HP Russia

Separation of HP Russia into two legal persons

On November 1, 2015 there was official separation of the American producer of the HP computer equipment into two companies. In Russia also instead of one representative office of HP Russia two offices appeared:

• HP Inc. Russia (computers and printers) and
• Hewlett-Packard Enterprise (HPE Russia) (servers, software and corporate solutions).

Since November 1 in Russia HP works as two impartial legal entities.

History

2008: Growth of revenue on a third to $2.8 billion

In 2008 the HP company grew in Russia quicker than the IT market again. According to the results of the first three quarters of 2008 calendar year growth of IT market in Russia was 22%, at the same time business of HP in Russia grew almost by a third. In 2007 revenue of vendor in Russia, according to CNews Analytics, exceeded $2.2 billion (over 2% of world income of HP), and growth of business was about 28%. Thus, in 2008 it is possible to state revenue of HP at the level of $2.8 billion. The company does not open this digit.

Speaking about results of 2008, key segments of growth in the company call storage systems, a blade servers, technology services, desktops and notebooks. And, in the last the company could improve the provision considerably: according to the results of three quarters 2008 the market share of NR grew twice and made 7.4%, and deliveries grew by 166.6% (data of IDC). Let's remind that earlier analysts spoke about underestimation of the potential of a segment of the consumer computer equipment by vendor. Among success factors in NR Russia noted financial aid of head office in investment of the direction of notebooks and branding where before the company showed insufficient activity in comparison with competitors.

2008 became also productive for NR in the market of workstations where the company fixed the leading positions – according to IDC, the market share of NR made 45% here. The company notes growth of division of servers and storage systems by 3 times the advancing market growth. In the third calendar quarter of 2008 of NR occupied 42.4% of the market of servers of standard architecture. The market share of NR a blade servers for the last 3 quarters of the current year increased in a segment in comparison with the same period of the past for the 13th years of points and made 54%.

Besides, the company reserved the first place in the market of list devices from shares in 44.5%. Total deliveries of printers and multi-function printers for last year exceeded 2.3 million units. It should be noted that in general deliveries of list devices of the company the share of the MFP grew by 14 points and made 53%.

Till 2009 Owen Kemp is vice president and the CEO of HP Russia.

2010

Start of the plant on production of computers near St. Petersburg

Construction of the plant began in May, 2008, HP and Foxconn invested $50 million. Because of crisis its start was postponed for a year and took place in April, 2010 in the presence of Valentina Matviyenko, then the Governor of Saint Petersburg. At first HP made only desktop computers in Shushary, and in August, 2013 started assembly of monoblocks. In total about 480 thousand units a year were going to release.

In 2010 HP intended to export products of the plant in Shushary to Eastern Europe, the Baltics, Scandinavia.

Recognitions in bribery to officials of the Prosecutor General's Office

The American authorities made investigation concerning Hewlett-Packard which staff was suspected of bribery and implementation of other illegal payments to private and government institutions in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe for the purpose of the conclusion of profitable contracts. It is reported in the documents of the company filed to the Commission of the USA on securities and the exchanges (SEC) on December 15.

In promulgated documents it is also said that the U.S. Department of Justice and SEC investigate transactions on sale of the equipment to the organizations in Serbia. Besides, in addition to the staff of HP in Russia, the CIS and Serbia in scandal employees of representations can be involved in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands.

Taking into account the aforesaid it is possible to draw a conclusion that investigation about bribery in HP began to have broader character, Wall Street Journal writes, noting that earlier it was talked only of Russia and the CIS countries.

Investigation began with the fact that tax authorities of Germany paid attention to suspicious payments during ordinary check of small computer firm near Leipzig. At the end of 2009 about it there passed searches in offices HP in Munich and Boeblingen, and in April, 2010 - and in the Russian representative office.

Law enforcement agencies suspect that during the period from 2001 to 2006 for the State Office of Public Prosecutor of the Russian Federation the company paid about €8 million bribes for obtaining the contract of €35 million for delivery of IT solutions to the Russian officials.

