Radio Frequency IDidentification (RFID) Radio Frequency Identification (RFI)

In industry, the first users of RFID technology appeared only in the mid-50s, during an active discussion of this topic in scientific circles. The limited number of solutions at the time was due to the high cost and large scale of the equipment itself. The 70s were characterized by the active development of various modifications of RFID systems for use in logistics, libraries, animal identification systems, transport, etc. In the 80s and 90s, there was an active development of passive tags and an expansion of their application^[1]

At the beginning of the 21st century, RFID began to be actively used in retail to trade and logistics by such retail giants as Walmart, Target, Metro. Some government agencies, for example, U.S. Department of Defense at the same time began to promote this technology among their suppliers. The growing interest in technology served as an impetus for the formation of an organization that is de facto the developer of standards for RFID technology - EPCGlobal. And from that moment on, RFID technology began to gradually conquer the market.

RFID is an advanced solution for automating production and logistics business processes, as the most effective tool for obtaining information. It is on the basis of RFID that supply chains are currently being built and the movement of material funds is being controlled directly on the territory of production and warehouse complexes.

RFID is extremely interesting to the state, both as a tool for controlling and protecting against counterfeiting, and to the private sector, where RFID allows you to sharply reduce logistics costs and increase the efficiency of production of various goods.

System of total control of trade turnover in Russia

Main article State information system for marking goods

National Standard for Unique Identification of RFID Tags

The Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology No. 56-st dated 26.04.2011 approved the national standard of the Russian Federation GOST R ISO/IEC 15963-2011 "Information Technologies. Radio frequency identification for object management. Unique Identification of Radio Frequency Tags " with an effective date of January 1, 2012. The standard sets requirements for the structure of identifiers that are written to the memory of radio frequency tags, while ensuring their unique identification. This standard can serve as the basis for the development of regulatory documents for specific applications in the field of radio frequency identification and is intended for developers and manufacturers of integrated circuits of radio frequency tags, as well as for all users of radio frequency identification technology. The standard was prepared by the Uniskan/GS1 Rus Automatic Identification Association.

Russian RFID market

2015: Forecast

The market volume in Sitronics, one of its largest players in Russia, is estimated at $250 million with a forecast of growth to $500 million by 2015. However, this forecast will be justified only if the relevant government plans are implemented - the current rules for monitoring the use of radio frequencies do not contribute to the tactless development of the RFID segment.

At the same time, on a global scale, contactless radio frequency technologies are penetrating more and more sectors of the economy - not only logistics and retail, as it was originally, but also in medicine, security, public transport, etc. The global market for RFID tags, if various estimates are taken into account, it has already exceeded $5 billion and is growing at an impressive pace - from about 15 to 25% over the past three to five years (again, according to various analytical agencies).

The precise analytics and prognostics of this market segment are complicated by the fact that it itself is quite extensive. There are many specific implementations of RFID technology, as well as areas of its application; moreover, its penetration into new market niches is largely determined by the state policy of certain countries. At least in Russia, radio frequency identification tools were included in the recently published Ministry of Economic Development "List of technological platforms proposed for approval by the Government Commission on High Technologies and Innovations" as one of the priority areas of the country's technological development.

2014

Despite the long history of the development of RFID technology, its implementation in Russia until now is at an initial stage. The active promotion of technology in the domestic market began in 2005-2006, when integrators began not only to offer solutions based on RFID, but also to pursue an active marketing policy for their promotion: publishing articles, creating Internet portals, participating in and organizing exhibitions and seminars. Despite increasing consumer awareness of the technology, the level of its implementation was lower than manufacturers and integrators expected. As a result, if we analyze the activity of technology promotion after 2006, the next peak was observed only in 2012, when consumer companies began to gradually emerge from the crisis and sought new ways to increase competitiveness in the market.

It is quite difficult to assess the volume of the Russian RFID technology market, since: firstly - the reluctance of manufacturing companies and integrators to share information in order to avoid additional competition and, secondly, the difficulty in identifying imported equipment, due to the wide classifier of TN foreign economic activity codes, which can be used when importing components and finished products for RFID systems. However, according to experts, the market size in 2012 exceeded the 2010 figures by 45%.

Currently (August 2014 - approx. TAdviser) there is a decline in the market. Some of the projects planned for implementation are still frozen until better times.

Currently, there are several main types of companies offering RFID equipment on the domestic market: distributors (do not directly implement equipment), integrators (build complex solutions), manufacturers (partly implement the equipment being developed). Today, a large number of foreign equipment is presented in Russia. There is still no mass production of domestic UHF chips for tags (own design and development). In the production of tags, Russian companies often use chips from the American company NXP. In 2015, one of the largest Russian companies engaged in the production of RFID technology products plans to launch a full cycle at production from the development of the UHF RFID chip design to the implementation of an integrated system at the customer's facility. So far, only HF frequency band chips are produced on the Russian market.

When considering imports, it is worth noting that the equipment of American companies is the most popular on the Russian market. European equipment is often more expensive, as a result of which buyers do not always choose on it. Asian equipment is divided into two types: better and more expensive - Hong Kong and South Korea and cheaper and often used for simple solutions - China. Russian equipment is not yet as popular as foreign counterparts.

Most of the companies operating to promote RFID technology are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg. To expand the geography of implementation, distributors constantly conduct regional training, highlighting the main advantages of using RFID technology. The result was an increase in the number of integrator companies in cities: Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Krasnodar, Samara, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod.

