Russia's Foreign Policy

Main article: Russia

Russian Foreign Ministry

Main article: Russian Foreign Ministry

Areas of cooperation

Cooperation with African countries

Main article: Cooperation between Russia and Africa

Cooperation between Russia and Spain

Main article: Cooperation between Russia and Spain

2024

BRICS Summit in Kazan

Over the past three years, trade between Russia and the UAE has tripled, President Vladimir Putin said while hosting an informal dinner on October 20, 2024 at the residence of UAE ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan near Moscow on the eve of official negotiations

Putin's visit to Mongolia

In September 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin visited Mongolia.

The possibility of supplying Russian gas to Mongolian consumers is being considered - Putin.

The gas pipeline project from Russia to China through Mongolia is undergoing state examination. Gazprom is ready to help gasify Mongolia.

Russia is open to implementing projects in the field of peaceful atom with Mongolia.

Russia has consistently responded to Mongolia's requests to meet growing fuel needs.

The trade turnover of Russia with Mongolia is growing, almost no dollars and euros are used in the calculations.

Russia is grateful to Mongolia for preserving its historical memory, in particular about Soviet assistance at Khalkhin Gol.

Putin invited the President of Mongolia to Moscow to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the Victory, Russia remembers and appreciates the assistance that Mongolia provided to the USSR during the Great Patriotic War.

Mongolian calculation can take part in the parade on May 9 on Red Square.

Russia will increase quotas for Mongolian students to 620 places.

India PM Modi's visit to Russia

In July 2024, Indian Prime Minister Nerendra Modi arrived in Russia and met with President Putin.

Vladimir Putin's visit to North Korea

Russian President Putin waves goodbye to North Korean leader Kim Jong Un at the end of a visit in June 2024

Gift of Aurus limousine to North Korean leader Kim Jong Un

In February 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin presented a new car to North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, who loves luxury limousines. Presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov said that Kim Jong-un received a new Aurus.

2023

Cancellation of visas for travel of Georgian citizens for up to 90 days

The visa regime between Russia and Georgia was introduced in 2000 by decision of Moscow. Since March 1, 2012, Georgia unilaterally canceled the visa regime for Russians.

In May 2023, Russia canceled visas for Georgian citizens who will be able to visit the Russian Federation for up to 90 days from May 15. Flights of Russian airlines and sales of tours to Georgia are also allowed, follows from the signed decrees of Vladimir Putin.

Georgia will allow direct flights to Russian airlines that have not been sanctioned after receiving a notification from Moscow - the Ministry of Economy of the republic.

Denunciation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe

Vladimir Putin in May 2023 signed an order to consider the full denunciation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE). It was concluded in 1990 and determined the amount of military equipment that signatory states were allowed to deploy in territories from the Atlantic to the Urals. The treaty limited the number of weapons between Russia and NATO countries. It concerned tanks, combat armored vehicles, artillery, combat aircraft and attack helicopters.

There is no sensational in the news: back in 2007 , Russia suspended the agreement, and in 2015 stopped participating in meetings of the joint advisory group. The current decision only eliminates all the remaining formalities.

At the same time, the final denunciation of the CFE Treaty closes the very possibility of a slight stroke of the pen to return to its execution in the future.

The State Duma unanimously voted to denounce the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE).

Putin approved a new version of the Concept of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation

"Dramatic changes in international life demanded that we seriously adjust the key documents of strategic planning," [1] Russia President Vladimir Putin said on March 31, 2023.

"Russia has self-determined itself as a distinctive civilization country, a vast Eurasian and Euro-Pacific power, a stronghold of the Russian world, one of the sovereign centers of world development, playing a unique role in maintaining the global balance of power and ensuring the peaceful, progressive development of mankind."

The new Foreign Policy Concept provides for the possibility of taking symmetrical and asymmetric measures in response to unfriendly actions against Russia - chapter. RUSSIAN FOREIGN MINISTRY Sergei Lavrov

The RF Armed Forces can be used to repel or prevent an armed attack on Russia and its allies.

The concept assumes that the anti-Russian steps of unfriendly states will be severely suppressed if necessary.