According to FBI of the USA in April, 2014, division of Hewlett-Packard in Russia - Hewlett-Pakard Ltd pled guilty of violation of the American law on fight against corruption abroad and payment of bribes to the Russian officials to receive the large contract for delivery of the computer equipment to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation. According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), for this purpose of HP in Russia paid to the Russian officials more than $2 million through different intermediaries and the companies.

"Divisions of HP created extensive fund for payments of bribes, founded tangled network of the false companies and bank accounts to launder money, involved double accounting to control of payment of bribes and used anonymous boxes of e-mail and prepayment-based mobile numbers to hand over bags with cash", said in the official statement of FBI.

According to statements of HP, violation of the law is connected with activity of a small number of employees who do not work in the company any more.

In addition to branch in Russia, in similar offenses guilty representative offices of HP also pled of Poland and Mexico.

Growth of revenue at the end of year for 50%

Growth of business of HP in Russia in 2010 was 50%.

2011

Court with the Tax inspection

In March, 2011^[1] knew^[1]that the Russian office HP (JSC Hewlett Packard Ltd) took the Supreme Arbitration Court with the requirement to review resolutions of the subordinate instances which recognized the decision of the tax inspection of 2009 invalid only partially. The solution about which there is a speech was taken out based on exit check of the tax inspection and orders to the company to pay taxes in the amount of 179.104 million rubles, a penalty fee in the amount of 41.871 million rubles and a penalty in the amount of 34.303 million rubles.

Tax specialists considered that in 2006-2007 HP to reduce the income tax base, illegally included in structure of the expenses compensation payments of the employers who did not satisfy conditions of quoting of jobs of disabled people and also expenses for warehousing in the territory of the foreign states. Besides, according to tax specialists, illegally turned on HP in tax expenses on the profit and VAT deductions of the amount paid to it in relationship with a number of partners.

HP disputed the main part of the amount of taxes which inspection directed to pay in the first instance, however considered the decision items of tax specialists concerning settlings with "doubtful" partners legal both appeal, and cassation instances.

In particular, inspection revealed that illegally turned on HP in tax expenses on profit and tax deductions on the amount VAT paid to partners of Salisbury LLC, Veron LLC, Finleks-M LLC, Tekhinkom LLC and Union LLC. Total amount of unpaid taxes was about 2.3 million rubles.

Tax specialists established that these organizations are not located at, specified in constituent documents, do not locate labor collectives and fixed assets, do not make the payments connected with lease office or warehouse for water, the electric power and phone, i.e. – really do not perform financial and economic activity.

Besides, on documents in confirmation of expenses on payment and tax deduction amounts on the VAT there were no signatures of heads of these partners or authorized persons. And somebody by the name of Vasilenko A.Yu. whose signature allegedly stood on documents from Union LLC, during testimony in the first instance, warned about criminal liability, said that he did not sign any documents on behalf of this organization at all and is not either her founder, or the head or the chief accountant.

"Society did not show sufficient degree of discretion and care at the conclusion of transactions, proper powers at the persons acting on behalf of Salisbury LLC, Veron LLC, Finleks-M LLC did not make sure available", Tekhinkom LLC, Union LLC, did not identify the persons signing documents on behalf of heads and chief accountants of partners", said in the decision of the court of appeal.

According to Denis Shchekin, the senior partner of Pepelyaev group law company, in this case not purposeful leaving of the company from taxes, and purchase of goods or services at partners whom the company could not check takes place.

"As a rule, the foreign companies have domestic policy ordering work and charge of taxes only on legal basis. I am sure that HP has such policy also. Possibly, the company really purchased some goods or services from partners, however suppliers in actual fact were "gray". On a position of the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation the taxpayer should check the suppliers, at least – to glance in the federal register".

The Supreme Arbitration Court adopted the statement of HP to production. Until the case is submitted to Presidium or is not refused such transfer, put still finally is not complete, Shchekin says. At the same time, according to its information, there is a positive practice of the Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation on such affairs.

