Main article: Russia
Main article: Ecology in the world
Air pollution
Main article: Air pollution
Digitalization in the industry of ecology and nature management
Main article: Digitalization in the industry of ecology and nature management
2023
Russian enterprises spent a record 1.3 trillion rubles on environmental protection. Regions
In 2023, Russian enterprises allocated a record 1.3 trillion rubles for environmental protection. According to the data of June 5, 2024, the analytical service FinExpertiza, this is 17.3% or 191.5 billion rubles more than 2022.
The largest spending on the environment was recorded in the business of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 122.1 billion rubles. This is followed by Moscow and the Moscow region, which spent 77.6 billion and 68.5 billion rubles, respectively. The top 10 regions for this indicator also included the Sverdlovsk region, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrugs, Tatarstan, Chelyabinsk Region, St. Petersburg and Irkutsk Region.
 | The most significant part of environmental costs fell on manufacturing industries. Environmental costs in this sector increased by 16.6%, such dynamics outstrips the growth of manufacturing enterprises - plus 7.5% in 2023, - said Elena Trubnikova, President of FinExpertiza. |  |
She added that the enterprises of Ingushetia (12.9 million rubles), Dagestan (84.6 million rubles), Kalmykia (294.3 million rubles), Chechnya (318.8 million rubles), Tyva (379.2 million rubles) and a number of other regions.
In addition, Trubnikova noted that more than 70% of environmental costs were spent in 2023 on the protection of nature, the operation of treatment equipment and fees to third-party environmental organizations. About 30% or 371.3 billion rubles came from investments in the construction and modernization of environmental infrastructure.
FinExpertiza said that in the areas of the largest amounts were spent on waste management (440.3 billion rubles), waste water collection and treatment (434.8 billion rubles), as well as atmospheric air protection (271.5 billion rubles). Previously, green investment only declined sharply during the crisis of 2009 and 2015-2016.[1]
An increase in the number of environmental violations by a third to 15,367
The number of environmental violations Russia in 2023 increased by a third - from 11,967 to 15,367. Such data in April 2024 Rosprirodnadzor presented in a report on its activities.
According to Vedomosti, citing materials from Rosprirodnadzor, in 2023 the department carried out 6623 inspections, including 2067 planned and 4584 unscheduled inspections, as well as 41 inspection visits and 4 raid inspections. As a result, 5479 administrative penalties were imposed, which is almost twice as much as in 2022 (10,104 penalties).
In 2023, Rosprirodnadzor recorded 476 violations in the field of atmospheric air protection, including 75 episodes of high air pollution, which is 59.5% more than a year earlier. At the same time, six cases of illegal tree felling were found in specially protected natural areas. This is at least over the past 3 years: in 2020, 77 logging was recorded, in 2021 - 62, in 2022 - 47.
According to environmentalists interviewed by the publication, in the conditions of a moratorium on scheduled inspections of enterprises, it is possible to come to someone only unscheduled by decision of the prosecutor's office. This method was "groped by civil activists and the employees of Rosprirodnadzor themselves," said ecologist, hydrogeologist Georgy Kavanosyan. According to the ecologist Ilya Rybalchenko, the increase in the number of environmental violations may be due to the more active activities of public environmental inspectors.
| | The inspector is a person from the people, maybe our neighbor, who sees violations in the field of ecology, fixes him... and reports it to the relevant authorities, - the expert explained. | |
In his opinion, it was the work of social activists that led to the fact that Rosprirodnadzor "much" more records violations than before.[2]
Increase in the number of extreme pollution of rivers and water bodies by 62% to 883
The number of extreme pollution of rivers and reservoirs in Russia in 2023 increased by 62% compared to 2022. This is evidenced by data from FinExpertiza analysts published on February 5, 2024.
