Main article: Subjects of the Russian Federation
The Leningrad Region is a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, part of the North-Western Federal District, the area is 94.6 thousand km ². The region was formed on August 1, 1927.
Federal authorities
Territorial branches of federal authorities:
- Election Commission of Leningrad Region
- Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region
- Office of the Federal Tax Service for the Leningrad Region
- Office of the Federal Bailiff Service for the Leningrad Region
- Office of the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography in Leningrad Region
- Branch of the FIU in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region
- Territorial Compulsory Health Insurance Fund of Leningrad Region
Government
Main article: Government of Leningrad Region
Settlements
- Administration of MO "Anninsky urban settlement"
- Administration of MO "Pervomaisky rural settlement"
- Administration of the Moscow Region Vsevolozhsk Municipal District
- Administration of MO Sertolovo
- GBU LO "Station for combating animal diseases of the Vsevolozhsk region"
Transport
Leningrad Oblast Transport Committee
2024: Digital lookalikes, carrier integrity controls and passenger counts. How the digitalization of public transport is taking place in the Leningrad region
In the Leningrad Region, in September 2024, active digitalization of public transport began, which covers control over the integrity of carriers and the introduction of passenger counting systems, as well as the creation of digital twins. From January 2025, it is planned to launch updated digital platforms for paying for travel and accounting for passenger traffic. These measures are aimed at improving passenger service and optimizing routes taking into account their workload.
According to TASS, within the framework of the program, a digital twin system of the region's transport network will be introduced. This system will allow managers to monitor traffic, monitor transactions, and monitor route execution in real time. Carriers who violate established routes or block control systems will face fines. All buses operating on regional routes will be equipped with intelligent video systems that allow you to accurately record passenger traffic and ensure safety on board.
For passengers, it is possible to launch a mobile application where you can buy a ticket online, calculate travel time, and also use the feedback function to solve problems that arise during trips. This system will be integrated with the routes of St. Petersburg, which will allow passengers to plan trips more efficiently. It is planned to introduce various payment methods, including virtual cards, QR codes and the Troika card.
Mikhail Prisyazhnyuk, Chairman of the Leningrad Region Committee on Transport, clarified that all 90 routes served by the region will be covered by the new system. For this, 450 buses have already been purchased, which will go to carriers by December 1, 2024. These buses will be equipped with video surveillance and passenger traffic control systems, which will improve the quality of transport services and their safety.[1]
Digitalization
Leningrad Region Digital Development Committee
- GKU LO "Electronic Government Operator"
- GKU LO "Regional Monitoring Center"
- Regional Information and Navigation Center for Leningrad Region LLC (public-private partnership)
- IT companies in Vyborg
- IT companies in Gatchina
- Kingisepp IT Companies
- IT companies in Kommunar
- IT companies in Priozersk
- IT companies in Tikhvin
Power
Education
Leningrad Oblast General and Vocational Education Committee
UNIVERSITIES of the Leningrad Region
- State Institute of Economics, Finance, Law and Technology
- St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the University of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation
Colleges and organizations of DPO
- SBPEI "Center for Continuous Professional Medical Development of the Leningrad Region"
- GBPOU LO "Volkhov Polytechnic College"
Real estate
Main article: Real estate (Leningrad region market)
Health care
Health Committee of Leningrad Region
Clinics
- GBUZ "Leningrad Regional Clinical Hospital"
- LOGBUZ "Children's Clinical Hospital"
- GBUZ LO "Kirish Clinical Interdistrict Hospital"
- GBUZ LO "Toksovskaya Interdistrict Hospital"
- Beloostrov (medical center)
- Center for the Production of Medical Devices for Prosthetic and Orthopedic Care
- St. Petersburg City Hospital No. 20
History
Main article: History of Russia
2013: Map of Old Ladoga archeological and architectural monuments
Left bank [2]:
1. Knyashchina village. Dates back to the Early Middle Ages
2. Knyashchinsky group of hills. VIII-X centuries.
3. Tract Victory. Southern group of hills and village. VIII-X centuries.
4. Tract Victory. Northern group of hills. VIII-X centuries.
5. Mounds on the Zaklyuk River. ІKh -XI centuries
6. Mounds and the settlement of the ІKh-X centuries. (?) On the territory of the former estate of the landowner von Balk
7. Mounds of the ІKh-10th centuries east of the Zaklyuki River
8. Nikolsky monastery of the XII-XX centuries. with the church of St. Nicholas
9. Soil burial ground no later than the ІKh century.
10. Earthen settlement with a cultural layer of the VIII-XVII centuries, ramparts and bastions of the 80s. XVI century. There are also the lower parts of the church of St. Clement, laid in 1153
11. Stone fortress of the late XV-XVI centuries. At its base are the remains of stone fortifications built in the ІKh - early XV. And at the beginning of the XII century. In the fortress is the church of St. George XII century and the wooden church of St. Dmitry Solunsky XVII century.