• Russia's goal in the near abroad is to ensure peace and development in the region. The Russian Federation will provide comprehensive support to Abkhazia and South Ossetia, whose people have chosen to deepen integration with it.

• A strategic partnership with China and India has been announced.

• The Russian Federation in the Concept of Foreign Policy clearly fixed the idea that it does not initially have hostile intentions towards Anglo-Saxon countries and Europe.

• In the updated Concept of Russian Foreign Policy, the United States is directly called the main conductor of the anti-Russian line. Russia gives priority to abandoning the dominance of the United States and other unfriendly states in international affairs.

Western attack: 14,000 sanctions against Russia

Main article: Sanctions against Russia

As of February 2023

2022

Closure of all consulates of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and expulsion of their employees

On April 21, 2022, the Russian Federation announced Persona non grata of all employees of the consulates of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia closed in the country - the Russian Foreign Ministry.

Russia is closing the consulates of Latvia in St. Petersburg and Pskov, as well as the consulates general of Estonia and Lithuania in St. Petersburg.

The number of Russians negatively disposed towards the United States at the maximum since 1991 - 71%

Main article: Population of Russia

The number of Russians who are negative towards the United States has reached its maximum since 1991 (71%). Almost half treat America very badly (47%).

Refusal to negotiate with Japan on a peace treaty

On March 21, 2022, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Russia was refusing to negotiate with Japan on a peace treaty. Russia, in retaliation for Japanese sanctions, stops visa-free travel of Japanese citizens to the South Kuril Islands. The Russian Federation is withdrawing from the dialogue with Japan on establishing joint economic activities in the southern Kuril Islands. Responsibility for damage to interaction with the Russian Federation and the interests of Japan itself lies with official Tokyo.

Refusal to participate in the Council of Europe

On March 10, 2022, against the background of a special operation by the Russian Armed Forces in Ukraine, the Russian Foreign Ministry announced that Russia was refusing to participate in the Council of Europe.

Russia does not intend to put up with the subversive actions of the West to replace international law with its own order, the foreign ministry noted.

The EU and NATO continue their line on the destruction of the Council of Europe and the common humanitarian and legal space in Europe.

Introduction of the list of unfriendly countries

Main article: Unfriendly countries of Russia

An official list of unfriendly countries appeared on the website of the Russian Government, the need for which arose against the background of the imposition of sanctions during the military operation of the Russian Armed Forces in Ukraine.

Negotiations between the presidents of Russia and France

Presidents of Russia and France Vladimir Putin and Emmanuel Macron held talks in the Kremlin on February 07, 2022, lasting more than five hours.

• Russian President Putin said that negotiations with Macron took place in a business manner. The parties discussed Russia's requirements for security guarantees. The Russian president reiterated that the West ignored Russia's proposals.

• Putin called NATO's "open door" policy a free interpretation of the alliance's principles by the United States and several other countries.

• Putin said that he and Macron have very close positions on the situation with the Iranian nuclear deal.

• Putin called "quite possible" for further joint steps "a number of ideas" that Macron expressed on the situation on the topic of security.

• Kyiv ignores all possibilities for the peaceful restoration of the territorial integrity of Ukraine through dialogue with Donbass. The authorities in Kyiv headed for the dismantling of the Minsk agreements.

• Putin said that he promised ex-President of Ukraine Poroshenko the possibility of political asylum in the Russian Federation if he had difficulties.

French President Emmanuel Macron called the negotiations with Putin substantive.

• The Russian Federation and France have different views, this must be understood and accepted, he said.

• Macron stressed the importance of working to reduce the tension of the situation around Ukraine.

• "Now there is still an opportunity to find a peaceful path for Europe. The coming days will be decisive. "

• Macron said that in the coming days there will be meaningful discussions on a new order of stability and security in Europe.

• France and Russia agreed to work together on security guarantees. Without dialogue with Russia, it is impossible to build peace in Europe.

• "I am worried about the draft Constitution of Belarus." Macron also said he was concerned about the words of Belarusian President Lukashenko about the possibility of deploying nuclear weapons on the territory of the country, but Putin "reassured" the French leader on this issue.

