What is Internet of Things, IoT

Subtleties of terminology

How correct is the term Internet of Things (IoT) and what accompanied its origin? Answers to these questions are provided by material that journalist Leonid Chernyak prepared for TAdviser.

IoT is not the Internet, but just PaaS?

In the seventies of the last century, from the time when computers ceased to be single and unique products, mass automation began in two practically independent directions. One thing is the automation of business processes, which we call it information technology (IT - IT, Information Technology). Another is automation of technological processes, this direction, in contrast to IT, began to be called operational technologies (OT, Operational Technology).

It is worth clarifying that IT is not dealing with information, but with data, so it would be more accurate to call them "data technologies." IT combines computers, storage, and networks with the creation, processing, storage, security, and exchange of all forms of electronic data. OT is also a complex of hardware and software, but designed to control and control physical processes.

In the USSR, the terms APCS (Automated Control Systems) and APCS (Automated Process Control Systems) became popular.

For more than forty years, IT and OT have developed independently, and during this time have acquired features that significantly distinguish them. But in the second decade of the 21st century, under the influence of a number of factors, including the sensory revolution, the development of network technologies, cloud computing, big data analytics and other modern trends, a convergence process (IT/OT convergence) began, combining two approaches - data orientation and event orientation in the physical world.

In the long run, we should expect the emergence of a single whole consisting of traditional technologies for working with data and from industrial control systems (ICS) and dispatch control and data collection systems (SCADA). Perhaps it will end up being cyberphysical systems, or even social cyberphysical systems.

Cyberphysical systems (Cyber-Physical-System) are systems consisting of various natural objects, artificial subsystems and control controllers that allow you to present such an entity as a whole. The CPS provides close communication and coordination between computing and physical resources. The scope of the CPS extends to robotics, transport, power, industrial process management and large infrastructures. Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) combines the physical, cybernetic and social worlds, providing real-time interaction between them.

The process of merging IT and OT is extremely complex, discussed at different levels, primarily in the dialogue between the two largest standardization committees International Society for Automation (ISA) and Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC).

At the marketing level, in the media, the term Industrial Internet or Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is most often used to refer to solutions aimed at IT/OT convergence. How this is done most often reflects an overly enthusiastic attitude towards the IoT phenomenon and a simplified attitude towards the transfer of IoT principles to the industry. The Wikipedia article Internet of Things has a special section "Criticism and Contradictions" [^[1],^[2] which shows problems related to IoT.

There will be even more problems in IIoT, because the amount of data generated by industrial machines is more than household ones, and security issues are more critical. Providing IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) addressing to all possible devices is far from enough to solve IT/OT convergence problems. Therefore, judging by the Hamburg account, there is no Internet one else, and behind the advertised screen called IIoT is a service platform PaaS with access to cloud resources by. to the Internet

What is IoT?

At the first, not too deep acquaintance with IoT^[3], the general idea of ​ ​ the Internet of Things and its prospects seemed very attractive. But after several years, with a closer analysis of this topic, certain doubts arose, not least caused by the monstrous marketing hype accompanying IoT.

IoT raises a number of questions:

• How correct is the phrase "Internet of Things"?
• How is Internet of Things (IoT) connected to the Internet?
• How can the Internet be formed from things?

Strictly speaking, the Internet is a proper name, so for many years it has been called a global network built on well-known standards. The most popular Internet platform WWW (World Wide Web) provides access to documents, but there are no technical obstacles to connecting to this network of things-devices, that is, to form networks consisting of things using Internet technology. But such an association should be called somehow different: not the Internet, but another name. Otherwise, it turns out an oxymoron.

Doubts about IoT worry many, such as the authors of Scientific America asking similar questions: "What is [[Internet of Things (IoT)|[[Internet of Things (IoT)|[[Internet of Things (IoT)|[[Internet of Things (IoT)|[[Internet of Things (IoT)|the Internet of Things (IoT)]]]]]]]]]]]]?]] They talk about IOT everywhere, but what really hides behind these new buzzword (hot new buzz word)? ^[4]

The emergence of these and similar questions is natural, if only because the well-known definitions of IoT, proposed not by anyone, but by leading industry analysts, to put it mildly, do not add clarity.