12. The foundation of the stone church of the Savior All-Merciful. Until the middle of the XII century.
13. Foundation of the stone church of the Resurrection of Christ. Until the middle of the XII century.
14. Mounds on the Ladozhka River. ІKh - KhІ centuries (?)
15. Church of St. Peter. XI-XII centuries. The location is assumed
16. Varyazhskaya street, dates back to the early Middle Ages
17. Dirt burial ground of the 10th century on Varyazhskaya street
18. Church of Simeon the God-Receiver (before 1500)
19. Assumption Monastery of the XII-XX centuries. with the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin
20. Hill of the VIII-X centuries. in the park of the former estate of Tomilov and Schwartz
21. Stone Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist on Malysheva Hill. XVII century.
22. A group of hills north of Malysheva Mountain. VIII-X centuries.
23. Tract Sopka with "Oleg's Grave." VIII-X centuries.
24. Group of hills of the ІKh-10th centuries near the village of Velesha
25. Village XI-XIII centuries. on the territory of the village of Velesha
Right bank of Volkhov:
26. Hills of the VIII-X centuries. near the village of Lopino
27. Hill of the VIII-X centuries. on the first terrace of the Volkhov coast
28. Mounds in the tract Plakun. The second half of the IX - the beginning of the X century.
29. A group of hills on the banks of the Volkhov in the tract Plakun. VIII-X centuries.
30. Vasilievsky churchyard with the church of St. Basil of Caesarea. XVII century.
31. Hills of the VIII-X centuries at the manor of the landowner Tugarinova
32. Village X-XV centuries. at the manor of the landowner Tugarinova
33. Mounds of the ІKh - KhІ centuries. (?) Near the Lyubsha River
34. Settlement at the mouth of the Lyubsha River. VII-VIII, IX-X and XIII-XIV centuries. (The first inhabitants of the settlement appeared in the I-V centuries.)
35. Settlement X-XIII centuries. between the mouth of the Lyubsha River and the village of Gorchakovschina
36. Settlement X, XII-XIV and XV-XVI centuries. on the territory of the village of Gorchakovschina
37. Group of hills of the VIII-X centuries. in the village of Gorchakovshchina
1958: The beginning of the reconstruction of the fortress in Staraya Ladoga
In 1958, due to the exceptional historical importance of the fortress in Staraya Ladoga, Soviet restorers decided to restore the Gate and Klimentovskaya towers and hide the walls between them (architects A. A. Draghi, G. G. Noskov, A. E. Ekk).
However, for many antiquities zealots, the restoration of the fortress caused the most contradictory feelings: they considered the towers and walls of the fortress to be erected as a "novelty," "fake."
"Fake for antiquity" was the name of a critical article published in the Leningrad newspaper Smena in July 1961. «... against the background of ancient ruins in the merciless rays of the sun, a sharp contrast to everything around is the fundamental construction of an incomprehensible purpose erected here.... " As the author of the article noted, this is "blatant absurdity": Novgorod architecture was characterized by the irregularity of lines, the bevelling of corners, and here everything is done clearly and correctly. Therefore, there are no signs of antiquity in the new-old fortress being built.
Vladimir Iosifovich Ravdonikas, a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, sharply spoke out against such a "reconstruction": "The current reconstruction cannot be attributed to any of the options for an ancient fortress. This is a completely modern building. It is not clear what relation it may have to Russian antiquity? "
1957
1914
1853: Artist Andrei Popov visits Tomilov's estate near Staraya Ladoga
Andrei Andreevich (1832- 1896) Popov is a Russian artist, genre painter and portrait painter. Born in the family of a hereditary Tula artist. In 1846 he entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, where he studied in the landscape class of M.N. Vorobyov.
Thanks to his successful studies in 1849, he became a pensioner of the Society for the Encouragement of Artists.
In the early 1850s, the artist lived in Staraya Ladoga on the estate of A.R. Tomilov "Uspenskoye." It was here that his paintings were painted - landscapes and genre scenes, among them "People's Scene at the Fair in Staraya Ladoga" and "Birch Alley in Uspensky."
State Russian Museum. St. Petersburg.]]
1846
1843: Paintings by Lev Lagorio and Ivan Ivanov with views of Ladoga
The artist L.F. Lagorio worked a lot on nature in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, on the shores of the Gulf of Finland, in Staraya Ladoga, in Vyborg.
Ivanov Ivan Andreevich (1812-1848) - Russian landscape painter. He lived in St. Petersburg. Serving in the Postal Department, Ivan Andreevich passionately loved painting, and for some time, as a free-coming student, he studied with M.N. Vorobyov at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts.
1840
1835
1834: Sixteen-year-old Aivazovsky visits the Tomilov estate near Staraya Ladoga
In the first year of his stay in St. Petersburg, sixteen-year-old Ivan Aivazovsky met Alexei Romanovich Tomilov, a wonderful Russian enlightener, philanthropist, hero of the war of 1812 and a collector of painting. They talked a lot, and in the summer of 1834 Aivazovsky visited Tomilov's estate, the village of Uspenskoye, near Staraya Ladoga, on vacation.