• Putin said that if Ukraine is in NATO and attacks the Russian Crimea, then there will be a conflict between the Russian Federation and the alliance: "Do you want to fight with Russia, do you want France to fight with Russia? Well, if everyone wants peace, what is wrong here: not to place shock systems near the borders of the Russian Federation? "

• The Kyiv authorities have already tried twice to solve the problem of Donbass by force, and a new, third time is not excluded.

Statement by the heads of Russia and China on risks in international relations

On February 4, 2022, President Russia Vladimir Putin and Head China Xi Jinping signed a joint statement on international relations and global sustainable development.

• Nuclear powers should abandon the Cold War mentality and reduce the role of nuclear weapons in politics, the Russian Federation and the PRC said.

• Russia and China are seriously concerned about the creation of the United States, Great Britain and Australia of the AUKUS association.

• The denunciation of a number of arms control agreements by the United States negatively affects international and regional security.

• The Russian Federation and the PRC oppose the politicization of the problem of the origin of the new coronavirus infection, this issue lies in the scientific plane.

• US military-biological activities pose a threat to Russia and China. Russia and China have called on the US to accelerate the elimination of chemical weapons stockpiles.

• Russia and China urge the United States to abandon plans to deploy land-based intermediate and shorter-range missiles in the Asia-Pacific region and Europe.

• China treats with understanding and supports the proposals put forward by the Russian Federation to form security guarantees in Europe. China supports Russian demands for non-expansion. NATO

• Russia and China in a joint statement call on all nuclear powers to withdraw nuclear weapons deployed abroad and limit the development of missile defense.

• The Russian Federation and China oppose the return to the confrontation of major powers, "when the weak become the prey of the strong."

• The Russian Federation and China consider unacceptable any attempts to limit their sovereign right to regulate national segments of the Internet.

• The Russian Federation and China will increase foreign policy coordination and maintain the balance of power in the world. They oppose the actions of external forces to undermine security in common neighboring regions and against "color revolutions"^[1].

2021

German Chancellor Merkel's visit to Moscow

German Chancellor Angela Merkel arrived in Moscow in August 2021 for talks with Russian President Vladimir Putin.

• The Russian Federation and Germany have disagreements, but the countries intend to maintain contact, talk to each other - Merkel.

• Germany remains one of Russia's main partners in Europe and the world, Putin said.

President Putin talks with US President Biden in Geneva

Russian President Vladimir Putin arrives in Geneva for talks with US President Biden, June 2021

In the video below, the motorcade of Russian President V. Putin arrives at Villa La Grange in Geneva, Putin met with Swiss President Guy Parmelen and the head of the country's federal foreign affairs department, Ignazio Cassis.

Negotiations between Putin and Biden in an expanded composition with the participation of Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov and US Secretary of State Blinken.

2020

The share of overdue debt of foreign borrower states to Russia in the total volume of external debt claims of Russia for November 2020 is estimated at 25%.

2019

For the return of Russia to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in June 2019, voted:

Unanimously - Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Cyprus,, Spain, Ireland Iceland,, France Serbia, San Marino,,. Norway Turkey

Most of the delegation members are Armenia, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Croatia, Moldova, Portugal, Netherlands, Slovakia.

Against: Most - Great Britain, Poland, Sweden.

Unanimously - Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Georgia and Ukraine.

2018

Over 18 years, Russia has written off about $140 billion in debts

List of countries to which Russia forgave the most debts between 2000 and 2018

Cooperation Parties in Europe

Parties in Europe advocating normalization of relations with Russia in 2018

The most hostile countries

The most hostile countries to Russia in polls

2005

French President Jacques Chirac and Russian President Vladimir Putin, 2005

2000

Vladimir Putin and Queen Elizabeth II of Britain, 2000.

1999: President Yeltsin attends OSCE summit in Istanbul

Boris Yeltsin and Turkish President Suleiman Demirel. In the center is translator Dmitry Peskov. Residence Chiragan, OSCE Summit in Istanbul, Turkey, 1999.

Dmitry Peskov at this time is the first (later - second) secretary of the Russian embassy in Turkey. During this visit, he impressed the first president of Russia as an interpreter from Turkish.