According to the study, in 2023, a total of 2,762 cases of repeated excess of the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in rivers, lakes and other freshwater facilities in Russia were registered, which is 12% more than in 2022. 1,879 pollution in 2023 was high and 833 was extremely high. A significant part of the most dangerous pollution in 2023 occurred on the Vyazma River in the Smolensk Region (109 cases of extreme pollution were associated with a shortage of oxygen, 102 cases - with easily oxidizable organic substances).
Most of all high and extremely high pollution in 2023 was noted on rivers and reservoirs of the Sverdlovsk region. These are 806 cases (29.2% of all incidents in Russia), of which 604 are high pollution in the Tobol and Kama river basins, 202 extreme pollution in Taltiya, Chernaya, Olkhovka Rivers and 29 others. Traditionally, it is this Ural region that suffers the most from environmental incidents, since it is the location of a huge number of industrial enterprises, experts say. The Sverdlovsk region accounts for more than a quarter of all high and extreme pollution of rivers and other water bodies discovered in the country.
This is followed by the Smolensk region by a huge margin (224 cases, of which: 13 high pollution - the Dnieper and Volga river basins; 211 extreme pollution - Vyazma River), Murmansk Region (195 cases, of which: 135 high pollution - small reservoirs; 60 extreme pollution - Varnichny stream, the Grass River and 8 others) and the Moscow Region (154 high pollution - the pools of the Oka and Volga rivers).[3]
Sber registered the first Russian system of voluntary certification of low-carbon energy
Sber registered in. Rosstandart the Russian Low Carbon Energy Voluntary Certification System This was announced on September 11, 2023 by the Deputy Chairman of the Management Board of Sberbank. Stanislav Kuznetsov More. here
Putin signed a law on the creation of GIS of the state of the environment
Russia Vladimir Putin The President signed a law on the creation of state an information system for the state of the environment "Ecomonitoring." Both citizens and authorities will be able to use it. The Kremlin press service announced this in early August 2023. More. here
Moscow State University, together with Yandex Cloud, launched the work of a carbon landfill in the Moscow region
On July 21, 2023, it became known that scientists at the Lomonosov Moscow State University, together with the Yandex Cloud cloud platform, announced the launch of the Chashnikovo carbon landfill in the Moscow Region. The main task of the landfill is to monitor greenhouse gas flows, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Read more here.
Rostelecom has installed the first eco-monitoring complex in the Nizhny Novgorod region
On June 8, 2023, Rostelecom announced the launch of the first environmental control post in the Nizhny Novgorod Region into test operation . Read more here.
GIS of eco-monitoring in Russia is deployed on the Gostech platform
The creation of a state environmental monitoring system was discussed at a joint meeting of the State Duma committees on ecology, natural resources and environmental protection and on information policy, information technology and communications. Information about this was published on January 18, 2023 on the official website of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia.
The system will be deployed on the Gostech platform and will provide data collection from all sources for 15 existing and one promising subsystem of environmental monitoring. Read more here.
2022
Which regions of the Russian Federation generate the most industrial waste
Russian enterprises produced a record amount of waste in 2022 - about 9 billion tons, which is 6.7% more than a year earlier. This is stated in the FinExpertiza study published in early November 2023, prepared on the basis of data from Rosprirodnadzor.
According to experts, the growth of industrial waste occurred despite the decline in GDP - in previous crisis years, the generation of industrial waste usually decreased. However, this time the contraction of the economy was not accompanied by an industrial recession, on the contrary, a number of the dirtiest industries in the mining and metallurgical sectors showed growth.
A record increase in production waste in annual terms is recorded in the Kemerovo region (+ 234.2 million tons), Yakutia (+ 145.4 million tons) and Sakhalin region (+ 104.9 million tons). Among the regions, the Kemerovo region, which accounts for 44.8% of all-Russian generation, or 4.04 billion tons, leads by a large margin in terms of the absolute mass of industrial waste produced per year. More than half of all Russian coal is mined in Kuzbass, in turn, the coal industry forms the bulk of all production waste. The least industrial waste in 2022 was produced in Ingushetia (7.5 thousand tons ), Kalmykia (17 thousand tons) and Kabardino-Balkaria (56.3 thousand tons).