In Tomilov's gallery, Aivazovsky was shocked by the landscapes of Sylvester Shchedrin. He had an irresistible desire to quickly master all the secrets of artistic skill and himself to start writing paintings depicting the sea expanses, the extraordinary blueness of the high sky and the golden and sunny gave his native Theodosius. A watercolor painted by him on this trip depicting the life of a peasant courtyard has been preserved.
1833: Landscapes of Mikhail Lebedev and Peter Zabolotsky
Mikhail Ivanovich Lebedev - Russian painter, worked in the genre of romantic landscape. He studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. In 1833, M. Lebedev was given the task of writing a view from nature in the vicinity of Lake Ladoga for the competition for the Big Gold Medal. Inspector of the Academy of Arts A.I. Krutov invited him to his estate Vasilkovo, on the banks of the Lava River, where the artist painted several small paintings and sketches. In 1837, the artist died of cholera. M.I. Lebedev lived a short life, but managed to become one of the best landscape painters of the first half of the 19th century.
The painting by Peter Zabolotsky "View of Old Ladoga" depicts the city near the Volkhov River, the St. George Fortress and the Assumption. According to the compositional decision, it can be assumed that the view of the Volkhov bend is shown from the top of the mound in the Sopka tract.
1747: Elizaveta Petrovna with Peter Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna admire the views from the hill near Staraya Ladoga
In 1747, obviously, from the largest hill in the tract Victory near Staraya Ladoga, "the august persons Empress Elizaveta Petrovna admired for a long time with the heir to the throne, Grand Duke Peter Fedorovich and his wife, Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna."
1702: The return of the Oreshek fortress by the troops of Peter I
1702 Ladoga Fortress became the main rear military base during the campaign of Peter I on the fortress of Oreshek (Noteburg).
1659: Construction of a new wooden city in Ladoga
1659-1661 Rebuilding the upper parts of the towers of the stone fortress of Ladoga and building a new wooden city.
1646: Renovation of the stone city of Ladoga
In 1646, the stone city of Ladoga was repaired by the governor Vasily Onichkov. The construction of wooden walls on the site of the collapsed sections of stone sprouts.
1634: Diplomat Adam Olearius visited Ladoga
In 1634, as part of the Holstein embassy, diplomat Adam Olearius visited Ladoga, who first depicted a stone fortress.
1630
1619: The unsuccessful siege of Ladoga by the Polish detachment of Yarosh Plecki
In 1619, the unsuccessful siege of Ladoga by the Polish detachment of Yarosh Pletsky took place. Ladoga governors Vasily Neplyuev and Vasily Zmiev did not let the Poles go to Novgorod and, having caught up with them on the Kobon row, did not let him ruin.
1618: Repair of Ladoga Fortress
In 1618-1620, repairs were carried out in the Ladoga fortress of stone and wooden cities. Device of a wooden Secret Roll.
1617: Return of Ladoga to the Moscow state in the Stolbovsky world
In 1617, the Swedes ruined the Ladoga churches. Return of Ladoga to the Moscow state in the Stolbovsky world.
Troubles and Swedish occupation
1614: Siege of Ladoga Fortress by Tikhvin Cossacks who swore allegiance to Tsar Mikhail Romanov
In 1614-1615, a siege of the fortress was organized with the Swedish-Novgorod garrison by the Tikhvin Cossacks, who swore allegiance to Tsar Mikhail Romanov.
1612: A Swedish force led by Jacob Delagardi occupied Ladoga
And in 1612, a Swedish detachment led by Jacob Delagardi occupied Ladoga.
1611: The transition of the fortress in Ladoga to the Russians and then to the Swedish-Novgorod army
In 1611, the surrender of Pierre Delaville's company to the detachment of Ivan Mikhailovich Saltykov, a supporter of the Polish king Sigismund, took place.
In February, Ladoga was occupied by a Russian garrison led by Voivode Grigory Nikolaevich Muravyov, who began repairing the earthen and stone cities. In the fall, he led the defense of the fortress, besieged by the Swedish-Novgorod army.
In September, the fortress was taken by the Swedish-Novgorod army, led by Colonel Klaus Slanga and the Novgorod governor Vasily Klepik-Buturlin.
1610: French mercenaries in Swedish service seize Ladoga fortress
By the end of 1608, Tsar Vasily Shuisky no longer controlled most of the regions of the country. These circumstances forced him to stay on the throne and stop the turmoil, to seek help from the Swedish king Charles IX, who had been persistently offering it since 1606.
The Treaty on the Defensive Alliance of Russia and Sweden against Poland promised Sweden territorial concessions in exchange for armed assistance to the tsarist government. Losing to Korel with the county, and renouncing the rights to Livonia, government troops received several thousand mercenaries.