An analysis of the current situation in the RFID market indicates that the most popular areas of implementation are logistics, production and access control. It is also worth noting the pharmaceutical and jewelry industries. Until recently, another successfully developing area was libraries, the introduction of RFID technology in which was supported by the state. Today, state financing programs in this area are ending, thereby there is a decrease in the interest of integrators and manufacturers in this area. According to experts, in the near future in the domestic market it will be possible to notice the following "growth points" of RFID:

• mail. The Russian company RUTI Inventas, together with FSUE Russian Post, plan to launch a pilot project for labeling mail in cities such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Rostov-on-Don and Novosibirsk in the near future.

• light industry. The government plans to label all light industry products on the territory of the Customs Union. A pilot project for the identification of fur products is planned to be launched in 2015.

• military industry.

Despite the active activities of companies of manufacturers and integrators of RFID technology, it is worth noting that there are a large number of problems on the market that prevent its promotion:

• high cost of equipment;
• low level of state support (providing companies with market niches in sales);
• low level of technological base used at consumer enterprises;
• lack of Russian standards;
• low consumer awareness.

In 2015, the Russian market resumed active marketing activities to promote technology: new articles began to appear in magazines, and interest in technology at exhibitions increased.

However, this is not enough for large-scale advancement of the technology. If we consider the example of our Western colleagues, namely France and Germany, being one of the European leaders in implementing RFID, it is worth noting, that the increase in interest in RFID technology on the part of the consumer was primarily associated with state support, aimed at providing market niches for the introduction of the technology, as well as with the joint work of all players in the market in order to promote the technology, and not specifically their product.

Western colleagues are positive about working with Russian companies, not only on the sale of their products, but also on the joint development of new solutions. However, they all note the backwardness of the domestic market for about 7-10 years and emphasize the initial stage of its development. This fact reminds of the need to check with foreign experience, study approaches to the development of innovative solutions, to promotion. This will allow you to quickly expand the application of radio frequency identification technology in Russia.

Global RFID Market

2017: IDTechEx data: $11.2 billion

According to the research company IDTechEx, the volume of the international market for solutions based on radio frequency identification technologies, RFID, is estimated at $11.2 billion in 2017. By 2022, it is projected to reach $14.9 billion.

2016: Forecast: RFID market volumes will exceed $3 billion by 2016

The study, entitled Chipless RFID Market (2011-2016) - Global Forecasts by Applications (2013), looks at the prospects for the RFID technology market in retail, to trade aviation, healthcare, public transport and other segments that use smart card technologies.

Analysts predicted future revenues from the sale of RFID technologies in all major territories, including the United States, Europe, Asia-Pacific and the rest of the world.

As stated in the report, the need for RFID technologies has increased significantly around the world due to their affordable cost, compatibility with existing infrastructures, the ability to work in all conditions, accuracy in working with data and simplicity.

The global RFID technology market, according to Markets & Markets, was already generating $1.087 billion in revenue at the end of 2011. By 2016, this market is expected to reach $3.925 billion, with an annual increase of 29.3%.

The lion's share of revenues will fall on the RFID reader market, which at the end of 2011 already brings in at least $417 million. In the next two years, revenue from this market will amount to approximately $1.205 billion with an annual increase of 23.6%.

The fastest growing segment will be chipless RFID technologies, the market size of which will grow by about 83.5% per year. By 2016, the total income from them should be $375 million worldwide, analysts predict.

The largest market share - 44% - will be in North America. The same market share will be shared by the Europe Asia-Pacific region. In the latter, however, the most rapid market growth is expected - by about 37% per year.

Another analyst company, TechNavio, also released its forecast for the RFID market this week. According to analysts, the average annual growth of the RFID technology market in the period up to 2018 will be 22.4%.

The main area of ​ ​ use of RFID, however, will not be the smart card segment, but retail and logistics, the company believes.

The leading positions in the RFID market will be occupied by Alien Technology, Intermec, Impinj and NXP Semiconductor. Motorola Solutions, RF Code, RFID4U, UPM raflatac and Zebra Technologies will become other vendors that have successfully found their niche in the RFID label market.

2019: Transparency Market Research Forecast for 2015

The scope of RFID labels is expanded. Thus, the market for the use of RFID tags for tracking and controlling containers of blood and drugs made of blood is growing rapidly throughout the supply chain during the exchange of similar products between transfusion centers and medical institutions. Labels contain information about container content and retention dates. Systems using RFID can increase workflow efficiency, optimize the exchange of accounting information, and improve patient safety.

Transparency Market Research estimates that until 2019, the global RFID Blood Monitoring Systems Market will grow at a rate of 22.8% per year and reach $174.2 million by 2019. The key players in this market, according to Transparency Market Research, are Biolog ID, Terso Solutions and Magellan technologies.

It is noted that currently many systems use bar coding to track blood and blood products.

2014

According to experts, the total indicator of the number of tags sold from 1943 to 2014 amounted to 26 billion units, and 25 billion of them are passive. During this time, RFID tags were most popular in such areas as access control and control systems (MCDS), retail, tickets (Table 1).

