS countries.^[9]

The release in Myanmar of 7 thousand people who were forced to lure money over the Internet around the world

In Myanmar, more than 7 thousand people were released, whom criminal groups held and forced to participate in online fraud around the world. Most of those released are awaiting repatriation, Thailand's defense ministry said on February 26, 2025. The operation was carried out with the participation of the authorities of Thailand, China and Myanmar and became the largest in the fight against cyber slavery. Dozens of organizers of schemes that used victims to lure money over the Internet have been detained. Read more here

2024: Hackers in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar earn 40% of those countries' combined GDP

Southeast Asia has become the center of global. cyber attacks Hackers earn $64 billion a year there, and in, the To Cambodia Laos To Myanmar income of cybercriminals reaches $43.8 billion, which corresponds to 40% of the total of these GDP countries. Such data are given in a study by the Institute of Peace (USIP) USA , which was released in May 2024. More. here

Prisons

2019: Minimum age of imprisonment for children - 7 years

2021: Number of prisoners - 92,000

2018: Number of prisoners per 100 thousand citizens

History

2025

Rebels from various groups seize vast territories

By April 2025, rebels from various groups are seizing vast areas, and this is far from just about nameless villages in the jungle.

Militants are putting increasing pressure on critical logistics routes used by the military. They are also gradually selected for key industrial and defense industry facilities.

Magnitude 7.7 earthquake

The massive March 2025 Myanmar earthquake was one of the biggest recent tragedies in Southeast Asia. Tremors of magnitude 7.7 occurred near Mandalay, the second largest city in the country with a population of more than a million people. After 12 minutes, a repeated earthquake was recorded - with a magnitude of 6.4. The push proved powerful enough to be felt in China, Thailand and Vietnam.

The collapse of the bridge over the Irrawaddy River, damage to the historic palace in Mandalay, interruptions in transport and communications are reported.

In Bangkok, a building collapsed, dozens of people were under the rubble, the work of the metro and airports was suspended.

2024: Ceasefire agreement between government and Triple Brotherhood Alliance

In January 2024, it became known that the Triple Brotherhood Alliance, which is the driving force behind Operation 1027 in the north of Shan State in Myanmar, and the country's military authorities entered into a ceasefire agreement. This was the result of negotiations held from January 10 to 11 with the active mediation of China.

The fact that the parties will begin negotiations was clear after the capture of Laukkai by ethnic groups. From the very beginning of the offensive, the main member of the Army of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance needed to seize control of the Kokan territory, from which it was expelled back in 2009. Through negotiations, the organization is trying to secure this zone.

Under the terms, the groups commit not to attack cities under military control, while the government refuses to launch air attacks and use heavy weapons in rebel territory.

This agreement is not the beginning of the end of the civil conflict in the country, Rybar suggested. Myanmar has a large number of other ethnic groups and rebel organizations still fighting under the pretext of overthrowing the military government.

And given that past truces have been repeatedly violated, there remains the possibility that hostilities in the region will begin again.

The actions of the Triple Brotherhood Alliance are not at all similar to what some experts spoke about at the end of October 2023 - for them, groups were the main driving force behind the revolution and the overthrow of the government. Many anticipated the complete collapse of the "ill-fated regime" and the formation of a "true" democracy in the country.

In fact, the rebels seized control of the necessary territories and immediately concluded a truce.

2023

Myanmar authorities propose Russia to create a military base in the country

In March 2023, Myanmar leader Min Aoun Hline held a meeting with a trade delegation from Russia. The parties discussed the development of cooperation in various fields, including the export of agricultural products, the construction of infrastructure, and so on.

Along with solving economic issues, the parties have been discussing the possibility of permanent deployment of the Russian Armed Forces on the territory of Myanmar for several years. The difficulty is that Myanmar has a ban on the establishment of any foreign military bases.

At the same time, the leadership of Myanmar offered Russia an elegant solution - first to bring Russian business to the country under pre-reserved territories under favorable conditions, and only then to equip the logistics base of the RF Armed Forces there.

Being in a difficult position due to sanctions pressure from the West and internal civil conflict, the Myanmar authorities are extremely interested in economic cooperation with Russia.

In particular, Myanmar directly declares its readiness to create a logistics hub to promote Russian business in Southeast Asia.

According to the Rybar channel, the country's authorities propose to allocate a plot of land to entrepreneurs from the Russian Federation in the port zone in Yangon, with access to the Indian Ocean, at a cost ten times less than for tenants from other countries.

Even despite favorable conditions, openness and initiative of the Myanmar authorities, Russian business is in no hurry to master new horizons, therefore, there are no practical results of constant negotiations.

In Myanmar, for many years now governmental , clashes between troops and various armed groups have continued. At the same time, the most economic areas attractive to business are located far from the conflict zones. For example, the domestic political situation does not at all prevent businessmen from PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA actively developing trade cooperation with Myanmar. Against this background, the Chinese armed forces are already using the same option offered to Russia. According to some sources, the PLA has already begun building its own base on several Myanmar islands in the Indian Ocean.

Cooperation projects with Russia and 806 Western sanctions against Myanmar

The authorities of Myanmar and Russia are increasing bilateral cooperation, in particular, in the field of nuclear power. In February 2023, the parties signed an agreement on the implementation of the nuclear power plant project in Myanmar.

In addition, officials of the two countries are discussing deepening cooperation in the fields of transport infrastructure and mineral development.