On June 24 (July 4), 1610, an uprising in Moscow led to the fall of Shuisky.
Earlier, Shuisky promised to give the fortress of Korel to Karl IX for the assistance provided in the fight against False Dmitry III. But the new Russian government of the Semiboyarshchina refused this. Under these conditions, the Swedes began to actively pursue their own interests and seize the Russian lands themselves - the Swedish intervention began.
In 1610, Ladoga was the object of the constant struggle of the opposing political forces of the turmoil that raged in the Moscow state. On August 15, three companies of French mercenaries led by Pierre Delaville entered the fortress. Delaville assured the Russians that he represented the interests of the Russian Tsar Vasily Shuisky, against whom his subjects rebelled. Novgorodians unsuccessfully tried to expel them from Ladoga.
Moscow kingdom
1595
1584: Construction of a wood-earthen fortification in Ladoga
In the years 1584-1586. The military threat forced the construction of a tree-earthen fortification of the bastion type to be deployed in Ladoga.
1582: The unsuccessful siege of Ladoga Fortress by the Swedish army of General Pontus Delagardi
1582 The unsuccessful siege of Ladoga Fortress by the Swedish army of General Pontus Delagardi at the end of the Livonian War.
1568: The Rise of Ladoga: Population over 1,000
The heyday of medieval Ladoga recorded an inventory of 1568. Three districts are marked in it. One hundred and seventy-six owners lived in one hundred and twenty-six yards, and the total number of inhabitants could exceed [3].
All the courtyards mentioned in 1568 are represented by measured; adding up the areas of houses and gardens and adding to this an approximate area of streets, lanes, cemeteries and public buildings (for example, a living room), we get an area of the city equal to at least 16-18 hectares. At the same time, seventy percent of the entire area was occupied by vegetable gardens.
1540
1495: Reconstruction of the fortress in Ladoga according to the laws of the fire fortification
1490s. The radical restructuring of the Ladoga fortress after the subordination of Novgorod to Moscow. The new fortress is already being built according to the laws of fire fortification.
1478: Entry into the Russian state after the accession of the Novgorod land by Ivan III
With the accession of Novgorod to Moscow by Ivan ІІІ in 1478, significant changes take place in the vast Novgorod territories. Many boyars were executed or resettled, most of the Novgorod landowners lost their property. Their possessions were partially transferred to the treasury, and partially transferred as estates to Moscow service people.
The administrative division has also changed: the lands of Novgorod were divided into five parts for the convenience of centralized management.
Novgorod Republic
1445: St. George Monastery is laid in the Ladoga fortress
In 1445, the Novgorod Archbishop Euthymius ІІ laid the St. George Monastery in the Ladoga Fortress:... "the wall is stone and the church of St. George is new..."
1333: The Swedes burned the posad, but did not take the Ladoga fortress
In 1333, the Swedes burned the posad, but did not take the Ladoga fortress.
1323
The foundation of the Oreshek fortress by Prince Yuri Danilovich and the beginning of the mass development of the Neva estuary by Russians and Izhora
The fortress of Oreshek was founded in 1323 by Prince Yuri Danilovich, the eldest son of Daniil Alexandrovich and grandson of Alexander Nevsky. The stronghold was erected in order to protect the Novgorod lands from the increased expansion of the Swedes.
After the construction of the Oreshek fortress, the mass development of the Neva coast by the Russian and Izhora populations begins.
Conclusion of the Orekhovets Peace Treaty with Sweden
The conclusion of the Orekhovetsky peace treaty with Sweden in 1323 suspended the long confrontation between the parties and secured the border that passed along the Sestra River. The eastern part of the Karelian Isthmus and the coast of the Gulf of Finland at the mouth of the Neva remained under the rule of Novgorod.
1313: Swedes plunder and burn Ladoga
1313 the Swedes sacked and burned Ladoga.
1240: Alexander Nevsky goes to battle with Swedes from Ladoga fortress
1240 Troops led by Prince Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky) defeated the Swedes at the mouth of the Neva. Prince Alexander undertook a campaign to meet with the enemy from the Ladoga fortress, according to legend, consecrating his sword in the church of St. George.
1237: Map of Russia on the eve of the Mongol invasion
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1228: Izhora land is included in the Novgorod Republic
Since 1228, Izhora land was in the possession of the Novgorod Republic.
The appearance of the Scandinavian name of Russia - Gardariki
The toponym Gardariki is first found in the geographical composition of the last quarter of the XII century. He was also reflected in the vaults of royal sagas dating from the first third of the XIII century.
The word "Gardariki" translates as "country of cities" and is formed according to the model X + riki (state, country), which served to refer to the state. The Scandinavians called the word "Gardariki" first the northern lands, as a chain of fortresses along the Volkhov River, starting with Lyubsha and Aldeigyuborg (Ladoga), cities located on the Upper Volga and other lands. The term Holmgardariki was called Novgorod Rus. Over time, the Scandinavians began to call all of Russia the name of Gardarika.