Direction	Frequency range	Number of labels (million pieces)
ACS	HF	7440
retail	UHF	6295
tickets	HF	2815
animals	LF	1561
production	UHF, HF	1337
car alarm	LF, active labels	885

Source: IDTechEx Report

According to IDTechEx's 2014 report, the RFID market will total $8.89 billion, compared to $7.7 billion in 2013 and $6.96 billion in 2012. This indicator includes indicators for the markets of tags, readers and software, as well as other additional equipment. According to forecasts in 2024, the market will grow to $27.3 billion.

The most popular in is the direction of clothing labeling (3 billion tags were introduced in 2014), in second place are solutions for transport ( 700 million tags in 2014). The identification of animals (such as pigs, sheep and other domestic animals) is now also becoming increasingly relevant. The procedure is legally necessary in a number of countries (China, Australia). Thus, about 425 million tags are used annually for this sector. In total, 6.9 billion tags will be sold in 2014, compared to 5.8 billion in 2013. Most of this growth will be made up of UHF, which will surpass the 2012 total sales of HF and LF tags in 2014. Nevertheless, in 2013, UHF label sales in value terms amounted to only 11% of HF label sales.

Analyzing the distribution of market consumption in value terms, it can be seen that the largest amount of funds in this technology is currently (August 2014 - approx. TAdviser) invested in the field of finance and security, where HF chips are mainly used. (see Figure 1).

Fig. 1 Distribution of RFID systems consumption by value (2014)

According to forecasts, in 2024 the situation will change somewhat and the most promising direction for sales will be retail, which is likely to entail an increase in the consumption of UHF tags. (see Figure 2).

Fig. 2 Distribution of RFID systems consumption by value (2024)

According to J'son & Partners Consulting, in 2014 the global RFID technology market grew by 14.5% to $11.1 billion. Over the year, about 6.9 billion RFID tags were sold in the world.

Technology

RFID (Radio Frequency IDidentification) is a method of automatic identification of objects in which data stored in so-called transponders or RFID tags are read or recorded through radio signals. Any RFID system consists of a reader (reader, reader or interrogate) and a transponder (aka RFID tag, sometimes the term RFID tag is also used).

Most RFID tags consist of two parts. The first is an integrated circuit (IC) for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating an RF signal and some other functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting a signal.

A number of problems are associated with the introduction of RFID tags into everyday life. For example, consumers who do not have readers cannot always find labels attached to the product during the production and packaging phase and get rid of them. Although such labels are usually destroyed when sold, the very fact of their presence raises concerns among human rights and religious organizations.

According to the developers of the technology, an RFID tag with unique information is attached to the object for its control or accounting and allows you to identify the object to which it is attached. This label wirelessly transmits information about its "own" object to a computer database, which makes it possible to monitor its state in real time. For the first time, RFID tags began to be attached to luggage at airports. But already the first experience in practical use showed the bottlenecks of this technology: it turned out that on long flights more than half of the tags managed to demagnetize.

A limitation to the use of RFID is also metal packaging and liquids, which do not guarantee the quality of reading data from the label.

Already known RFID applications (contactless smart cards in access control systems and in payment systems) are gaining additional popularity with the development of Internet services.

The main advantages of RFID technology are:

• Possibility of unique identification of the object;
• Reading a label without a line of sight;
• The ability to instantly read a large number of marks;
• The amount of data stored on the label can reach several megabytes and be updated in real time.

The development of the radio frequency identification (RFID) market is constrained by three objective factors: the cost of tags, difficulties with reading at different facilities, as well as the insufficient development of IT infrastructure - these are the conclusions of ID Expert analysts. The purpose of the research conducted by this information resource was to identify key directions for the development of RFID solutions in the near future. The majority of respondents name warehouse logistics, transport logistics and access control systems as such areas.

As experts emphasize, at present, most companies do not have a strict need to switch from bar coding to RFID technology. Its use can provide certain amenities and advantages, but not everyone is ready to pay for these advantages.

The pioneers of RFID implementation are those for whom the speed of information processing is critical - they are the ones who are ready to pay the tag price for this. The already well-formed direction of RFID is security and access control systems, as well as accounting for fixed assets. In this area, development is expected by at least 10-20% per year. The organization of the Universiade 2013, the Olympics 2014 and the World Cup 2018 can give a serious impetus to this industry.

RFID tags, unlike barcode, are almost unrealistic to fake. Therefore, in the coming years, an explosive increase in their use in the field of protection of goods from fakes can be expected: labeling of drugs, alcoholic excise stamps and documents. However, the most capacious and potentially interesting niche for players is retail. The introduction of RFID in hypermarkets will reduce losses, improve accounting and, most importantly, eliminate queues, speeding up the processing of purchases.

A serious business case is needed for the use of technology in a particular industry - often it is not obvious, if at all possible. Therefore, before deciding to implement RFID, companies have to be ready to conduct preliminary research. Often they show the inexpediency of using technology for a specific task.

Enterprises where the operational accounting of property is not automated often face problems in accounting assets and conducting inventory. Manual accounting of the receipt, search, issuance, movement and decommissioning of objects, as well as manual entry of information about them into the database are fraught with errors and force responsible employees to live in tension 'from inventory to inventory'.

The issue of automated accounting and inventory of property (furniture, computer fleet, telephone exchanges, office equipment, etc.), as well as maintenance and repair of equipment is equally relevant for almost any enterprise, if the number of objects accounted for exceeds several thousand. At the same time, using the radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, you can speed up the time for inventory, reconciliation and search for the necessary objects tenfold, ensure the reliability of data and transparency of accounting for fixed assets.