Most industrial waste is produced by mining industries. Over 90% of the huge amount of mineral raw materials extracted from the ground is converted into industrial waste. The largest tonnage is waste generated directly as a result of stripping operations (excavation and removal of rocks) - 7.2 billion tons, or 83% of all waste associated with mining.[4]
Annual business spending on the environment for the first time exceeded 1 trillion rubles
The costs of Russian companies for environmental protection in 2022 for the first time amounted to 1.1 trillion, rubles which is 12.2% more compared to 2021-. This is stated in the calculations of the analytical service of the audit and consulting network FinExpertiza based on the data. Rosstat The study was published on August 7, 2023.
According to the report, almost 70% of environmental expenses (774.4 billion rubles) in 2022 accounted for current operating costs: operation of filtration and treatment systems, reduction of harmful industrial impact, maintenance of environmental capacities, preservation and restoration of the natural environment, etc. - and payment for environmental services to third-party specialized organizations (wastewater treatment, waste management, emissions control and environmental audit).
Another 306.9 billion rubles came from environmental investments - the construction and development of environmental infrastructure (primarily plants for capturing and neutralizing harmful substances from waste gases at existing enterprises and wastewater treatment plants) and technological re-equipment of production to reduce the negative impact on the environment.
Another 28.3 billion rubles, or 2.5%, was spent on the overhaul of fixed assets for environmental protection, that is, equipment and infrastructure (air and water treatment systems, equipment and landfills for waste disposal and disposal, instrumentation and other specialized equipment, installations and structures).
If we distribute the total costs of enterprises for ecology in the areas of environmental protection, then in 2022 priorities were given to the collection and treatment of wastewater - it took 392.7 billion rubles, or 35.4%. The second important area was waste management (346.1 billion rubles, or 31.2%), in third place was the protection of atmospheric air and the prevention of climate change (231.7 billion rubles, or 20.9%). Also, a fairly significant share of funds was spent on the protection and rehabilitation of land, surface and groundwater (98.7 billion rubles, or 8.9%).[5]
The number of dangerous pollution of rivers and lakes has increased in Russia
In 2022, 2,470 high and extremely high pollution were recorded in Russian rivers, lakes and reservoirs, which is 9% more than in 2021. Such data were released on May 29, 2023 by analysts of the audit and consulting network FinExpertiza. According to her, 1926 cases were classified as high pollution, 544 as extremely high.
According to experts, if the number of extremely high surface water pollution, that is, the most dangerous due to large concentrations of harmful substances, decreased by 7% year-on-year, or by 38 incidents, then the number of high pollution, on the contrary, increased by 14%, or by 242 cases.
| | Despite the decline in industrial production, 2022 in terms of the number of high pollution of freshwater objects overtook not only the coronavirus crisis 2020, but also 2021, when the economy was actively recovering from covid. At the same time, when analyzing the environmental situation, it is important to make an amendment to the quality of monitoring, which is planned to be constantly improved, - said Elena Trubnikova, President of FinExpertiza. | |
According to her, the main source of pollution of rivers and water bodies is untreated wastewater from industrial industries. Therefore, the most important environmental task is to install treatment equipment and modernize the technological process, which enterprises often prefer to save on in difficult economic conditions, she added.
The largest number of high and extremely high pollution in 2022 was detected in the reservoirs of the Sverdlovsk region (647 cases, of which: 514 high pollution - the basins of the Tobol, Kama, Ob rivers, small water bodies; 133 extremely high pollution - rivers Chernaya, Taltia, Salda and 20 others). Due to the abundance of industrial enterprises, the ecology of the region traditionally experiences a significant burden. It is the Sverdlovsk region that accounts for more than a quarter of all high and extremely high pollution of fresh water throughout the country.[6]
Named 3 Russian cities with the worst air quality
On April 3, 2023, the Ministry of Construction, Housing and Communal Services of the Russian Federation (Minstroy) published an index of the quality of the urban environment for 1117 settlements. At the end of 2022, 603 Russian cities were recognized as favorable for living - 113 more than in 2021.