1166: Construction of the Church of St. George in the courtyard of the fortress of Ladoga on the occasion of the victory over the Swedes
According to one version, the construction of the Church of St. George dates back to 1165-1166 in memory of the victory over the Swedes.
The church belongs to a special type of parish temples, which was developed by the middle of the XII century in Ladoga. At that time, i.e. no later than the middle of the XII century, six monumental buildings were erected here. For its time, it was a kind of record.
Subsequently, the type of temple that developed in Ladoga was completely transferred to Novgorod and perceived in other cities. You can even talk about the existence of the Ladoga school of architecture and art.
The temple was painted by Greek artists.
The frescoes of the deacon were completely reserved for a cycle of three scenes dedicated to the patron of the church of St. George. From this cycle, only the "Miracle of St. George about the Serpent," which, due to its magnificent preservation, simplicity and immediacy of composition and at the same time brilliant artistic performance and deep spiritual understanding of the plot, can be considered a genuine masterpiece of medieval monumental painting.
This composition, usually depicted in the martial arts of a holy warrior with a monster, has an unconventional interpretation in the St. George Church. based on an apocryphal legend known in Russia in translation from Greek since the KhІ century. under the name "Miracle of St. George about the serpent." A short story tells how the saint, after his martyrdom, God deigned in the form of a warrior to the city of Laodikea (Geval in Russian translation) and saved the royal daughter, given to the monster, whom the saint pacified not by force of arms, but by prayer.
The central part of the composition is occupied by the majestic image of a holy warrior sitting on a horse with a pull in his hand. He is dressed in military armor, behind him develops a dark red cloak decorated with stars. His colossal figure, about twice the size of the rest of the characters, is perceived as the image of the messenger of heaven. In the legs of the horse we see a serpent led to the straps of the princess. "And walking in the wake of her terrible serpent," says the legend, "grovelling on the ground, yako ovcha for stabbing." In the upper corner of the composition is a wall of the city, from which the king and queen with a retinue watch what is happening.
Perceived externally as a narrative illustration of an edifying story, of which there are many in medieval literature, this fresco has a deeper imagery, wrote [4]. St. George, depicted in the Byzantine tradition either as a martyr or as a victorious warrior and patron saint of the army ready for military feats, appears in a completely different light. Behind the heraldically solemn scene, a new meaning is visible: earthly evil, the bearer of which, in the image of death and smolder, here is a serpent, cannot be defeated by force, since force generates violence; evil is transformed only by humility and faith. It is these eternal ideals of Christianity that represent the characters depicted in the fresco. In the antithesis, "military valor - humility" is certainly the second main thing.
It is possible that such a non-standard interpretation of one of the main plots of the temple, which played the role of a temple image, came from the customer of the painting, which, most likely, was one of the Novgorod princes of the late XII century. This follows from the fact that the citadel with the newly rebuilt church was certainly under the jurisdiction of the prince or posadnik, and indirectly from the frescoes. So, the scenes dedicated to St. George are located precisely in the deacon, that is, essentially in the volume of the altar, and not in some other part of the temple, which indicates a special attitude towards them, which should be explained not only by the dedication of the temple to this saint, but also by the wishes of the customer.
In addition, of the surviving figures of saints, the absolute majority belongs to holy martyr soldiers. This is Svv. Savva Stratilates and Eustathius the Placard on the slopes of the Deacon's Arch, St. Christopher on the southern slope of the same arch, St. Agathon on the southern wall of the temple, St. Jacob of Perspex on the same wall under the scenes of the "Last Judgment." Compiling with the scenes of the life of St. George a single monolith, these and other not preserved figures of martyrs were a powerful layer of military images, which largely determined the content of the temple painting, which, however, does not seem strange if we consider that the St. George Church was a serf church, that is, the spiritual support of the garrison standing here. Moreover, it seems surprising that the idea of Christian humility in the face of evil sounds so clear and vivid here. However, in Russian spiritual practice there is a distinct parallel to this. This is a deep veneration of the holy princes-martyrs Boris and Gleb, always depicted with military accessories, but revered for their humble non-resistance to death in the following of Christ, which was so subtly understood and presented by the wonderful Russian philosopher G.P. Fedotov in his book "Saints of Ancient Russia."