With all the visible advantages of RFID technology in our country, it has not yet become the de facto standard. While potential customers show great interest in this technology, many remain cautious about mastering it. As a result, public announcements about the completion of RFID-based projects are quite rare.

Economic impact of system implementation

• Quality control at all stages of production, reducing the percentage of scrap.
• Reduce personnel costs. Control over technological processes in all areas will be carried out automatically by the RFID system, excluding the human factor.
• Effectively manage all nodes of the supply chain.
• Minimize operational accounting costs.

RFID Application Areas

The barcoding system of goods, which is still widely used around the world, performs very well in retail to trade and other service areas aimed at interacting with the end customer (especially in the new, two-dimensional, its incarnation). But for the rapid processing of a significant number of goods in warehouses, for accounting and monitoring the movement of objects in unfavorable environments (in conditions of pollution and high humidity), for multiple identification of storage units, barcodes are no longer so good. Their unconditional dignity is a vanishingly low cost, but in logistics, medical and other serious areas of application it remains almost the only one.

Contactless radio tags, on the other hand, cost very noticeable amounts - several (up to ten) cents USA apiece even with multimillion-dollar order volumes. The equipment for reading them is also not cheap; in addition, each time it is necessary to verify that it complies with the restrictions imposed by the official bodies of a country. For example, Russia it is not allowed to arbitrarily use radio equipment in the VHF range (in which radio tag readers operate) with a power of more than 0.1 W, while the typical power of a stationary RFID reader is 2 W, and a portable one is 0.5 W.

However, the advantages of this technology often outweigh and hide all its inherent shortcomings. The anti-collision algorithm specially provided for by RFID standards allows you to read (and confidently) many dozens of marks at once, processing, for example, a whole pallette with a product in one pass by a warehouse stationary reader. Since there is no need for a line of sight RFID label (unlike a barcode), you do not need to expand the object carrying the label in a special way, and the label itself can be placed in the depths of the package, which increases its protection against adverse external influences.

The main difference between the Russian and Western experience in implementing RFID (except that Russia began to use the technology later) is that our country has a much weaker culture of risk and loss assessment. Losses caused by business mismanagement in the West are estimated and the causes are identified and eliminated. We still regard such losses as the "punishment of God," which cannot be foreseen or prevented, even if such losses arise with enviable constancy. Because of this, the cost effectiveness of RFID projects, which mainly offer a reduction in error rates, is very difficult to assess. The enterprise does not know how much it is losing, and therefore cannot assess how effectively RFID can reduce these costs.

Nevertheless, major retailers, manufacturers and sellers of clothing, shoes, furniture and medicines are showing serious interest in RFID. Also, a significant market share is occupied by library and archive automation projects. The next major step in the development of the RFID market will be the full application of this technology in the retail industry. This can happen in two to three years.

An additional incentive to try the advanced RFID technology with minimal possible costs from the point of view of potential customers is that the fixed asset accounting solution is aimed at automating the internal processes of the enterprise. Even if some failures or overlays occur during the commissioning of a new system, they are unlikely to lead to a shutdown of the entire enterprise and significant costs, in contrast to violations in the normal course of processes related, for example, to automation of production or external logistics.

Analysis of possible applications of RFID technology

Radio frequency identification technology RFID () has recently been popular both from its manufacturers and consumers. Solutions based on its use are gradually spreading in new directions. To assess its prospects among consumers, European scientists conducted a study among 55 companies from various countries European Union engaged in a variety of entrepreneurial activities. According to the results of this study, it was revealed that 79% of the surveyed companies have already invested in projects based on RFID technology, the remaining 21% plan to do this in the next 1-3 years. Figure 1 shows the percentage distribution of the RFID implementation of the project depending on the customer's goal. As you can see, the implementation is currently most active in order to track the movement (system), ACS as well as to simplify control over the company's assets. Compared to 2011 in 2014, these indicators in all areas increased by an average of 2 times. The most popular areas of RFID technology implementation To Europe are: retail (17%), logistics (15.1%), production (15.1%). The fields of medicine power engineering specialists are 11.3% and 7.5%, respectively. The full ^[2]

When implementing the technology, 73.6% of respondents expect a fairly fast return on their investments. The following areas of implementation are considered the most repayable in Europe: military industry, retail (clothing), production and medicine. However, manufacturers complain that 25% of initial RFID requests are still not implemented for various reasons, for example, the high cost of equipment, the difficulty of embedding into an existing technological process, and the consumer's uncertainty about the further development of RFID technology. Unfortunately, in Russia this indicator reaches 75%, which negatively affects the pace of technology development, but indicates that there is interest in it. So often, turning to the RFID implementation company, the consumer cannot fully determine for himself the need for this technology. The purpose of the article is to present the most popular areas of implementation of RFID technology, as well as the areas of the company's activity for its implementation. Below is a table describing the main areas of implementation of RFID technology, directions, frequency characteristics, the most frequently requested system parameters, as well as the main players involved in the implementation of solutions on the Russian market.

RFID system for production automation

The introduction of RFID systems is one of the most popular areas in the automation of production processes at enterprises. The use of RFID technologies allows you to comprehensively influence in-process processes, as a result of which qualitative results of the enterprise are achieved.