• IDC - Internet of Things is a network of networks with uniquely identifiable endpoints that communicate with each other in two directions over IP protocols and usually without human intervention. "
• Gartner - Internet of Things is a network of physical objects that have built-in technologies that allow you to interact with the external environment, transfer information about your condition and receive data from outside. "
• McKinsey - Internet of Things are sensors and actuators (actuators) built into physical objects and connected over wired or wireless networks using the Internet Protocol (IP) that connects the Internet. "

Such definitions cause cognitive dissonance, that is, a state about which encyclopedias write "mental discomfort caused by a collision in the consciousness of an individual of conflicting ideas: ideas, beliefs, values ​ ​ or emotional reactions."

To begin with, the Internet or just a network is a worldwide system of unified computer networks that serves to store and transfer data. It is based on the TCP/IP protocol stack. The network function is reduced to the transmission of data packets, nothing more. Not everyone knows this fact, for the vast majority of the population, the network is known for the fact that the WWW World Wide Web works on it, WWW and the Internet are identical in the everyday mind. But there are also a lot of other data transmission systems, including file sharing, telephony, and much more. In particular, the Internet is quite reasonable to use to organize the exchange of data between things. There are no restrictions on the part of the network. Why are we talking about the network of things as something separate and special? It would never occur to anyone to call WWW "Internet of Texts."

Most likely, we fell victim to a misunderstanding, because, speaking of IoT, they usually mean not just communications, to something similar to WWW, something like a web of things, this circumstance was realized relatively recently and the corresponding term Web of Things (WoT) appeared, which more precisely fits the ideal idea of ​ ​ IoT.

The substitution of concepts arose and strengthened due to the lack of proper understanding of the differences between the Internet and WWW. The World Wide Web is a distributed system that provides access to related documents located on various computers connected to the Internet. Access to documents is provided by the HTML Markup Language (HyperText Markup Language). The standard marked HTML files (web page) are the main type of World Wide Web resources.

Text documents themselves are not complex, so the standards developed by the W3C consortium turned out to be clear and understandable, and three things - a unique URL/URI document addressing system, HTML language and HTTP protocol - turned out to be enough to provide humanity with the ability to communicate.

Most likely, Kevin Ashton, who proposed the term Internet of Things, was directly "to blame" for the terminological traveler, although in 1999 he did not think about the network of things, but about the web of things. Here's what he wrote later in 2009:

If we had computers that knew everything we knew about things, collecting data about them without our help, then we could more effectively control everything around us. We need to strengthen computers to the point where we have been able to hear and see the world in all its diversity.

Quite obviously, he admits that this is not about data networks, but about some information web consisting of images of things.

If Ashton used the more precise term Web of Things (WoT), then we didn't have to painfully interpret IoT. When they talk about authorship of the term IoT, they forget that back in the mid-90s there was an Integrated Systems Inc. (ISI), which proposed the biased idea of ​ ​ the Embedded internet^[5]. Then, by naivety, it seemed that for communication between things, it was enough to install the PSOS operating system developed by ISI on the built-in processor. Life has shown that the problem is much more complicated.

Now the academic community is actively engaged in the development of WoT. The W3C consortium has created a working group Web of Things Interest Group, work is underway to develop standards, but this case is extremely long, since devices (things) are not comparable in complexity and variety to texts. Accordingly, the standardization of interaction between devices is orders of magnitude more complicated than what was done for texts. These works will take more than one year.

Until then, you will have to accept the existing interpretation of IoT with sorrow, agreeing that the "term is busy," but realizing that there is no Internet of things and cannot be, although once a web of things may be created. It is taught as with the name of the newspaper MK, formed from Moskovsky Komsomolets, but exactly the opposite. Komsomol has long been absent from nature and, most likely, will never be again. And the IoT abbreviation is from Internet of Things: from what is essentially not yet in full, but someday, there will probably be something similar.