1164: Repelling Swedish attack on Ladoga
The Swedish attack on Ladoga in 1164 on 55 ships occurred after a long period of peaceful years. The Ladozhans then burned their choirs on the posad and closed in the fortress, led by the posadnik Nezhata. The assault was unsuccessful. Help arrived from Novgorod, the Swedes retreated towards the eastern coast of Ladoga, where they were defeated, having lost almost all of their [5]
1145: The son of Princess Christine, the Norwegian wife of Mstislav Vladimirovich, erects the stone Assumption Tomb Church in Ladoga at the site of her burial
I.L. Voyinova during the restoration work in the Assumption Cathedral of Ladoga, a princely sign was discovered, which was carved on a construction grease in the upper part of the deacon. The presence of the sign is the most important factor in the dating of the Assumption Cathedral. I.L. Voinova, in collaboration with O.G. Guseva, attributed the sign to Prince Rostislav Mstislavich, respectively dating the temple to the period of his Novgorod reign (1154-1158). However, the attribution of the princely sign turned out to be not such an unambiguous question. So, N.V. Novoselov determined the ownership of the sign to Svyatopolk Mstislavich, who reigned in Novgorod in 1142-1148, and the time of the construction of the Assumption Cathedral dates back to the 1140s.
D.A. Machinsky, who supported the assumption that the sign belonged to Izyaslav Mstislavich, put forward his version of the construction of the Assumption Cathedral, according to which the monastery was founded by the Norwegian wife of Mstislav Vladimirovich Kristin before her death in 1122 and was part of a large-scale program of monastic development of Novgorod lands. Initially, the temple was wooden, but later a stone cathedral was erected in its place, above the burial of Princess Kristin, her son Izyaslav Mstislavich. This, according to the author, could have happened both in 1148-1149 and earlier in 1143-1144, when Izyaslav was in Novgorod and contributed to the installation of his brother Svyatopolk on the Novgorod throne. Thus, in all interpretations, the princely sign refers to the third generation of the Monomashichs - the sons of Mstislav Vladimirovich, but the exact date of the construction of the Assumption Cathedral does not stem from it.
Dating of the Assumption Cathedral of the 1140s. It seems most preferable not only from the point of view of the architecture of the temple. An analysis of the artistic and iconographic features of the frescoes, fragments of which were completely revealed during the restoration of the monument, leads to a similar conclusion.
The princely nature of the construction of the Assumption Cathedral is not in doubt, and this is determined not only by the discovery of a princely sign on a construction grout, but also by such a fundamentally important interior detail as the presence of four arcosolias, three of which are located in the western part of the cathedral, and one in the space of a deacon. Arcosolia, or "mosquitoes," like them named in ancient Russian sources, since the KhІ century. became an integral feature of the interiors of princely buildings, where they determined the place of future burial of the prince and his family members. Obviously, the Assumption Cathedral was thought of as a princely tomb church, and the presence of one of the burials in the deacon of the cathedral speaks of the high hierarchical status of the customer of the construction.
Large-scale stone church construction in Ladoga
With the death of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich of Kyiv, the role of Novgorod lords increased, who after 1136 acquired all the functions of management. They controlled the construction both as archpastors and as secular heads of state. Novgorod Vladyka was interested in the development of Ladoga not only as a military stronghold, but also as a place of international trade, especially with the countries of the Baltic North. Here he relied, one might think, on the harmonious support of the townspeople.
At the same time, the princes who were in Novgorod, in accordance with the adopted instructions, were limited in their power, in particular, did not have the right to purchase and sell land and interfere in foreign trade. In the middle of the KhІІ century in Novgorod there was a struggle for power between the Smolensk and Suzdal princes, he was not up to Ladoga.
Since 1136, neither among the Novgorod rulers nor among the princes do we find obvious applicants (except for Nifont with his only church of St. Clement) for the role of initiators of temple construction in Ladoga. Of course, representatives of different social circles could take part in this construction. At the same time, we must not forget that churches were erected on state land, which also implied the state root causes of the creation of temples and the regions-ends gravitating to them. In fact, since the first third of the XII century. Ladoga has completely transformed.
Neither before the KhІІ century, nor after, so many monumental structures were built in Ladoga. Temples were built by one artel of craftsmen in a relatively short period, in the first half and middle of the XII century. For its time, this was a record.
Since the Ladoga churches were erected by newcomers, most likely Novgorod masons, in Novgorod itself the scope of the stone industry has noticeably decreased.
The newly established included the churches of the Assumption, St. Clement (1153, bookmark), Savior (on the banks of the Volkhov), Resurrection (on the banks of Ladozhka), St. Nicholas and St. George (see above). Their architecture (with the exception of the church of St. Clement) and picturesque decoration are related by obvious unifying signs. We are talking about the development of a new type of posad temple. It is characterized by a cross-domed structure with four pillars, one-domed, equal appearance of three altar apses, postacomary covering of arches, stairs for choirs in the thickness of the western wall, division of facades with shoulder blades into three parts, the presence of narthex.
In the appearance of these buildings, the democratic tastes of the townspeople appeared, striving to build convenient parish churches. However, one should not simplify the aesthetic representations of their parishioners. After all, all Ladoga churches were painted. Having crossed the threshold, a person fell into the enchanting world of bright, rich and impressive art. The geometric simplicity of the appearance of the building was replaced by a rich interior carpet decoration that made an irresistible impression.