1995: British Princess Diana visits Moscow

On June 15, 1995, Princess Diana arrived in Moscow on a short visit. Already at the airport, the woman was met by photographers who shouted her name. All of them wanted the woman in the photo to look at their lens. Later, one of them recalled that it was almost impossible to get close. The Bolshoi Theater (photo from below) and the Kremlin have too much security. I had to go after Diana's car all over Moscow and hope for a successful shot.

1994: Budapest Memorandum on Guarantees to Ukraine in Exchange for Renouncing Nuclear Weapons

5.12.1994 Budapest Memorandum was signed by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, the United States, and Great Britain, under the terms of which Ukraine renounced nuclear weapons, and Russia, the United States and Britain pledged to respect its territorial integrity.

1989: Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan

The last Soviet division to leave Afghanistan in 1989.

1988

Muscovites listen to the New Year's greetings of US President Ronald Reagan. Photo by A. Konkov. 1988

1987: Treaty with the United States on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Short-Range Missiles

On December 8, 1987, a Soviet-American summit was held in Washington, during which Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan signed an indefinite Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Short-Range Missiles (INF)

General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee Mikhail Gorbachev establishes contact with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, 1987

1979

Worsening relations with China after its invasion of Vietnam and the deployment of troops in Afghanistan

On January 1, 1979, diplomatic relations between the United States and the PRC were established. Deng Xiaoping visited the United States (January 29 - February 1) and soon parts of the PLA began an invasion of Vietnam (February 17).

The USSR responded by landing aircraft  with equipment on the Mongol-Chinese border and landing marines in Primorye, large-scale exercises in the South China Sea and military maneuvers of the Central Asian military district on the border with Xinjiang, as well as large-scale mobilization in the Far East, including the collection of trucks on collective farms of Siberia.

The PRC decided to stop the operation in Vietnam and began the withdrawal of troops. The USSR decided to leave part of the transferred forces on the border with the PRC.

On March 18, 1979, the leader of Afghanistan, N. Taraki, in a telephone conversation with the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, A. Kosygin, asked to send Soviet troops to Afghanistan, as hostile combat units were being transferred from Iran and Pakistan.

To Moscow Meetings began. However, already on September 16, Taraki was overthrown, and the new leader of Afghanistan, H. Amin, aroused Moscow fears of his orientation towards the PRC - at his request, a PLA contingent could appear in Afghanistan.

In Beijing , the entry of Soviet troops into  Afghanistan was perceived as a continuation of the March maneuvers and a preparatory stage for the annexation of Xinjiang.

The first weapon the Afghan mujahideen received from abroad was Chinese.

Deng Xiaoping asked the West for new military technology  in exchange for an alliance against Moscow.

Reaction to Iran's Islamic Revolution

The cover of the Soviet magazine "Crocodile," No. 04, February 1979, "Various options for US interference in Iranian internal affairs are discussed in American government circles and in the Pentagon."

1976

Soviet posters in support of Vietnam, 1976.

1975: Brezhnev and US President Ford meet in Helsinki

US President Gerald Ford, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, translator Viktor Sukhodrev and Leonid Brezhnev. Helsinki. 1975 g

1974: Meeting of CPSU Secretary General Brezhnev and US President Ford in Vladivostok

In 1974, US President Gerald Ford came to Vladivostok to visit Leonid Brezhnev.

"As President Ford claimed, Leonid Ilyich liked his wolf vest, which he hinted at. The American understood the hint, gave the vest, and in return received a hat from the head of the Secretary General. Today, this relic is preserved at the Ford Museum in Michigan. "

'I had a lot of respect for that person, it was a very interesting person. He believed in communism! " President Ford recalled of Brezhnev.

CPSU Secretary General Brezhnev and US President Ford. Vladivostok. USSR. 1974.

Cook Galina Kryzhanovskaya says: "Before arriving in Vladivostok, Ford's retinue believed that we had a taiga here and bears walked the streets. But when they saw the city, the new circus, their opinion changed. The Americans really liked my cheesecakes, it turned out that their cooks did not know such a dish. And they also liked the fried tooth. They ordered it twice. "

1971

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR A.N. Kosygin at a meeting with Indian leaders in Canada, Edmonton, 1971.