Obtaining licenses of FSTEC for 5 years

On October 11, 2011 the Russian representative office of NR Company announced obtaining licenses of FSTEC of Russia for two types of activity: on technical confidential information protection and on development and (or) production of means of protecting of confidential information. Licenses are granted for a period of 5 years. The licensing process which is carried out in strict accordance with Orders of the Government of the Russian Federation of 8/15/2006 No. 504 and of 8/31/2006 No. 532 and also the leading and regulating documents of FSTEC of Russia confirmed that HP in Russia meets all license requirements regarding the granted licenses.

Now NR company in Russia can render an additional range of services for the customers in Russia in the field of technical confidential information protection and personal data, including:

• audit of information systems of customers, examination of projects and analysis of a status of information security;
• classification of information systems of customers by requirements of information security;

development of necessary organizational and administrative documents, standards and procedures (instructions) for information security support for customers;

• development of Technical specifications on creation of a secure information system of customers;
• design of secure information systems of processing of confidential information of customers, their management systems and protection based on products of Hewlett-Packard and partners;
• development, according to requirements of customers, and implementation of IT solutions on the basis of the certified products made under a trademark of Hewlett-Packard and other producers;
• distribution (implementation, sale), installation, setup and updating, carrying out tests (testing) of the protected technical means of processing of confidential information, software tools of processing of confidential information, technical, program, data protection software and hardware tools (OS, firewalls, etc.), including built in products of Hewlett-Packard and also control facilities of security of processing of confidential information;
• maintenance and maintenance of means and systems of protection and management in products of Hewlett-Packard;
• the organization, coordination and participation in works on software certification of Hewlett-Packard and also for serial production of the certified products in the organizations accredited by FSTEC of Russia;
• consulting concerning information technical protection in products of Hewlett-Packard, training and holding seminars;
• outsourcing of secure information systems of Hewlett-Packard for the customer.

Results of 2011 in Russia

The HP company summed up in December, 2011 the results of activity in Russia for 2011 financial year (the period from November 1, 2010 to October 31, 2011).

Divisions of a corporate segment

When forming the strategy of development for corporate solutions NR company relies on the concept of creation of the Innovation enterprise (HP Instant-On Enterprise) within which NR presents the newest and advanced solutions of the company, such as:

• Convergent infrastructure of NR (HP Converged Infrastrucute) designed to replace a nonflexible complex of IT solutions;
• Transformation of IT applications of HP (HP Application Transformation) helping to take outdated applications under control;
• Hybrid delivery pattern of services of HP (HP Hybrid Delivery Model). Last year the HP company expanded the range of solutions for hybrid delivery of the services allowing the organizations it is better to adapt to the happening changes and to timely satisfy needs of the customers. Submitted to HP the integrated and open platform for creation of services and management of them in private, public and hybrid environments - HP CloudSystem.
• Information security of corporate systems of NR (HP Enterprise Security) aimed at protection of all components of IT infrastructure and applications. Among a set of the management tools existing in the market this segment of business processes, selects the complex of HP Information Security Management (ISM) announced last financial year;
• Information management which provides the help to business in processes of collecting, storage, and use of data.

Division of servers, storage systems and network equipment (Enterprise Servers, Storage, Networking ESSN)

In 2011 the division updated a portfolio of storage systems of Enterprise Virtual Array (EVA), having provided the new HP6000 EVA disk array for solutions using technologies of virtualization and creation of convergent infrastructure. Besides, in 2011 the HP company announced updates in a portfolio of business and critical server solutions: an exit of the new systems of permanent availability of HP of Integrity NonStop and the beginning of mass shipments of the updated systems of HP of Integrity Superdome 2.

Division of software solutions of NR (HP Software)

In 2011 financial year the division started the new solution portfolio for corporate clients of HP of IT Performance Suite allowing directors of information services to control and time management, qualities and expenses on information technologies.