With the construction of temples, Ladoga moved forward as an independent architectural and art center. Later, the type of temple that developed in Ladoga was completely transferred to Novgorod and perceived in other cities: the same plan, the same decorative elements and construction materials.
The placement of cult buildings suggests that the development of the Ladoga posad was not spontaneous. The temples were located in a chain along the edge of the indigenous banks of the Volkhov and Ladozhka rivers and towered in the most prominent places at a distance of 125-250 m from each other, as if according to one urban planning plan, as if noting certain urban areas gravitating towards them. These buildings, listed from north to south, were located in the following sequence: the churches of the Assumption, Spasskaya, Voskresenskaya (the last two were not preserved; were excavated by N.E. Brandenburg), St. George, St. Clement (on the Earthen settlement, not preserved), finally, Nikolskaya. The construction of temples meant an orderly redevelopment of the city. The posad territory reached 14-15 hectares, which implies a significant increase in the population.
As part of Kievan Rus
Main article: Kievan Rus
1114: Mstislav's construction of a new stone fortress in Ladoga
1114-1116 Construction by Novgorodians of a new stone fortress on lime mortar... "In the same summer, Ladoga's speed was laid with a stone on the hill by Pavel posadnik, under Prince Mstislav." This fortress did not know defeats.
Mstislav, named Tatishchev the Veliky, the son of Vladimir Monomakh and the last Grand Duke of Kyiv, who still held the reins of government over almost all of Russia, at that moment was the Prince of Novgorod, but soon he left the Novgorod table to his son Vsevolod, becoming the Grand Prince of Kyiv after the death of his father in 1125.
1105: Novgorod prince Mstislav returns Ladoga from Scandinavian rule while maintaining its autonomy
In 1105, the Novgorod prince Mstislav subordinates Ladoga. "The same summer went to Ladoga for war...." However, the entire first half of the XII century. Ladoga retained its administrative and legal autonomy.
This event, in time, apparently coincided with the change of the Scandinavian administration to Russian princely rule.
1019: The marriage of Yaroslav to the daughter of the Swedish king Ingigerd and the transfer of Ladoga to her. Swedish administration. The appearance of the name Ingria
Most fully, the story of the marriage of Yaroslav Vladimirovich and Ingigerd (daughter of the Swedish king Olav Eiriksson, who ruled from 995 to 1022, and probably the vendka Astrid) is presented by Snorri Sturluson. The matchmaking of Yaroslav, according to the saga, was begun in the summer or autumn of 1018.
The following spring, the ambassadors of King Jaritsleiv (Yaroslav) arrived in Sweden in order to check the promise that King Olav made the previous summer: to give Ingigerd, his daughter, for King Jaritsleiv. Conung Olav had a conversation with Ingigerd and says that such is his desire that she marry King Jaritzleiv. She replies: "If I marry King Jaritzleiv, then I want Aldeigyuborg (Ladoga) as a wedding gift to myself and the yarlism that belongs to him." The ambassadors agreed to this on behalf of their king. Then Ingigerd said: "If I go east to Gardariki, then I want to choose in Sweden the person who I think is most suitable to go with me. I also want to make it a condition that he has at least a title there in the east and no less rights and honor than he has here. " The king agreed to this, as well as the ambassadors. Conung swore his faith in this, and so did the ambassadors. Ingigerd chose Rögnwald Ulvsson, a maternal relative, as her escort.
They all went together in the summer east to Gardariki. Then Ingigerd married King Yaritsleiv. Princess Ingigerd gave Jarl Rögnvald Aldeygüborg and the yarlism that belonged to him; Rögnwald was there jarl for a long time, and he was a famous person. Ingigerd received the name Irina in Russia.
Regarding Yaroslav's matchmaking to the Swedish princess Ingigerd, scientific literature suggested that one of the reasons that prompted him to conclude an alliance with Olav of Sweden was a military campaign along the Eastern Route, made by Jarl Sweyn Hakonarson in 1015. Yaroslav allegedly went to this marriage to prevent possible further aggressive actions, which, as before (the attack on Ladoga Yarla Eirik Hakonarson in 997), were taken, if not by Olav himself, then patronized by his friends and guests.
Noting the unstable situation in southern Ladoga at the turn of the X-XI centuries, which negatively affected both the state of international trade and the security of Novgorod, researchers also described the marriage between Yaroslav the Wise and Ingigerd as an attempt to eliminate instability. Ladoga jarlism as a result turned into a kind of buffer zone between Scandinavia and Russia: becoming the possession of the Swede Ingigerd, this area was protected from attacks by the Swedes, and, being transferred to Jarl Rögnvald, a friend of Olav of Norway, from attacks by the Norwegians [Boguslavsky 1993:152].