1964: Fidel Castro in Moscow

Cuban leader Fidel Castro rides a slide while visiting Moscow. 1964

1963: Visit to the USSR of the head of Cuba Fidel Castro

Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in Georgia, 1963.

1961: Negotiations between the heads of the USSR and the USA in Vienna

First Ladies of the USSR and the USA Jacqueline Kennedy and Nina Khrushcheva, Vienna, 1961

1960

Nikita Khrushchev's visits to Asia and legendary speech at the UN

N.S. Khrushchev shows Kuzkin's Mother at the UN General Assembly. September 23, 1960

Nikita Khrushchev and Indonesian President Sukarno at a meeting in Jakarta. Indonesia. 1960

N.S. Khrushchev and Jawaharlal Nehru. Delhi. India. 1960

Che Guevara's visit to the USSR

Nikita Khrushchev and Che Guevara, Leningrad 1960

1957

Nikita Khrushchev in India. 1957

1956

Tito's visit to the USSR

Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU Nikita Khrushchev and Mikoyan talk with Tito during a trip to the USSR, photo by D. Baltermants, 1956

CPSU delegation visits DPRK

The head of the DPRK, Kim Il Sung and L.I. Brezhnev, during the CPSU delegation's stay in the DPRK. 1956, April

1955: Creation of the Warsaw Pact Organization

On May 14, 1955, as a symmetrical response to the creation of NATO, the Warsaw Pact Organization was created led by the USSR - this powerful structure provided a counterweight to NATO for 36 years.

The treaty was signed by the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia.

1921:200 thousand rubles in gold for striking miners in Britain amid famine in Russia

June 15, 1921. Lenin's note to Molotov on the need to destroy all documents related to the transfer of 200,000 rubles to the gold striking English miners (with the resolution of Lenin and Molotov).

1918: Brest Peace Treaty with Germany and Austria-Hungary on the withdrawal of the RSFSR from World War I

Main article: World War I

Signing of the Treaty of Brest on March 3, 1918

1905: Negotiations following the Russo-Japanese War

US President Roosevelt (center) is negotiating with Russian and Japanese diplomats) on a peaceful settlement of the Russo-Japanese War, 1905

1898

French political caricature of the late 1890s. The pie represents China, which is shared by Queen Victoria of England, William II, Emperor of Germany (arguing with Victoria about a piece of pie, while plunging a dagger into the pie as a sign of his aggressive intentions), Nicholas II, Emperor of the Russian Empire, looking after a special piece, French Marianne (presented not taking part in the division of the pie, and close to Nicholas II as a sign of the Franco-Russian Union) and the Japanese emperor Meiji, who thought deeply about what pieces to take him. Behind them is a representative of the Qing court, who raised his hands to stop them, but to no avail.

1896: Nicholas II's visit to France

Emperor Nicholas II with French President Felix Faure, France, 1896.

1686: Russia buys Kyiv from Poland for 7 tons of silver

In new negotiations on "eternal peace" in 1686, the Russians declared to the Polish ambassadors that Kyiv "would not yield without blood" ("az do krwi i golf polozenia nie ustapimy," as the Polish envoys to Warsaw reported).

Russia took advantage of the fact that the Poles, by that time drawn into a big war with Turkey, had no time to return their former possessions. But the right of brute force, which allowed not to give back the promised, was required to be put on diplomatic forms. Therefore, the Poles were hinted that Moscow is ready to pay for Kyiv.

The Polish magnates wanted money, but they also could not openly sell a piece of their state, and even having such a symbolic meaning. And the parties began long negotiations on the amount that Russia would pay Poland "out of brotherly friendship and love" - this is how diplomats in 1686 officially formulated the purpose of the payment. In fact, a long and passionate discussion of the price at which Moscow will buy Kyiv from Warsaw began.

Several months were traded in the style of an eastern bazaar. Initially, the Polish ambassadors named the amount of 4 million zlotys (800 thousand rubles), in response the Russians gave their price, 26 times less, - 30 thousand rubles. Polish ambassadors emotionally called the Russian proposal a "joke" and pathetically exclaimed that "their heart was taken out" along with Kyiv. In response, the Moscow boyars melancholy agreed to "add to the previous thing."

