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2025: Sudan's territorial conflicts with neighboring countries
The colonial borders drawn by the colonizers continue to poison the political climate of East Africa. Sudan, which is in a state of civil war in 2025, faces not only internal challenges, but also the danger of external pressure amid unresolved territorial disputes.
The Halaib and Bir Tawil triangle is a long-standing subject of dispute between Sudan and Egypt. The origins of the conflict lie in the discrepancy between the political and administrative boundaries drawn by the British in 1899 and 1902. Since the 1990s, Egypt has effectively controlled the Halaib Triangle, displacing the Sudanese military.
This site is important not only because of access to the Red Sea, but also because of possible oil reserves. Bir-Tavil, on the contrary, remains a "draw" territory, which is not claimed by either side. Sudan still considers Halaib its land and regularly raises this issue in international structures.
The question is more complicated with the South Sudanese border. South Sudan gained independence only in 2011 and due to constant tensions at the border, no delimitation work was carried out. In fact, the current state of the border was fixed as a result of border skirmishes in 2012-2013. But in addition to small villages, there are 2 large disputed regions:
- Abyei is inhabited by both Khartoum-oriented Arabs and Dinka people close to Juba. Due to the presence of oil, the area has become the subject of fierce disputes, and so far there are forces here, UN but they do not provide stability.
- Kafia Kingi is a sparsely populated and remote area covered in jungle. Due to weak state control, it became the refuge of smugglers and armed groups, including the remnants of the "Lord's Resistance Army." Although valuable resources there have not yet been confirmed, both sides claim this territory. As of May 2025, it is controlled by rebels from the Rapid Response Force.
Al Fashaga is a fertile area on the border with. Ethiopia Initially, in 2008, an agreement was reached: formally, Al Fashaga belongs to Sudan, but Ethiopian farmers are allowed to work on this land. However, after the conflict in Tigray, the Sudanese army occupied the area, causing an armed escalation. From 2020 to 2022, fierce battles took place here, more than 150 people died. Now the situation is again tense: Ethiopians have made attempts to regain control against the backdrop of Sudanese internal instability.
2024: Sudan government breaks $6bn economic contracts with UAE
In October 2024, Sudanese authorities decided to end contracts worth $6 billion previously concluded with the UAE. They mainly concerned the construction of the port of Abu Amam on the Red Sea, as well as the economic free trade zone and the tourist zone around the structure.
In addition to political motives, the end of cooperation due to the support of the UAE of the Sudanese rebels from the RBU, the decision was also related to the fact that the contract was not implemented on time. In fact, the Sudanese government has significantly cut the prospect of even the very possibility of post-war dialogue with the UAE.
2023: Refusal to condemn Russia in Ukraine conflict
2022: Prime Minister Abdullah Hamdok resigns due to the economic crisis. Islamists increase influence in military administration
The economic crisis and split in civil society forced Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok to resign in January 2022.
Since then, the junta has unsuccessfully tried to form a new government acceptable to all parties.
Since the 2021 coup, by October 2022, part of the influence in the administration of the commander of the armed forces of Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, has been returned to the Islamists - supporters of Omar al-Bashir, many of whom were released from prisons.
Islamists secretly support the junta and oppose any negotiations with the opposition, which in turn categorically does not accept negotiations with either Islamists or the military participating in harsh dispersal of demonstrators.
Against this background, Burhan is trying to present himself as an uncontested leader who can maintain a fragile compromise.
The situation has stalled due to the lack of any economic measures that could stop the rapid rise in prices for essential goods.
2021: Military arrests Prime Minister Abdullah Hamdok and dissolves government but restores him to office under pressure
On October 25, 2021, under the pretext of protecting stability in the country, the Sudanese army arrested a civilian government represented by Prime Minister Abdullah Hamdok and several officials in his cabinet.
The commander of the Armed Forces of Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who at that time served as chairman of the Sovereign Council, a few weeks before the end of his powers, announces the dissolution of the government, and also suspends the constitutional transitional charter.
The October 25 coup, which came 2.5 years after President Omar al-Bashir was overthrown, was condemned by many foreign sponsors and international financial institutions.
Under pressure from demonstrations and the world community, Hamdok was reinstated as prime minister in November 2021.
2019
Sudan reduces military contingent in Yemen to 5,000
In December 2019, Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok announced a reduction in the number of troops in Yemen from 15 to 5 thousand. The new government in Khartoum believes the conflict cannot be resolved militarily.
In 2015, Sudanese troops became part of a Saudi-led coalition that invaded Yemen and fought the Houthis, who control the capital, Sanaa.
New cabinet after military coup
In September 2019, Sudan's first cabinet since a military coup in April was sworn in.
18 cabinet members, including four women and the first woman to head the country's Foreign Ministry, Asmaa Abdullah, 08.09.2019 took the oath of office at the presidential palace in Khartoum.
The cabinet's first priority is to revive an economy that is still in dire shape after months of political crisis.
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