How the Internet of Things works

IoT-platforms

• IoT-platforms

The Internet of Things as a "network of networks"

Hardware disaggregation 2016

The Internet of Things consists of loosely connected disparate networks, each of which has been deployed to solve its own specific problems. For example, in modern cars there are several networks at once: one controls the operation of the engine, the other - security systems, the third supports communication, etc. Many networks are also installed in office and residential buildings to control heating, ventilation, air conditioning, telephone communication, safety, lighting. As the Internet of Things evolves, these and many other networks will connect to each other and gain greater security, analytics, and management capabilities (see Figure 2). As a result, the Internet of Things will gain even more opportunities to open up new, broader prospects for humanity.

Notably, this trend reflects what was observed in the early stages of network technology development. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Cisco formed as a large company precisely because of its efforts to establish communication between heterogeneous networks using multi-protocol routing, which eventually made IP a generally accepted network standard. As far as the Internet of Things is concerned, history repeats itself, but on a significantly larger scale.

Options for connecting IoT to existing networks (source Postscapes Harbor Research, 2016)

IoT Technologies

• Connection:
  • 2G/3G/4G, 5G Satellite (VSAT), LPWAN (LORA, LTE-M, NB IOT, NB FI, etc.), network connections

• Equipment:
  • Modules, sensors.
  • Hardware Security Devices
  • Servers.
  • Storage systems.
  • Other equipment (special equipment)

• Services
  • FC component management services, infrastructure outsourcing, hosting and application management).
  • IT services (system integration, application development) and device installation

• Software
  • Analytical software
  • Appendices
  • Cross-Industrial Platforms
  • Industrial platforms
  • Safety Software
  • Другое ПО (storage management, structured data management, integration and orchestration middleware).

IoT Chain - Data Center Cloud

LoRa

Main article: LoRa - wireless technology for IoT

NB-IoT Low-Power and Wide-Area Standard, LPWA

Main Article: NB-IoT Low-Power and Wide-Area Standard, LPWA

Difference from M2M

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that involves the wider use of M2M (machine-to-machine) technology. The M2M segment is largely the basis of the IoT concept, and at the initial stage of development, IoT was actually synonymous with M2M. By the beginning of 2016, Russian operators also did not yet have clear criteria for dividing into IoT and M2M.

Applications

Transformation according to the IoT Paradigm shift

According to world analysts, at the beginning of 2016 Internet , companies are primarily focused on mass segments in the use of things technologies, IoT where market incentives such as:

In telecom

• Internet of Things in Telecom

In medicine

• Internet of Things in Medicine

IN HOUSING AND COMMUNAL SERVICES

• Internet of things in housing and communal services

In the electric power industry

• Internet of Things in the Electric Power Industry

In construction

• Internet of Things in Construction

Smart home

• Smart Security Solutions Smart Home
• Intelligent Services Solutions for Household Resource Optimization

Humanity has a chance of getting rid of phobias, such as "whether I closed the door" or "whether I turned off the iron," because information about this will be in the smartphone. And if suddenly he did not close and did not turn it off, everything can be fixed from anywhere in the city and the world. The surveillance system recognizes the faces of everyone who passed by your house or stood near the door of the apartment, and when the same person reappears, he will compare his face with the police base. Just in case. A refrigerator equipped with a set of cameras will announce the end of the shelf life of the products and simply deplete the stocks of your favorite ice cream. A smart vacuum cleaner will send a message about the discovery of jewelry that fell under the sofa.

Smart transport

• Fleet management services for individual carriers (some analogue of Uber for freight transport)
• UBI Insurance Services
• Maintenance Services by Actual Status

Industry transport IoT-solutions

With the help of connected sensors, it will be possible to measure the load of transport channels and optimize them. Where to build a new denouement? Where to launch the new route? A city that knows exactly how its residents move will be able to build the most efficient transport system.

With the help of connected sensors, it will be possible to measure the load of transport channels and optimize them. Where to build a new denouement? Where to launch the new route? A city that knows exactly how its residents move will be able to build the most efficient transport system.

• Intelligent Transport Infrastructure (ITS) Russia
• Moscow Smart city Information technologies in Moscow
• Intelligent Transport System (Moscow)

Internet of Things in Logistics

Main article: Internet of Things in Logistics

Trade

• Solutions for automatic data transfer and analysis from POS terminals, including virtual
• Managing household inventory as a service.