The index assesses 36 different indicators of environmental quality, which characterize the six most popular types of urban spaces: housing, public business and social leisure infrastructure and adjacent spaces, green areas, embankments, street infrastructure and citywide space. Each of them is determined by six criteria - safety, comfort, environmental friendliness, identity and diversity, modernity of the environment and efficiency of authorities.
| | Each indicator is evaluated on a ten-point scale, the values are summed up and a final quality index is formed. The maximum number of points a city can score is 360. At the same time, the urban environment is considered favorable if the quality index is more than 180 points, the document says. | |
In 2022, the index amounted to 192 points, and the average increase in relation to 2019 is estimated at 13.6%. The greatest dynamics was shown by Dankov in the Lipetsk region (206 points; plus 26 points compared to 2021), Domodedovo in the Moscow region (195 points; plus 15 points), Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk region (209 points; plus 13 points), Beloyarsky Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (227 points; plus 10 points year-on-year).
At the same time, the Infragrin expert and analytical platform presented the report "ESG, decarbonization and green finance Russia 2022." The document, among other things, names three Russian cities with the worst air quality: these are Minusinsk, Abakan and. In Veliky Novgorod particular, in 2022, the level of pollution in Minusinsk averaged 121 microkilograms of gaseous pollutant per cubic meter per day. In Abakan, this figure was at around 73 microkilograms, and in Veliky Novgorod - 54 microkilograms.[7][8][9][10]
Ministry of Digital Development and the Ministry of Natural Resources launched the design of the Ecology domain
Ministry of Digital Development of Russia reported on June 10, 2022 on joint design Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia domain "Ecology" with on the platform State that"." Domain "Ecology" - this will ecosystem unite more than 20 services in the field of ecology and nature management, which will allow citizens to receive services in one window mode, rationally use natural resources, preserve ecology and take care of the environment. More. here
2021
The number of cases of pollution of rivers and lakes has decreased in Russia
In 2021, Russia recorded 1,849 cases of high and 592 cases of extremely high pollution (EVZ) of fresh water - rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs, canals, streams, etc. This is 12% less than a year earlier, and also became the lowest indicator since 2012, when the amount of pollution was measured 1913. This is evidenced by the data of the analytical service Finexpertiza, which in its study referred to the statistics of Roshydromet. The report was published on February 21, 2022.
Most often, cases of surface water pollution were recorded in the Sverdlovsk (15% of the total), Murmansk (10%) and Moscow (9%) regions. In addition, 4% of cases were detected in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Irkutsk and Smolensk regions, as well as 3% each in the Primorsky Territory, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk and Tula regions.
Most cases of pollution of rivers and reservoirs in 2021 occurred in the spring, which generally corresponds to the standard intra-annual distribution of incidents. At the same time, the maximum fell on March - 298 pollution, of which 109 are extremely high. The Ob River (16 cases of EVZ were recorded in its sections in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts), the Omsk River (Novosibirsk and Omsk Regions; 9 cases of EVZ), the Right Hetta River (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; 7 cases of EVZ), the Tobol River (Kurgan and Tyumen Regions; 6 cases of EVZ), Lake Bolshoi Ostrovnoye (Altai Territory; 6 cases of EVZ), the Mologa River (Tver Region; 5 cases of EVZ) and the Iset River (Sverdlovsk Region; 5 cases of EVZ).
Extremely high and high levels of pollution of surface fresh water in 2021 were recorded for 35 pollutants. In addition to exceeding permissible concentrations, the criteria for negative environmental impact were other qualitative characteristics of water.
The most dangerous substances found in 2021 in Russian rivers and reservoirs were heavy metals, the most toxic of which are mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, molybdenum, zinc, copper, chromium, nickel.[11]
St. Petersburg was the first in the history of Russia to present a regional ESG report
St. Petersburg was the first in the history of Russia to present a regional ESG report (from the English Environmental, Social and Governance). This was announced on November 26, 2021 on the official website of the Government of St. Petersburg. Read more here.