Against this background, Western countries continue to exert economic pressure on Myanmar., And EU Britain Canada USA imposed a number of sanctions on private and legal entities allegedly involved in human rights violations in the country.

Washington in March 2023 also imposed export restrictions on fuel for aircraft in order to reduce the ability of the Myanmar military to use aviation.

Extension of the state of emergency and amendment of the law on political parties

The State Administrative Council on January 26, 2023 passed a new law on the registration of political parties.

The law prohibits the participation of parties associated with terrorist organizations. This is done primarily to prevent the rebels and their allies from being elected.

On February 1, the National Defense and Security Council extended the state of emergency in the country for another 6 months.

According to the constitution of Myanmar, a state of emergency can be established for one year with a possible extension for another year (twice for six months), after which elections must be held. However, the military felt that the country was still not ready for the elections.

Continued clashes between government forces and rebels

In Myanmar, clashes between the Armed Forces and the People's Defense Forces, as well as ethnic armed groups on their side, continue in early 2023. In many ways, clashes are of a point nature.

The greatest activity of militants is observed in the states of Chin, Kachin, Karen, as well as the regions of Sikain, Mague and Mandalay. They also involve various armed formations - for example, the Kachin Independence Army, the Karen National Liberation Army and others.

Since Myanmar's independence, the country has seen a large number of local ethnic conflicts. Many of them were transformed into low-intensity conflicts, and nothing yet indicates the possibility of stabilizing the situation, the Rybar channel noted.

2022: Guerrilla warfare backed by the US and its allies

Numerous political forces opposed the military and turned to guerrilla warfare with attacks on army installations and settlements.

Rebels from the People's Defense Forces (NSO) are the combat wing of the Government of National Unity, which opposes the military junta. At the end of 2022, anti-government forces control a significant part of the sparsely populated border areas in the west and southeast of the country.

The rebels are receiving aid from the United States and Western states. Russia and China formally, although they occupy a neutral position, block resolutions directed against Myanmar in the UN Security Council and supply the country with weapons with equipment.

After almost two years of fighting, the Myanmar army confidently controls the country's largest financial centers and resource areas.

2021

The beginning of the civil war

After numerous protests and civil disobedience actions that began in February 2021, a civil war broke out in the country, which continues in February 2023. Since the beginning of the conflict, there have been 19 thousand deaths.

The two main warring parties were the new governing body formed by the military - the State Administrative Council, and the underground Government of National Unity.

In April 2021, the People's Defense Forces were formed by the Government of National Unity, which entered into a confrontation with the Myanmar Armed Forces.

The civil war aggravated the long-standing interethnic conflicts in various regions of the multinational country. Some groups decided to take advantage of the situation and oppose the military junta in an attempt to achieve independence. Most of them are hiding in forest camps and fighting a guerrilla war.

Military coup and state of emergency for a year

At the end of January 2021, a military coup took place in Myanmar. President Win Mying and leader of the ruling National League for Democracy party Aung San Suu Kyi were detained, she also holds the post of state adviser (prime minister).

The military announced the seizure of power, and the introduction of a state of emergency in Myanmar for a year.

The interim leader of the country was Vice President Myint Shwe, and the entire completeness of state power is transferred to the Commander-in-Chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces, Senior General Min Aung Hline.

The military claims 8.6 million violations in the lists in the parliamentary elections

The results of the November 2020 Myanmar parliamentary elections were challenged by the military due to a huge number of violations.

The ruling National League for Democracy party won, winning 396 of the 476 parliamentary seats, allowing it to form a government for another five years. The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party won 33 seats.

The military found 8.6 million violations in the voter rolls. The accusations were rejected by the election commission on January 29, 2021, and already on February 1 there was a military coup.

Probably another reason was the desire of the commander-in-chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces, Min Aung Hline, to maintain power. At that time, he was waiting for an ambulance resignation on the occasion of reaching 65 years and retirement.

1947: Adoption of a constitution with the right of the Kaya and Shan peoples to secede from Burma after ten years in a referendum

In the middle of the 20th century, it was going to the departure of the British from the region. The country was divided into several administrative units - some of them, by decision of Britain, were ruled by ethnic minorities. To unite the country, supporters of Burma's independence managed to get support from the Kachins, Shans and ranks. In 1947, the Panlun Agreement was concluded with representatives of these nationalities, in which the parties recognized the need to create separate management mechanisms for ethnic nationalities.

As a result, in 1947, the country's constitution was adopted. According to the document, the authorities created separate administrative units for five ethnic groups. Under the constitution, kaya and shanas were even given the opportunity to secede from Burma after ten years, but only when a referendum was held.

However, in the country everything quickly went not according to plan - ethnic minorities demanded autonomy or separation from Burma, and the government was unable to fulfill its socio-economic promises and obligations under the new constitution. The main consequence of this was the armed conflict.

1935

1909: As part of British India

1886: Incorporated into British India

Until the 19th century, Burma (the country's old name) existed as a collection of territories governed by various ethnic groups, many of which at times had their own kingdoms and principalities. Despite tensions and wars between them, many local communities in Burma have historically been multi-ethnic.

However, the situation changed with the arrival of the British - already in 1886 the country became part of British India, and later a separate colony called British Burma.

Ecology

2021: Among the anti-leaders for clogging the world's oceans with plastic

The United States, which ranks third in the scale of clogging of the world's oceans. Researchers have acknowledged that the US and Britain are taking huge amounts of plastic for burial to other countries and their contribution to clogging the world's oceans is key.]]

Sport

2022: The most popular sport is football

in

Calendar

Notes