What are the possibilities of using an RFID system? (Tasks to be solved)

• Conveyor Cycle Control Systems (jit/jis). The label is used as an electronic passport of the object and operations;
• Inventory logistics, accounting for raw materials used. Objects marked with labels are taken into account during any movements;
• Personification of operations on the pipeline. You can enter data into the label about who worked with the tagged object;
• Optimization of downtime costs, monitoring of actual production dates. Real-time production line monitoring system;
• Control over the use of counterfeit components. Reputation protection in situations caused by the use of non-original components;
• Warehouse optimization; Explain?
• Implementation of FIFO principles (First In, First Out - "first in - first out").

Handling transfer baggage

RFID will help save the airline industry more than $3 billion

In mid-October 2016, in Dubai, at the IATA World Passenger world symposium, a joint program of SITA and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) - SITA/IATA Business Case was published, according to which the use of radio tags will lead to a decrease in the amount of lost luggage by 25% until 2022.

One of the main reasons for the loss and untimely delivery of baggage is an error in the execution of connecting flights. RFID technology allows you to improve the quality of handling transfer baggage and reduce the number of errors. With its help, airports, airlines and ground handling enterprises will be able to reliably track luggage at all stages of transportation. Radio frequency identification technology complies with the requirements of Resolution IATA 753, which comes into force in 2018 and directs airlines to track each piece of baggage from check-in to the final delivery point along the entire route of transportation.

Systems based on RFID technology will integrate into intelligent baggage management and handling systems, the use of which has already helped airlines save significantly. According to SITA's annual Air Handling Quality Report SITA Baggage Report 2016, baggage systems helped reduce errors by 50% compared to 2007, when a record number of incorrectly handled baggage (46.9 million units) was recorded. Due to the decrease in the number of errors achieved even despite the high growth rates of passenger traffic, the total savings of the global aviation industry during this period amounted to $22.4 billion.

The experience of using radio frequency identification technology obtained by Delta Air Lines shows that RFID tags allow you to correctly track 99% of baggage.

Delta Air Lines Director of Baggage Operations David Hosford said: "We are investing in RFID systems to further improve the quality of baggage handling and improve passenger service. The use of this technology gives us additional information about the baggage and its location at all stages of transportation. "

According to SITA and IATA calculations, upgrading baggage handling systems will not require large financial costs. If the cost of installing RFID systems is on average $0.1 per passenger, the expected savings are more than $0.2 per passenger. Some major airlines and airports have already implemented RFID technology, while it is fully compatible with existing barcode technology, so the distribution of RFID at all airports will be beneficial for airlines, as it will reduce costs and improve the quality of passenger service.

All SITA and IATA calculations are based on the fact that radio-frequency baggage tracking technology will be implemented during 2016-2021. at 722 airports in the world serving 95% of the world passenger traffic. The size of airline savings is designed for a seven-year period - from 2016 to 2022. When collecting data for 2016, both the already deployed RFID infrastructure and the one being created were taken into account.

Logistics and Supply Chains

RFID is used in the supply chain of goods to improve the efficiency of operations and reduce the number of possible errors. For example, a large industrial enterprise has dozens of containers needed to deliver materials to workshops. Built-in RFID tags automatically count the number of free and occupied containers, you can track all the steps of moving and participating containers in technological processes. Container usage data can be stored on the label itself or in the organization's databases. The territory of transportation of containers, as well as information on the use of containers, is not limited: it can be both the sites of the enterprise and various countries-customers of products. The Company may also punish counterparties for failure to meet the deadline for returning containers^[3].

If the enterprise profile is associated with the production of complex products that require assembly, then RFID technology helps in identifying units and parts located in different workshops. Unique protected labels allow you to number identical parts so as not to confuse which one is involved and when.

Preventive maintenance

RFID tags can be used for preventive maintenance of equipment. For example, in December 2016, the Russian State Research Institute of Aviation Systems (GosNIIAS) reported on the developed electronic RFID chips for onboard equipment and mechanisms of Russian aircraft.

The use of such labels solves several problems at once:

• Monitoring of technical condition of machines;
• Timely replacement of failed parts;
• Cheaper aircraft maintenance;
• Minimize possible use of counterfeit parts.

RFID tags were tested in the fall of 2016 on an aircraft of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC), which is used as a flying laboratory. Such tags do not require nutrition, legally they are considered an ordinary sticker, according to GosNIIAS.

As for the aviation industry as a whole, the use of RFID at airports will reduce costs in the next seven years by $3 billion. These are the results of a study by SITA and the International Air Transport Association (IATA), presented in November 2016. So, until 2022, with the help of RFID, airports will be able to reduce by a quarter the amount of lost luggage.

Organization of mass events

RFID tags are used in bracelets for entry and non-cash payment of goods and services at event sites. For example, at the Maker Faire New York Festival of Science and Modern Technology, 30 people with RFID bracelets were scanned at peak entry, which made it possible to reduce queues. The technology is capable of producing 120 scans per minute.

RFID technology is more accurate than barcode scanners and identifies participants 10 times faster. RFID also makes it easier to access multiple zones within an event - from VIP venues to backstage.

The organizers also get a complete idea of ​ ​ the routes of movement of participants, identify bottlenecks, for example, the lack of biological toilets on the site, the remoteness of mobile cafes from the main flow of the public.

You can also record payment information in the RFID label to pay for purchases in one touch. This allows you to protect visitors from theft or loss of wallets. Experts have calculated that fans can spend up to 20% more when paying with a bracelet than in cash.