Russia entered the top three countries in terms of carbon dioxide emissions
In early October 2021, Carbon Brief published the results of an analysis of the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions by countries since 1850. The study showed the states with the greatest historical responsibility for the climate emergency. Read more here.
2020
In the Russian Federation, a minimum of harmful emissions of enterprises over the past 20 years has been registered - 16.95 million tons
At the end of 2020, Russia registered a minimum of harmful emissions of enterprises over the past 20 years - 16.95 million tons, which is 2% less compared to 2019. Such data in mid-June 2021 led to the international audit and consulting network FinExpertiza.
According to TASS, the Russian Information Agency, citing this study, the Krasnoyarsk Territory (2.5 million tons) is in the lead in terms of the volume of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by Russian enterprises in 2020. High rates were also recorded in the Kemerovo Region, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Sverdlovsk, Irkutsk and Chelyabinsk Regions, Bashkortostan, Krasnodar Territory and Orenburg Region.
According to experts, despite the fact that the coronavirus (COVID-19) year turned out to be the "cleanest" in two decades, the number of enterprises polluting the atmosphere in Russia increased sharply - by 21%, or by 19.6 thousand. Elena Trubnikova, President of FinExpertiza Global, associated this growth not with increasing production capacities, but with clarifying statistics and leaving the shadow of a huge number of industries that had not previously submitted environmental reports.
The largest relative increase in enterprises generating harmful emissions into the atmosphere was recorded mainly in regions with a low level of socio-economic development. In Sevastopol, there are 3.5 times more such environmental pollutants, the number of objects that make emissions has significantly increased in Chechnya, Tuva, Ivanovo, Vladimir region, Trans-Baikal Territory, Udmurtia, Tula Region, Kalmykia, as well as in the Perm Territory.
The largest number of emissions in 2020 came from energy enterprises (17.1%), after them - the extraction of metal ores (14.1%) oil and gas production (13.8%).[12]
Dynamics of federal budget revenues from environmental collection (2017-2020)
In 2018, there was an increase in income associated with an increase in environmental collection rates. In 2018 and 2019, the volume of income did not change and amounted to about 2.5 billion rubles. The forecast for 2020 is 3.7 billion rubles, for the period 2021-2023 - 3.8 billion rubles.
At the same time, according to the calculations of 2015, the expected volumes of environmental collection revenues to the federal budget were estimated at 30.0 billion [13]
Dynamics of individual environmental indicators
Russia lacks reliable data on ecology
The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation analyzed the factors affecting the creation and operation of state information systems (GIS) in the field of environmental safety and environmental protection, and identified risks that, if implemented, could lead to ineffective operation of the systems[14] Among them:
- absence of the complete amount of reliable data both at the stage of creation and during operation of the GIS;
- Delay in the creation of GIS;
- duplication of functions of different systems;
- outdated software and hardware systems of GIS;
- modernisation of the system, which does not lead to higher efficiency of its use.
The most striking example of inefficient use of existing systems due to lack of data is the Unified State Information System for Accounting for Waste from the Use of Goods (EGIS UIT). The analysis showed that the system does not fully receive data from the Federal Customs Service and Rosstat on environmental tax payers. As a result, Rosprirodnadzor inefficiently administers this type of payment, and the federal budget does not receive potential income: actual revenues amount to about 3 billion rubles, while when introducing an environmental fee, 30 billion rubles were predicted.
At the same time, the modernization of the UIT EGIS, which has been carried out by Rosprirodnadzor since 2019, does not improve the efficiency of its use and does not improve the quality of administration of environmental collection. Moreover, the upgraded UITS GIS in terms of functionality and data composition generally corresponds to the system for solid municipal waste disposal created by the Ministry of Natural Resources (GIS UTKO).