Thanks to the Internet of Things, classic stores can already compete with online retailers by offering a unique, personalized and attractive service to their customers. By 2019, 79% of retailers will use IoT solutions, and 77% are convinced that this technology will change the industry. The application of IoT technologies depends on the specific area. Aruba in her 2017 report "Internet of Things: The Present and the Future"^[6] marks the most popular categories of connected devices in the field of retail and distribution. They turned out to be: barcode scanners, personal mobile devices, as well as smart speakers/TVs/speakers.

The benefits of the Internet of Things speak for themselves, but its use is not devoid of security threats. Among the surveyed representatives of companies that already use IoT solutions, 84% are faced with security violations. More than half of respondents consider external cyber attacks to be the main barrier to the introduction of this technology.

Timber industry

Russia is one of the leading countries in terms of forest area. Wood reserves are estimated at 83 billion cubic meters. All forest exporting countries are talking about growing global demand. However, success will come to those who will manage green resources in a smart way, that is, using high technologies. According to Ivan Kozlov, director of IT at Metsa Group Russia, the time has come for virtual forests. As part of the "IT in Industry" section at the TAdviser forum in 2017, he said that today in a smartphone you can look at aerial photography of a forest, assess reserves, and consult an expert. It is also easy to sell the forest and order plant planting or cutting services.

Internet of Things in the Army

Main article: Internet of Battle Things (IoBT)

IoT on seagoing vessels

Main article: VSAT and IoT on sea vessels (Russian market)

Industrial IoT segment

Translation of PCS into IoT principles: all production processes will be measured and optimized in detail. Production will become much more reliable - monitoring systems will report problem areas before they fail.

The global IoT-architecture

HSE named the 10 most promising areas for the Internet of Things

HSE Institute for Statistical Research and Knowledge Economics named ten areas in which Internet technology of things will be in demand in 2023. The corresponding report was published by experts on January 19, 2023.

• Internet of Medical Things. For example, diagnostic devices, equipment for monitoring the condition of patients, systems for accounting for the supply of medicines and others.
• Foggy computing and cloud internet of things. Foggy computing is a technology that processes data on devices on a local network, such as computers and smartphones, and not in the cloud. This is how calculations happen faster.
• Mobile Internet of Things - technologies for the interaction of digital devices within the city or individual houses.
• Artificial intelligence of things - software solutions that help build neural networks and carry out data preprocessing.
• The Internet of Things for a smart city or home helps to better record the consumption of water, electricity and other resources, analyze the level of air pollution, and regulate the flow of pedestrians and cars.
• The Internet of Robotic Things are autonomous robots that can be controlled remotely. For example, service robots, delivery robots.
• Satellite Internet of Things helps to exchange information between different devices in orbit and work in a single network with devices that use satellite communication channels.
• Wearable Internet of Things - sensors and equipment that monitor the user's health and control his movement, for example, fitness trackers, smart watches and smart bracelets.
• Integration of the Internet of Things and peripherals - technologies that save computing resources and increase the autonomy of the company's services.
• The Internet of Things in transport helps to improve self-driving cars, increase their energy efficiency and save resources.

Konstantin Vishnevsky, director of the Center for Digital Economics Research at the Higher School of Economics, says that the development and spread of the Internet in the world by January 2023 continues to proceed at a very intensive pace, and already in 2023 we can expect significant progress in leading economies towards digital transformation of business and everyday practices of the population. For example, medicine using remote monitoring and online consultation systems is becoming increasingly available, personalized and patient-oriented.

According to the expert, in transport, thanks to IoT solutions, it will be possible to significantly reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions into the environment. He is actively mastering radical innovations and industry: to monitor production processes and control equipment parameters in real time, digital twins, sensors and IoT sensors are being introduced, which, in addition to transforming traditional technological processes, launches changes at the level of enterprise management and their subsequent transition to new business models, in particular described within the framework of the concepts of digital or virtual "factories of the future," Vishnevsky added.