800 thousand rubles at that time were equal to half of all revenues of the Russian state for the year. And the Poles in the bargaining lost first, reducing the request to 3 million zlotys, or 600 thousand rubles. After a month of negotiations, this amount fell three times.

It is noteworthy that both sides recorded the course of diplomatic trade very carefully. Both Russians and Poles recorded in detail all the psychological reactions of rival diplomats: who watched how he spoke, when he raised his voice, etc. Therefore, historians now know literally for minutes when the favorite of Princess Sophia, Prince Golitsyn, shouted at the Polish ambassadors "wielkim glosem" and when the head of the Polish delegation, the Poznan governor Krzysztof Grzymultowski, looked "hard" at the Lithuanian chancellor Oginsky.

200 thousand rubles. negotiations stuck - Moscow boyars rested and offered the Poles to go home. Those week defiantly prepared for departure, after which they reported that they agreed and 150 thousand. The next two weeks of negotiations saved Moscow another 4 thousand rubles. - As a result, two Slavic states traded 146 thousand.

This amount corresponded to about 10% of the annual budget of Russia at that time. But the problem was that it was required to collect and transfer silver cash to the Poles, that is, to transport 7 tons of precious metal across the border. As a result, a new diplomatic scandal arose when carts loaded with silver in May 1686 got stuck in the mud near Smolensk due to the spring debauchery.

Therefore, the Poles received their 7 tons of silver for Kyiv for a whole year in three receptions. Most of all To Moscow , they feared that the amounts paid would go to strengthen the Polish army. But the money received by Warsaw did not benefit - local tycoons immediately divided it among themselves. And Moscow, having bought Kyiv and the "eternal peace" with the Poles, immediately began to prepare the first campaign on. Crimea

1667: Andrusov peace with Poland and the return of part of the lands of Ukraine

The Andrusov truce is an agreement concluded in 1667 between the Russian kingdom and the Commonwealth and put an end to hostilities in the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667.

On January 30 (February 9), 1667, in a village near Smolensk, the Andrusovsky truce was signed, ending the 13-year Russian-Polish war. According to him, Russia crossed Smolensk, as well as other lands that had previously departed for the Commonwealth during the Time of Troubles, including Dorogobuzh, Belaya, Nevel, Krasny, Velizh, Severskaya land with Chernigov and Starodub. Zaporozhskaya Sich passed under the joint management of Russia and Poland. In addition, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth recognized Russia's right to Left-Bank Ukraine, but the city of Kyiv was required to be returned to the Poles under the terms of the armistice.

They really did not want to give up the capital of Ancient Russia in Moscow - Kyiv, "the patrimony of our eternal sovereign," was a visual symbol of Moscow claims to all ancient Russian heritage. The Poles were bargained that the Russian garrison would remain in the city temporarily, "for a period of two years." To calm the Polish nobility, the Russian tsar promised to pay them 200 thousand rubles. compensation for the estates destroyed by the rebellious Cossacks.

As a result, the temporary turned out to be constant - for the next 20 years, Moscow, under various diplomatic pretexts, delayed the "return" of Kyiv.

1617: Stolbovsky peace with Sweden. Return of Novgorod land and closure of access to the Baltic Sea

On February 27, 1617, a peaceful treatise was signed, called the Stolbovsky Peace.

According to the text of the agreement, Novgorod lands were divided between the two states: Veliky Novgorod and the entire Novgorod patrimony, including Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Porkhov, Gdov with counties, as well as Sumersky volost (Lake Samro district, now Slantsevsky district of the Leningrad region) and all state and church property seized by the Swedes on this territory were returned to the Russian kingdom; The Russian cities of Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, Korela, the entire Neva and Oreshek with the county departed to the Swedish kingdom.

The Stolbovsky world completely cut off Russia from the Baltic Sea, which allowed King Gustav Adolf to consider the treaty a major victory for the Swedish army and diplomacy.

The Moscow authorities were also pleased with the conclusion of peace, albeit on difficult conditions. Firstly, they achieved the return of Veliky Novgorod with its lands, which refused to swear allegiance to the Swedish crown. Secondly, Moscow, providing the rear, was able to freely continue the war with Poland for the return of the captured Russian territories on the western borders.

See also

• Domestic policy of Russia
• Russian economy

Notes