In 2011 corporate divisions implemented a number of successful projects with the large Russian companies in Russia:

• the project on upgrade and transition to cloud model of IT infrastructure of ROLF group was implemented by Division of corporate services;
• the project on deployment of private "cloud" computing infrastructure for the purpose of transfer of all applied information systems based on the HP solution of BladeSystem Matrix in IBS company was implemented by Division of servers, storage systems and network solutions NR in Russia;
• the project on upgrade of network and data processing centers of regional operator "Smoltelekom" for creation in the field of the fiksirovanno-mobile convergent infrastructure integrating Wi-fi networks and city Ethernet was implemented by Division of servers, storage systems and network solutions NR in Russia;
• software implementation of NR Quality Center for management of testing of the new core banking system and system implementation of automation of technical support service and processes of management of HP of Service Manager of IT services in Alfa-Bank were implemented by Division of software solutions of NR in Russia;
• implementation in department of researches and development of Kaspersky Lab of a system of NR Project and Portfolio Management (HP PPM) which allowed the company to analyze all set of the projects on new product development and customization existing and also to estimate their importance for business of the company, it was also implemented by Division of software solutions of NR in Russia;
• creation of a monitoring system of IT infrastructure of the Far East branch of MegaFon on the basis of a software package of HP Business Process Monitor was performed by Division of software solutions of NR in Russia.

Group of the personal systems (Personal Systems Group, PSG)

In October, 2011 the HP company made the final decision to save Division of the Personal Systems (PSG) as a part of corporation. Studying of detailed information revealed the exclusive depth of integration of business structures in the field of key aspects of activity, such as supply chains, IT and purchases. Also it was mentioned that products of division of PSG considerably expand a portfolio of offers of HP, increasing the value of all brand. Russia remains one of the main priority markets for HP corporation, in particular, in the direction of the personal systems, showing one of the highest growth rates. At the same time the Russian division of PSG showed business growth quicker than market trends. It was caused by investments of the company into expansion of the partner channel, regional expansion and growth of local production of the PC in St. Petersburg. 2011 financial year was mentioned by regeneration of a portfolio of notebooks of NR for business and home use.

So new models from the HP Pavilion series were created according to philosophy of 'MUSE' (the abbreviation, means materials, usability, sensory appeal and experiences or materials, functionality, a stylish type and simplicity of work).

Except this NR provided the new technologies implemented in the solutions among which - the exclusive sound Beats Audio system. This technology created by co-founders of Beats by Dr. Dre – Dr. Dre and Jimmy Iovine, allows to save quality of the sounding which is often lost in digital music. Working together with HP, Iovine and Dr. Dre configured and implemented digital profiles of sounding Beats on notebooks and desktop PCs of a premium class from HP to provide optimal sounding when listening music via earphones, the external speaker system or loudspeakers.

Among the main product announcements there was a release on the market of the first ultrabook for retail HP Folio13 segment less than 2.5 cm thick, weighing 1.5 kg and 9.5 hours of smooth operation.

In 2011 there was an updating of a corporate line to the new concept of design of FORGE which is providing to business notebooks of HP long service and including the special developments increasing reliability of the notebook and security for the environment.

Notebooks for business of EliteBook of 2011 became the most reliable notebooks ever created by NR company. Most of them conform to strict military standards of the USA (MIL-STD-810G) concerning resistance to falling, vibration, dust, temperature and height difference. Also new models show the maximum service life of rechargeable batteries in the industry — about 32 hours to the following charging at the corresponding configuration of HP of EliteBook 8460p.

Also the division of PSG expanded the range business of the PC due to start of the first monoblock desktop solutions of the class all-in-one for small and medium business and the corporate sector.

In the market of workstations, the high-performance systems for professional use, and solutions based on thin clients of NR continues to save a leading position. A number of successful projects with corporate customers on supplies of equipment in 2011 was implemented.