The study notes that IoT technologies are rapidly changing the face of key sectors of the economy and social sphere. By 2030, global demand for IoT solutions will be more than $620 billion, up nearly 3.5 times over 10 years. Russian companies are increasingly using these technologies: according to IIEZ estimates, by January 2023, 16.7% (41.5 thousand) of Russian organizations are using them, which is 3.7 pp more than a year earlier. As the technological maturity of IoT grows, products and services based on it are becoming more accessible and more actively used by the population and business to solve applied problems, the researchers say.^[7]

IoT Implementation Business Models

In July 2017, ITWeek published a review article on popular business models for which IoT technologies and developments will be implemented . As mentioned in the article, according to Ericsson's forecast, the number of connected devices equipped with "smart" IoT sensors will reach the number of mobile phones in 2018. Vendors will also actively invest in the development and implementation of IoT solutions. According to Business Insider estimates, the volume of investments of large companies in 2015 reached $29 billion, and by 2020 it will grow to $70 billion^[8]

The article lists the main business models for which IoT will be implemented in the near future. The first business model is "regulatory control." Compliance with the requirements of controlling organizations is a prerequisite for doing business, but they do not bring direct economic benefits to companies, despite significant costs. In the context of this situation, IoT has enormous potential to reduce costs in this area.

The second business model is "preventive control": IoT allows you to timely identify the prerequisites for emergency situations and reduce the efficiency of equipment. Thanks to IoT, you can start remote monitoring and monitor the operation of equipment online in real time.

The third business model is "remote diagnostics." IoT sensors can be used to diagnose the devices on which they are installed and automatically respond to changes in their status.

The fourth business model is "transaction control." Using IoT, you can monitor the chain of technological operations, monitor the movement of any devices and automatically track their characteristics in real time. This allows you to get rid of theft and uncontrolled losses, increase the efficiency of controlled objects where "smart" sensors are installed, and achieve predictability of their operation.

The fifth business model is "automation of operations." The arrival of IoT allows you to automate frequently repeated operations, increasing efficiency, leisure quality, and customer satisfaction. The advantage of such IoT gadgets is expressed not only in simplifying routine operations. They drive sales by allowing habits to be automated.

IoT technologies

Technical and Commercial Platform for IoT

Successful implementation of solutions based on the comprehensive Internet is not an isolated and independent process. Cisco believes that this requires a technical and commercial platform on which it will be possible to easily build various solutions for rational and effective achievement of the promised commercial advantages. Such an Internet platform is based on reliable communication and technological infrastructure, operational and management services, as well as a number of vertical and horizontal solutions.

Cisco's experience shows that in order to implement solutions based on the Comprehensive Internet, all technical and commercial elements must provide the desired result. The effective deployment of the Comprehensive Internet will provide a platform for all businesses, or even all industries, to deliver a range of unique, profitable IoE solutions.

Levels starting from the bottom:

1. Network Connections - Connect all solutions, data, and applications through a fiber-optic transit or licensed cellular network.
2. Network Access - a managed Wi-Fi network or other unlicensed wireless network to connect all sensors and applications.
3. Technology platform - a platform that provides fast and reliable connection of new devices to the architecture on the principle of "connect and work," as well as connection to cloud storage and data processing services.
4. Vertical and Horizontal Solutions - a set of devices and applications that provide unique solutions for different vertical and horizontal industry segments.
5. Monetization platform - in some verticals, such as smart cities and the B2C segment, there are opportunities to effectively use the platform to create new sources of profit.
6. Common management platform - a common platform that provides management, customer service and services for all solutions.
7. Professional Services - Special services such as system integration, planning and design.
8. Project Management - Project, Operations, and Partner Ecosystem Management Services.

The successful deployment of solutions and the huge potential benefits of the Comprehensive Internet depend not only on cool things and applications. To bring ideas and expectations to life, a comprehensive, technical, operational and organizational platform of the Comprehensive Internet is needed.

Embedded systems in the IoT ecosystem

The Internet of Things is a network of networks consisting of uniquely identifiable objects ("things") that can interact with each other, without human intervention.

The global embedded market is growing, driven by increasing demand for portable computing devices and M2M embedded solutions. Other key growth drivers in recent years have been the trend towards automation of the manufacturing industry, the continuous evolution of pervasive computerization, as well as the widespread adoption of the Internet of Things^[9].

The rapid growth of the embedded market is largely due to the rapid development of the Internet of Things.^[10] IDC is expected^[11]connect more than 30 billion devices to the global Internet of Things by 2020.