One example of inefficient spending of budget funds may be the state information system of public control in the field of environmental protection and nature management (GIS "Our Nature"). Since 2013, 119 million rubles have been spent on its creation, revision and operation. However, the system is still not functioning. Over the past three years, it has recorded only 192 appeals from citizens. Considering that the Ministry of Digital Development has developed a draft federal law providing for the reception and processing of citizens' appeals in electronic form on the basis of a single portal of state and municipal services, the question arises of the advisability of further refinement and operation of the Our Nature GIS.
This GIS was created in accordance with the instructions of the President of the Russian Federation in order to ensure the realization of everyone's right to a favorable environment and prevent violation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and environmental management, to obtain information on environmental protection measures.
The inefficient activities of the Ministry of Natural Resources to develop the federal information system of the State Data Fund for State Environmental Monitoring (FIS GFDGEM) were noted. Its creation was provided for by law back in 2011, but the task has not yet been implemented.
In addition, there are risks that the system will not function effectively. This is due to the fact that one of the main sources of data for it is the supervisory network of Roshydromet, which has insufficient density and automation. Thus, monitoring of atmospheric air pollution is carried out only in 221 out of 1117 cities. The number of hydrological posts has decreased since 2012 by 279 units - to 3.081 thousand. At the same time, only 30% of them are automated, and 99 posts are mothballed and do not work.
The software and hardware systems of the unified state information system on the situation in the World Ocean (ESIMO), for which Roshydromet is responsible, have also become obsolete. This leads to a decrease in the accuracy of the forecast of emergencies and jeopardizes information security in general. The analysis showed that about 30% of the equipment used in the system completely failed, and the system itself has not been updated since 2013.
Thus, GIS in the field of environmental safety cannot yet serve as an effective mechanism for achieving the goals of the Russian Environmental Safety Strategy.
2019: CO2 emitters
- Main article: Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide - CO2)
2018: Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk and Bratsk are the most unfavorable for the life of the city
The rating of the most environmentally unfavorable cities is headed by Krasnoyarsk, Norilsk and Bratsk. The most prosperous are Yoshkar-Ola, Tambov, Saransk. Moscow and St. Petersburg are somewhere in the middle of this list. But there is good news: the Clean Air project, part of the Ecology national project, promises that by 2024 in 12 large industrial cities of the Russian Federation harmful emissions into the atmosphere will decrease by 20%.
Zero waste philosophy (Bioeconomics) Green economy
Main article: Zero waste philosophy (Bioeconomics) Green economy
Notes
- ↑ Business spending on the environment increased by 17%
- ↑ The number of environmental violations increased by a third in 2023
- ↑ The number of extreme pollution of rivers and reservoirs increased by one and a half times
- ↑ Russian enterprises produced a record amount of waste
- ↑ Business spending on the environment for the first time exceeded 1 trillion rubles.
- ↑ The number of dangerous pollution of Russian rivers and lakes increased by 9%
- ↑ 603 cities in Russia recognized as favorable for living in 2022
- ↑ [https://infragreen.ru/news/135727 The annual report of Infragrin "ESG, decarbonization and green finance of Russia 2022
- ↑ " was
- ↑ published]
- ↑ The number of detected pollution of rivers and lakes decreased to a nine-year low
- ↑ Study: minimum harmful emissions over the past 20 years recorded in the Russian Federation in 2020
- ↑ rubles. Report on research work "Development of information and methodological support and conducting a study of its applicability in order to fulfill the functions of the budget revenues administrator of the budget system of the Russian Federation by Rosprirodnadzor in terms of, concerning the provisions of Federal Law No. 89-FZ of 24 June 1998, as amended, introduced by Federal Law No. 458-FZ of December 29, 2014, " executed as part of the contract dated October 9, 2015 No. 9/10-1 concluded by the Federal State Budgetary Institution "FTSAO" with InformEcocenter LLC..
- ↑ Report on the results of the expert analysis event "Analysis of the creation and operation of federal state information systems in the field of environmental safety and environmental protection in 2015-2020."
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