The division in 2011 made several large announcements, the most significant of which:

• HP Officejet Pro 8000 Enterprise is the first inkjet printer with a full support corporate IT infrastrukty;
• HP Officejet 7500A – the first HP inkjet multifunction device of A3 format and the first "komboformatny" MFP: A3 format printer, the scanner of A4 format and an opportunity to copy and scan A3 format in two passes by a stitching;
• HP Envy 110 – the most compact NR MFP with revolutionary design and complete most modern functionality;
• HP Officejet 100 is the first mobile business printer working from the power supply of the notebook of HP;
• HP TopShot LaserJet Pro M275 is the multi-function printer constructed on revolutionary technology of three-dimensional scanning;

2013

HP place in the Russian market of computers

HP place in the Russian market of computers at the beginning of 2013

The beginning of assembly of monoblock PCs in Russia

In August, 2013 the Foxconn plant near St. Petersburg began production of monoblock computers of Hewlett-Packard (HP). A monoblock — a kind of the computer in which the monitor is combined with the processor, the motherboard, the hard drive and other elements.

At the beginning of 2013 Russia introduced 10% duties on import of desktop PCs and monoblocks that led to increase in prices in the market, the director of division of the personal systems and list devices NR in Russia Konstantin Kimelman explains. And start of production in Russia reduces dependence of the prices on currency rates, by 2-3 times reduces delivery time and makes HP computers more available to the state institutions obliged to buy the equipment of domestic production.

Foxconn — the old partner of HP, more than three years HP assembling at the same plant near St. Petersburg desktop computers. About $50 million the company spent for purchase of land and construction of the plant, $15-20 million more were going to spend for purchase of the equipment and start of production. Start of production of monoblocks of big investments does not require — all lines are already built, expenses can be connected unless with personnel training, the former employee of Foxconn argues.

HP and Foxconn are going to expand further production volumes, transferring new models of computers to the Russian assembly, the representative of the American company says. Capacities of Foxconn allow to release up to 900,000 HP computers a year, he adds. Last financial year (came to the end on October 31, 2012) them 264,000 were let out.

The popularity of monoblocks grows: they are more compact than normal computers and are cheaper in service, the general manager of Lenovo in Russia, the CIS and Eastern Europe Gleb Mishin says. Lenovo already sells monoblocks in Russia and intends to concentrate an autumn advertizing campaign on such computers. Now, according to Mishin, monoblocks occupy in Russia 15-20% on sales of all desktop computers. In the II quarter 2013 in Russia about 900,000 desktop PCs were sold, follows from data of Gartner.

Nevertheless it is unprofitable to manufacture computers in Russia, Mishin is sure: it is possible to save only on duty, but it according to requirements of the WTO in 2014 will be reduced from 10 to 5%, and then is cancelled at all. For the rest manufacturing cost in Russia is higher, than in China, thus that the most part of component parts is imported just from there: for example, the level of the Russian localization of monoblocks does not exceed 5-6%, Mishin considers.

It is impossible to call the Russian production cheap, component parts are manufactured not in Russia, the CEO of the Russian assembler of Depo Computers computers Sergey Eskin agrees. But clients can reduce delivery time. Besides, monoblocks are popular in a public sector: it is simpler to describe them in purchasing documents so that in the tender there was the only applicant, Eskin says^[2].

2014

HP bribed the Russian officials. It is recognized officially

HP Russia (Hewlett-Packard Ltd), the Russian office American HP, bribed officials in Russia for the purpose of the conclusion of the large contract for supply of equipment and other technology products the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation. It follows from the message posted on the website by FBI^[3].

The Russian division pled guilty of violation of the American law "About Anti-corruption Abroad" (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, FCPA).

In addition to branch in Russia, in violation of FCPA representative offices of HP pled of Poland and Mexico guilty.

"The Hewlett-Packard branch in Russia founded special fund for payment of bribes, opened phony companies and bank accounts for money muling. To keep account of the transferred money, there were two sets of magazines in which categories and names of the officials who got bribes were entered. Transfer of money was performed in bags. The parties used the anonymous e-mail addresses and mobile phones with advance payment to agree about secret meetings", - follows from the official statement of FBI.

According to investigation materials, in 1999 the Russian Government announced the project on upgrade of ICT infrastructure of the State Office of Public Prosecutor. Project cost was more than $100 million HP not only the amount of this project, but also a potentiality attracted to get access to other projects of the Russian federal bodies worth $100-150 million, found out in FBI.