In Russia, RFID technology was used for the Fan ID of the 2017 Confederations Cup. FAN ID is RFID-tagged and complies with international standards. With such a document, you can go to stadiums, pay for travel in public transport, etc.

Social Integration and Marketing

Visitors wearing RFID electronic bracelets can set their social media profiles, set up automatic tweets or posts on Facebook. All that is necessary is to hold a bracelet or badge, for example, next to a special rack. Touching the object, the user informs the audience of social networks that he was at a certain place or loves goods sold in this place.

The example of the New York Marathon is indicative. Friends and family members could record messages of support for members. An RFID element was attached to each participant's boots. When passing a certain section, messages previously left by the support group were launched on large screens to encourage participants. Several hundred people left marathon runners from 17 countries of the world.

Beer company Budweiser has introduced RFID chips into the bottom of its specially designed Budweiser Buddy Cup beer cups. This helped users simplify social connections. "Banging" glasses, LED indicators flashed, which meant the beginning of friendships on Facebook. The campaign was launched in Brazil by Agencia Africa and was available in bars across the country.

Smart warehouse

Tracking the movement of objects in workshops or warehouses is a fairly urgent task. To track the movement of objects across the territory, we recommend the use of ultra-high-frequency UHF tags. You can use either a single label or a label group to account for a move. At the same time, another approach is possible, when the product group can be identified with one label.

Advantages of using RFID technologies in warehouses:

• Organization of effective accounting of Inventory;
• Control over the movement of products around the warehouse;
• Significant reduction of personnel errors when picking orders;
• Prevention of embezzlement;
• Reduce personnel and other warehouse maintenance costs.

Carrying out an inventory

RFID helps track goods throughout the supply chain. With an inventory system that provides data across all business units, business owners get a really effective tool. Pocket RFID scanners simplify the task of accounting for goods and materials.

For example, RFID is used to inventory expensive building materials or tools that tend to account for most of the costs of building construction. Tracking capabilities depend on the level of complexity of tracking systems with tools and materials. Systems can recognize employees who have benefited from material values, usage times, and returns to the warehouse.

RFID also found use in managing employees' uniforms. As a rule, large retail chains use thousands of forms. RFID tags help track the return of uniforms, the number of washes, identify lost clothes, etc.

Museums use RFID to ensure the safety of exhibits. Individual marks are applied to exhibits, later read by a scanner and displayed in the database. Information in labels can tell about the belonging of exhibits to a particular museum, authenticity, protect against theft if special frames are installed at the exit from special premises. Similar functionality is implemented by libraries: RFID facilitates the task of scanning books, since labels, unlike barcodes, can be read at several angles.

RFID tags also equip golf balls. This not only allows you to find balls, but also record the result of the competition.

FIOP will teach cultural institutions to work with RFID tags

The Foundation for Infrastructure and Educational Programs (FIOP) initiated a project in early 2017, under which employees of cultural institutions, private collectors, representatives of security companies and IT companies will be able to learn how to use modern radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies to protect, record and control the movement of art objects. The agreement on the development of a continuing education program was signed by the Director General of the Fund Andrei Svinarenko and Taras Kustov, Vice-Rector for Additional Education of St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University (LETI).

In particular, in the fall of 2016, it was announced that the technological engineering company FIOP "Identification Technology" will develop an RFID system for the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts ).

A significant obstacle to the introduction of RFID technologies is the lack of knowledge and competencies in this area among employees of cultural institutions. To eliminate the shortage of this knowledge, by order of the LETI Foundation, together with the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Pushkin began creating an educational program for those who will have to introduce radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies in cultural institutions, the FIOP said.

Students of the program will learn how to digitize data and manage digital resources, automate the accounting of museum, library and archive funds, learn how to protect museum items from theft, how to control the conditions for storing and transporting exhibits, how to monitor the movements of visitors and ensure navigation for them in the exhibition space.

It is planned that the first, pilot, group, which will include about 100 people - heads of cultural institutions, private collectors, representatives of integrators, logistics and security companies, employees of museums, libraries and archives - will graduate in September 2017.

Tracking animals

RFID has long been used in the US and Europe to identify lost pets. Animals are either implanted with RFID or put on a tagged collar. If the pet is far from home, then the police can simply scan the chip and find the owner's contact information.

Since 2017, cows on EkoNiva dairy farms began to install RFID chips in their ears. Previously, bulky collars were used for this. The chips will have a unique 15-digit code that cannot be reprogrammed or erased. Previously, when using collars, you had to use stationary scanners, so zootechnics had to write some of the data to a notebook, and then manually transfer it to computer systems. It is enough to take a mobile scanner with which you can work directly in the stalls. The livestock technician brings the scanner to the animal's ear, and then detailed data about the cow or calf is displayed on the display of the mobile computer. Ear chips, compared to those installed in collars, last a lifetime, but store less information.

In April 2017, it became known that the draft federal law "On Responsible Treatment of Animals" provides for several options for identifying pets: RFID, tattoo, etc. The relevant committee of the State Duma proposed to chip only animals that pose a danger to humans, for example, dogs of protected breeds.

Drone identification

The small drone identification system was presented in November 2016 by experts from FSUE ProtectionInfoTrans (ZIT). An active RFID tag will be installed on the drone - a microtransporter, information from which can be read from a distance of 300 meters. Special devices pick up signals from the tag and identify owners. The system is being tested.