T.N. Jacqueson wrote that the reason for the marriage was much deeper. The period from 1018 to the mid-1020s is generally marked by the strengthening of Russian-Swedish, as well as Russian-Danish, ties caused by Yaroslav's desire to create an anti-Polish coalition in the process of fighting for the Kyiv table [Nazarenko 1984: 13-19; Melnikova 1988:47]. It is as a consequence of this policy that Yaroslav's matchmaking to the daughter of Olav of Sweden and subsequent marriage to her should be considered.
The transfer of Ladoga to the noble Scandinavian at the beginning of the 11th century is not recorded by any other sources, except for Snorri Sturluson's "Saga of Olav the Holy" (in all its versions) and "Strands of Eymund." Nevertheless, most researchers recognize the reliability of the presence in Ladoga at the indicated time of the Scandinavian ruler. Probably, the reason for this unanimity lies in the fact that "the information of the sagas about Ladoga converges with our annals that in this city with the territory adjacent to it there is no prince, in contrast to Novgorod, Polotsk and others" [Rydzevskaya 1945:59].
Aldeigaborg (until 1703 Ladoga, now the village of Staraya Ladoga) with adjacent lands, according to the hypothesis of A.M. Sjögren, in the west have since received the name Ingria (Ingigerda lands, according to Finnish pronunciation - "Inkerinmaa").
1000: A stream of silver coins from Central Asia from trade with Northern Europe along the Volga Route
Main article: Kievan Rus
According to the calculation of the American numismatist T. Nunan, 125 million Islamic silver coins during the 10th century. were exported from Central Asia to Northern Europe (exports in weight terms amounted to 3750 kg of silver annually, which required the equivalent of 500,000 fur pelts of the highest quality). One can imagine the enormous volume and intensity of the movement of values, which were mainly transported then through Ladoga. Undoubtedly, residents of this key route [6] could not but participate in this international commerce.
997: The future ruler of Norway, Eirik Hakonarson, robs and burns Ladoga as a city of his enemies
In the spring of 997, Eirik Hakonarson made a predatory raid on Aldeigyuborg (Ladoga) and burned the city. This was atypical for the Scandinavians in Russia in comparison with their numerous robber raids in the West. For more details see Kievan Rus'
X century: Visits by Norwegian kings
In the Scandinavian sources of Ladoga - Aldeigyuborg (a city on Ladoga), Holmgard (possibly Prednovgorod - Rurikovo settlement), Russia were repeatedly mentioned. Northern aliens traveled to the country by water through Ladoga, where they stayed and sometimes wintered. It is known that since the end of the X century, in Russia there were, following the same path, Norwegian [7].
9th century: Construction of a stone fortress in Ladoga to protect against Viking looting
In the last quarter of the 9th century. one of the first stone fortresses in Russia was built on the cape formed by the Volkhov and Ladozhka rivers. Judging by the fallen blocks, the initial height of its walls was at least 3 m with the same thickness. Whether it was erected by newcomers, perhaps Rhine, it is difficult to say, however, the goals of construction seem obvious. The stronghold ensured the safety of navigation, and the city itself. It was supposed to protect the townspeople primarily from the robber raids of the Vikings. This problem was solved successfully.
Only at the end of the X century. the Norwegian Jarl Eirik managed to destroy the fortress and burn the settlement of Ladoga, while part of the stone walls was simply overturned to the ground.
III century: The beginning of the formation of Northern Russia
Main article: Northern Russia
Culture
Committee for Culture and Tourism of Leningrad Region
- SCUK "Leningrad Regional Universal Scientific Library"
- MBU "Centralized Library System of the City of Gatchina"
Memorial estates
Fortress Oreshek
The fortress is located on Orekhovy Island at the source of the Neva River, opposite the city of Shlisselburg, Leningrad Oblast.
The fortress is an elongated polygon with seven towers around the perimeter: Korolevaya, Golovina, Flagnaya, Golovkina, Sovereign, Menshikova and Bezymyannaya (the last two towers have not been preserved). The head tower was built in the 16th century, it is the most powerful of the fortress towers. Three towers were also built that defended the inner citadel: Svetlichnaya, Bell and Mill. Of the towers of the citadel, only the Svetlichnaya Tower has survived.
Organizations of Leningrad Region
Notes
- ↑ New digital payment and travel control systems will be introduced in the Leningrad region
- ↑ of VolkhovA.N. Kirpichnikov "Old Ladoga - the first capital of Russia," 2013, S.203
- ↑ a thousand A.N. Kirpichnikov, "Old Ladoga - the first capital of Russia," 2014, S.164
- ↑ V.D. Sarabyanov V.D. Sarabyanov "Ancient Temples of Old Ladoga." In the book "Old Ladoga - the first capital of Russia," p. 124
- ↑ fleet, the Novgorod Chronicle of the senior and junior exiles. M; L., 1950 S.218, 219..
- ↑ city A.N. Kirpichnikov "Old Ladoga - the first capital of Russia" p. 58
- ↑ kings Jaxon T.N. Four Norwegian kings in Russia. M., 2000
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