The modern concept of the Internet of Things implies that all modern devices, regardless of platform, should be able to work together with other devices and services, forming a single interconnected ecosystem, and not exist in isolation.

It is this premise that is one of the main reasons for the transformation of the embedded market. Today, it is moving towards the development of intelligent systems (sensors, machines, mechanisms, devices, etc.), combined into a single global computing network in order to obtain and process data to improve production efficiency (in the industrial sector) or user comfort and convenience (at the consumer level).

The deployment of such intelligent systems requires the coordinated work of several market participants at once, including both suppliers of components (all the same processors, microprocessors, controllers, sensors, etc.) and manufacturers of end products (consumer electronics, industrial equipment, cars, aircraft... the list is truly limitless) and software vendors able to customize all these embedded systems for individual customers, connect them to the "clouds" and ensure their interaction with other systems in the customer infrastructure.

Collaboration between Embedded Vendors and Software Developers

IoT Solution Provider Ecosystem

With such a significant growth in the embedded market and the number of end-to-end devices connected to the network and each other, there is already a serious need for software developers who understand the complexity of the ecosystem in which component manufacturers, boards, ready-to-use system suppliers and integrators are developing and have serious experience in the field of embedded development.

Simply put, someone should "force" the sensors to speak in the language of the manufacturer of the device or equipment and the end user, that is, to ensure the collection of the necessary information, its analysis, display and interaction with other systems of the manufacturer. Individual details of this "language" may differ depending on the tasks of a particular manufacturer (OEM), and for customization for individual customers, manufacturers of sensors (controllers, microprocessors, etc.) do not always have sufficient resources and capabilities. It is at this stage that support for an experienced embedded company is required.

Technological development challenges

There are factors that can slow down the development of the Internet of Things. Of these, three are considered the most important: the transition to IPv6, the power supply of sensors and the adoption of general standards.

Address shortage and IPv6 transition

In February 2010, there were no free IPv4 addresses left in the world. Although ordinary users did not find anything terrible in this, this fact can significantly slow down the development of the Internet of Things, since billions of new sensors will need new unique IP addresses. In addition, IPv6 simplifies network management with automatic configuration and new, more efficient information security features.

Sensors power supply

For the Internet of Things to fully realize its capabilities, its sensors must work completely autonomously. Now imagine what that means: We'll need billions of batteries for billions of devices installed across the planet and even in space. It's completely unreal. You need to go the other way. Sensors must learn to receive electricity from the environment: from vibration, light and air flows.

In 2010, great success was achieved in this area. Scientists have announced a commercially usable nanogenerator - a flexible chip that converts human body movements (even one finger) into electricity. This was announced in March 2011 at the 241st meeting of the American Chemical Society.

"This event [the creation of the nanogenerator] was an important milestone on the way to portable electronics using the movements of the human body to produce electricity, which will make it possible to do without batteries and power outlets. In the future, nanogenerators will be able to completely change our lives. Their capabilities are limited only by the framework of the human imagination, "said Zhong Lin Wang, lead researcher at the Georgia Institute of Technology

Standards and Reference Architectures

While significant progress has been made in the field of standards, there is a lot of work ahead of us, particularly in areas such as security, personal information protection, architecture and communications. IEEE is one of the organizations trying to solve these problems by standardizing methods for transmitting IPv6 packets over different types of networks.

It is important to note that obstacles exist, but are not insurmountable. The benefits of the Internet of Things are so great that humanity will definitely find solutions to all of these problems. It's only a matter of time.

EU Commissioner for the Information Society Nili Kroes in 2012 announced the start of open consultations on the topic of regulating the market for wireless-connected devices - the so-called "Internet of Things." Such devices collect, transmit and store data that can be considered personal data of the owner, and the European Commission is trying to find the optimal solution that takes into account both the need to protect personal data and the need to ensure compatibility and convenience of work. A draft of a new European data protection law released in January has provisions relating to new technologies - such as collecting location data - but that law may not take effect until two years later.^[12]

By early November 2014 electronic engineers , several organizations were developing universal specifications for a smart and appropriate certification program, including the alliance, Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF) which includes, and Dell. Intel Samsung Electronics BI Intelligence analysts say that, in addition to unifying technology, this consortium and other associations will have to solve the information security problem that is taking place in the Internet of Things.