Counterfeit Protection

Russia RFID The tags are actively involved in the fight against counterfeit goods.

For example, in December 2016, it became known that the legal turnover of fur coats in Russia tripled. This was made possible by RFID tags. Marking of fur products in the EAEU countries has become mandatory since August 2016. The market turnover from August to December increased to 22.5 billion rubles. Before the introduction of tags, experts noted that almost 70% of such products are sold illegally.

Representatives of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) plan to extend the use of RFID tags to vital medicines, the cost of which exceeds 500 rubles. In January, the Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade proposed labeling light industry goods, including leather shoes. Rosrybolovstvo proposes to introduce mandatory labeling for salmon products, which poachers catch most often.

• State Information System for Marking Goods
• System of accounting (marking) of tobacco products
• Monitoring of Drug Product Movement
• TwinTag and TwinTag, Bookos (RFID)

With the help of radio-frequency identification technology, the tasks of accurate accounting of jewelry are very effectively solved. RFID identification technology allows you to accurately and quickly receive and ship goods, speed up the process of product inventory both in the warehouse and on the sales floor, as well as significantly reduce time costs and labor input during the inventory process.

RFID-based access control systems (CDS)

Шаблон:Main 'RFID-based ACS

In the simplest cases, where a high level of security is not required, and the budget allocated for organizing the system is small, the EM Marine standard is used to build the CDS. All cards and readers of this standard operate at 125 kHz, and they are installed in most small and medium-sized enterprises. In addition to the low cost, such systems are also attractive to the user with the variety of solutions offered. At a minimum, they allow you to organize access control through one or two doors, and at a maximum - to create modern network IP solutions with the ability to scale. In such cases, IP controllers are used (for example, Smartec, Perco, Parsec), which allow you to connect not only one local office to the general access control system, but also a geographically distributed branch structure.

In general, in the field of MCDS, you do not have to face any special problems when introducing RFID projects. As for operation, here it is initially necessary to find out the degree of safety of the facility that the customer wants to achieve. For example, low-frequency RFID cards are quite easy to copy, but the bulk of users have neither special knowledge nor equipment to do this. MCDS operating at 13.56 MHz are already better protected from hacking, and those companies that want to achieve a really high level of security at their facilities can be advised to use smart cards. Their advantages include encryption of data when exchanging between a card and a reader, as well as the presence of built-in memory on smart cards, where you can write identification keys and various applications.

Radio frequency identification in laundry rooms

RFID identification in laundromats and textiles repeatedly optimizes workflows. Studies demonstrate that after the implementation of RFID, efficiency growth exceeds 20%.

For use in laundries, special radio frequency tags are used, waterproof, resistant to high temperatures, combining rigidity and flexibility. It is noted that thanks to the use of radio-frequency identification of products, the speed of the processes of acceptance for washing, sorting, automatic billing significantly increases, and labor costs for the search for missing items and materials are reduced.

Internet of Things

• Internet of Things article
• catalog of IoT systems and projects

Every year, more and more items are released with RFID - an identifier that works on radio frequency. The idea of ​ ​ this project is simple: equip all items made by humans with an RFID chip and track them using scanners connected to the Internet. If this idea is fully implemented, it will open up an abyss of amenities and control.

RFID chips are a data chip and an antenna. They can be active and battery-operated, or they can be completely passive and reflect radio waves from a scanning device. To date, RFID chips are already in use quite widely. For example, they are built into modern passports - both American and foreign Russian. This facilitates passport control and prevents passport forgery, but at the same time opens up the ability to track the movement of a person in all parts of the world.

Similar chips are also used in automotive tires. They serve to inventory and determine the low tire pressure. Their code uniquely relates to the unique VIN number that is on each machine.

Another use of RFID chips in the United States is to pay for travel on roads. Some (but not all) roads in the United States are toll roads. So, for example, I-95, laid along the entire east coast from Miami to Maine, paid between Washington and New York. The fee is charged by site, and during peak hours, payment points create traffic jams on the road if payment is made in cash. On many cars in the United States, a chip is installed on the windshield, the number of which determines the amount on the account. Scanners read information from the chip on the go, and the machine does not need to stop. In some cities, this is now the only way to pay for travel on the road, cash is no longer accepted. Again, the other side of this is the movement of machines with such chips is easy to fully track.

RFID chips can also be implanted under the skin of pets - and if a four-legged friend is lost, according to the information in the chip, you can easily find out his nickname, as well as the name and address of the owner.

The products of the huge Wal-Mart chain of stores also contain similar chips. By the way, it was this company that was among the organizations that funded the research of the Auto-ID Center, which develops the Internet of Things. In 2003, this center split into two new organizations: Auto-ID Labs and EPCGlobal. The goal of Auto-ID Labs is to further develop the so-called Electronic Product Code (EPC). This is a technology designed to replace the barcode used in trade and industry. Research and development in this area is carried out in several countries - the USA, Great Britain, Japan, China, South Korea and Switzerland.

The development of this technology is associated with the introduction of the Internet protocol IPv6. It differs from IPv4 in a large address space. In IPv4, the address fits into 32 bits, the addresses in the 6th protocol are 128-bit. Thus, the protocol supports 2128 or 3,4×1038 addresses. This is the order of 5×1028 addresses for each inhabitant of the land, which is more than enough to allocate an address for each of the several thousand items per person.

Thus, there are no serious technical obstacles to creating the "Internet of Things." The question rests on the balance of benefits and undesirable consequences, as well as cost. If the current trend continues, standards and laws that oblige them to use can be expected to emerge. This will be a signal for a gradual relocation to the Internet of Things, in which each item will be registered.^[4]

RFID Tag Classification

There are several ways to systematize RFID tags and Sandeep ^[5]

• By operating frequency
• By Power Supply
• By Memory Type
• By ^[6]

By Power Supply

By power supply type, RFID tags are divided into^[5]:

• Passive
• Active
• Semi-passive

How to choose the right RFID system: step-by-step guide

RFID Journal has released a step-by-step guide for users to select an RFID system. Save hundreds of hours researching existing RFID systems with this new guide that talks about the strengths and weaknesses of different types of RFIDtechnologies and explains how to identify which one best meets your needs.

• Edition: April 2011
• Number of pages: 37

Choosing the appropriate automatic identification system for your applications can cause you to become discouraged, and some system integrators who try to sell the solution to customers, approaching this very formally, also cannot help in this work. And for the first time, RFID Journal offers a guide to choosing a system that fits your needs, and explains the professional and systemic difference in RFID solutions for different applications.

This report details many types of RFID technologies, including passive low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and ultra high frequency (UHF) 433 MHz, 900 MHz, and 2.4 GHz active systems; ultra broadband (UWB); ZigBee; Wi-fi; and others. In addition, the book gives a description covering a wide range of different hybrid tags, including tags that combine RFID with infrared radiation, GPS and sensors. This latest guide will help you choose the system that works best for you at the lowest price.

RFIDJournal editors have created this special report to help businesses choose RFID technology that can best meet their needs now and in the future. This management will guide companies through the process of identifying their needs and then help align RFID system requirements with these needs. This workbook provides detailed information regarding performance characteristics, standards, strengths and weaknesses, and common applications for each type of passive, active, and RFID systems.

The report cannot definitively determine the correct RFID system for the company's special needs, but this guide will help you choose the exact options for the system. Our goal is to reduce the customer's time spent studying the relevant systems and provide the information necessary to select a system integrator and, possibly, a hardware and software supplier (a good system integrator will help in the process of choosing a technology).

From Bar Coding Systems to RFID in Retail Supply

Radio frequency identification technology is probably the most fashionable trend in product labeling. RFID in trade is used as a tool for analyzing the movement of goods and opens up new prospects created by the dream of engineers and technologists. The most obvious advantages are complete control over the movement of goods, improving the quality of service, minimizing errors and protecting against theft. What other opportunities the implementation of RFID will open up, time will tell. Western retailers have already developed experience in using radio frequency tags, launched the first ambitious RFID projects in Russia. What opportunities does the RFID system provide in the store's sales floor, warehouse, and distribution center? What equipment is needed to organize the purchase process for an RFID-tagged item on the sales floor? What should the distribution center or warehouse be equipped with to implement and use the RFID system?

The task of the company's IT specialists when choosing RFID is to integrate the technology with supply system management (), SCM customer relationship management () CRM and enterprise resource planning (), that ERP is, with the entire system as a whole. In addition, IT professionals need to familiarize sales managers with the way they work and the benefits of using RFID technologies. The main challenge of introducing the new technology is to bridge between the closed systems that exist and are actively used in the market today, and the expanding role of new technologies in fully integrated open systems that include well-chosen devices and are not so IT infrastructure easy. On the other hand, retailers need to manage not only the turnover at the enterprise, but also the range of trading equipment used in order to optimize and increase the profitability of the enterprise. Purchasing managers need to deal with real data to avoid suffering losses. In addition, for any enterprise, the situation when the necessary goods are not in stock is simply unacceptable and forces the retailer to contact another supplier. RFID technology provides an opportunity to avoid such errors for specialists and provides complete and accurate visibility of goods throughout the retail supply system.

The idea of ​ ​ automating retail enterprises is far from new. Bar coding has become the most popular automation technology since the introduction and introduction of trading equipment on the market. The use of barcode in enterprises of completely different industries contributed to an increase in productivity and, as a result, the profitability of any organization by reducing the number of errors and the time spent on completing tasks related to trade. To date, barcodes have begun to be found almost everywhere. By modifying and developing over time, this technology allows you to track today all production processes, distribution channels, supplies and retail sales. The value of bar coding is also determined by the popularity and the number of users.

RFID technology has greater capabilities compared to a bar coding system: encoding more data, the ability to change and rewrite information, identifying objects without direct contact and outside the visibility zone, including moving ones, the impossibility of counterfeiting. Despite the certain benefits that the enterprise receives when using RFID technology, you need to be ready for cash investments, since for full integration into the trading system of the new technology, not only RFID labels are needed, but also special readers and printers, the ERP system. Do not forget about the increase in operating capabilities of the system. Such a full implementation will allow you to read and write more information.

The main industry of using RFID technologies is, of course, logistics and warehouse complexes. The joint use of bar coding and RFID technologies can have a significant impact on manufacturers, distributors and retailers. Once new technologies are fully integrated into existing automation systems and gain the popularity and trust of end users, RFID can become a reliable addition to existing systems and help to cope where bar coding is inconvenient.

Physical principles of RF identification technology operation

Notes

• RFID practice 'iT': about the truth of cases
• RFID technology: contactless future (and present!)