According to 2016 data, the IoT architecture is only being formed, but the system-forming ones include four levels: devices, communication, processing and data management. The United States, Germany and the EU, China offer their reference models.

The most active work at all levels of IoT platforms is in the field of standardization. Work is underway in the field of standards covering all levels of the IoT architecture. Coordinators: International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Association for Standardization of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE Standards Association), Open Interconnect consortia, W3C, etc.

Global IoT Technology Market

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Russian IoT Technology Market

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History of the emergence and development of the Internet of Things

How it came to be

• 1926 Foresight by Nicola Tesla.
• 1990 John Romkey created the world's first internet thing - a connected toaster and was able to remotely turn it on and off.
• 1999 The concept and term for IoT was first formulated by the founder of the research group at MIT Kevin Ashton 1999 at a presentation for the Procter & Gamble leadership. The essence of the presentation is how the comprehensive implementation of RFID tags will be able to modify the logistics and production management system in the corporation.

• In 2008-2009, the transition from the'Internet of People' to the'Internet of Things'.

The first "Internet thing" appeared in 1990. This is a toaster developed by American John Romkey, one of the creators of the TCP/IP protocol. By connecting the kitchen assistant to the World Wide Web, the engineer managed to turn it on and off remotely. Just like that, fun for the sake, unaware that his experiment will become a trigger that will cause an "avalanche effect" and begin to form a new reality.

The Internet of Things originated at MIT. In 1999, the Automatic Identification Center (Auto-ID Center) was created there, dealing with radio frequency identification (RFID) and new sensor technologies. The center coordinated the work of seven universities located on four continents. This is where the IoT architecture was designed .

According to the consulting division of the American corporation Cisco IBSG (Internet Business Solutions Group), the Internet of Things is just a moment in time when the number of "things" or material objects connected to the Internet has exceeded the number of people using the "World Wide Web."

In 2003, about 6.3 billion people lived on our planet, and 500 million devices were connected to the Internet. Dividing the number of connected devices by the size of the world's population, we will see that for each person then there were 0.08 such devices. Thus, according to the Cisco IBSG definition, there was no IoT yet in 2003. Smartphones at that time only appeared on the market. Recall that Apple CEO Steve Jobs announced the iPhone only four years later - on January 9, 2007.

Интернет вещей «появился на свет» в промежутке между 2008 и 2009 годами

In 2010, as a result of the rapid spread of smartphones and tablet computers, the number of connected devices increased to 12.5 billion, while the world's population amounted to 6.8 billion people. Thus, for the first time in history, for each person there was more than one connected device (1.84 devices per capita).

In January 2009, a team of researchers measured the amount of routable data in China for the period from December 2001 to December 2006 at 6-month intervals. Similar to Moore's law, the study found that internet traffic doubles every 5.32 years. Based on this indicator, as well as the number of devices connected to the Internet in 2003 (500 million, according to the analytical company Forrester Research), and data on the world's population (according to the US Census Bureau), Cisco IBSG specialists calculated the number of connected devices per capita.

After clarifying these figures, Cisco IBSG researchers concluded that the Internet of Things was "born" between 2008 and 2009. Today, the Internet of Things lives and lives, which is facilitated in no small part by initiatives such as Cisco Planetary Skin, Smart Grid and the emergence of smart cars.

Interesting facts from history

• In 1926, Nikola Tesla, in an interview for Collier's magazine, said that in the future the radio would be transformed into a "big brain," all things would become part of a single whole, and the tools that would make it possible would easily fit in a pocket.
• In 1990, a MIT graduate, one of the fathers of the TCP/IP protocol, John Romkey created the World's first Internet thing. He connected his toaster to the network.
• The very term "Internet of Things" was proposed by Kevin Ashton in 1999. In the same year, the Automatic Identification Center (Auto-ID Center) was created, which deals with radio frequency identification (RFID) and touch technologies, thanks to which this concept was widespread.
• In 2008-2009, there was a transition from the "Internet of People" to the "Internet of Things," i.e. the number of items connected to the network exceeded the number of people.

Standardization of the Internet of Things

Main article - Standardization of the Internet of Things

Information security issues

Main article - Information security of the Internet of Things

Notes