Payment of a penalty of $58.7 million for bribes to the Russian officials

In September, 2014 the Ministry of Justice of the USA announced that the Russian division of HP is found by court guilty of violation of the American law "About Anti-corruption Abroad" (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, FCPA) and giving bribery of the Russian officials to receive the large contract for delivery of the equipment to the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation.

It is said in the statement of the American department that the Russian top managers of HP formed confidential multimillion fund, at least, a part of which was used for bribes to officials who provided to the company the contract more than 35 million euros.

According to the data obtained during the investigation for financing of confidential fund HP Russia specified an excess profit and used the complex circuit. At first its child sold the equipment which had to be delivered under the contract, the trading partner in Russia, and then redeemed the same products from the intermediary with a margin almost in 8 million euros and 4.2 million euros for the services which are presumably rendered at sale back. After this HP sold the same products of office of the Prosecutor General of Russia at inflated price.

At the same time payments to the intermediary were performed through a chain of the false companies some of which were directly connected with government officials, found out the investigation. According to Ministry of Justice of the USA, revenue of confidential fund was spent for tourist services, luxury cars, expensive jewelry, clothes, furniture, etc.

The American human rights activists note that more than 12 years managers of HP Russia participated in the complex circuit which was switching on payment of bribes to the Russian officials in exchange for large contracts. According to them, especially causes concern in this case the fact that in this case it is about the top public prosecutor's management in Russia.

"The technology companies, as well as any other, should compete in accordance with general practice, but not resort to secret accounts and transaction schemes to hide millions of dollars in bribes", - human rights activists summarize.

2015

Prohibition to deliver to the Russian partners the equipment and software of HP to the Crimea

The Russian office Hewlett-Packard sent to the partners the letter (is available at the disposal of CNews), which brought to their attention prohibition on delivery to the Crimea "any goods, services or technologies (including the software)"^[4].

This prohibition on sale to the Crimea of the equipment and software is caused by the decree of the U.S. President Barack Obama and the decision of Council of the European Union of December 19, 2014.

Prohibition became effective still on December 20, 2014, however, as tells vendor to partners, "some obligations for maintenance following from the agreements signed till December 20, 2014 can be performed" if it occurs not later than February 1, 2015. The hole with a possibility of maintenance does not extend to future deliveries. Hewlett-Packard warned partners that any transactions connected with delivery of goods, services and technologies to the Crimea as directly, and through intermediaries will be considered as violation of the partnership agreement.

The termination of release of computers at the plant near St. Petersburg

In July, 2015 as Kommersant knew, HP stopped production of computers at the plant near St. Petersburg. The enterprise which was created even during crisis of 2009-2010 did not sustain falling of the market of computers which failed according to the results of the first quarter 2015 for 44%. In the conditions of reduction of import duties for computers and components within accession of Russia to the WTO production of the PC in Russia became unprofitable.

On July 8, 2015 HP liquidated Hewlett Packard of Fektori LLC registered in the settlement of Shushary near St. Petersburg in Russia follows from data of kartoteka.ru. The plant on production of HP personal computers started in April, 2010 together with the Taiwan producer of electronics Foxconn located at this address. Production on it was stopped in the middle of 2014, reported the interlocutor of Kommersant in the market of electronics and the source close to HP. The press service of HP of Kommersant reported that in April, 2014 production of the PC was transferred from St. Petersburg to the Czech Republic "for the purpose of economy and also for optimization of logistics".

"The plant was closed for the economic reasons. Cost value of the PC assembled in Russia, much above those that are collected in Asia. When made the decision on closing of production, a talk on import substitution was not yet, and therefore the Russian assembly was not demanded" — the interlocutor close to HP says. Production was unprofitable, confirms the former employee of HP^[5].

"The plant began with production 10 thousand units a month, but did not come to the expected volumes" — he says. Foxconn looked for other partners for assembly in Shushary, but did not find. At the same time the HP plant in the Czech Republic "was chronically underloaded", and the corporation transferred assembly to more modern enterprise, the president of Aquarius company Alexander Kalinin notes.

Production of HP in Russia was open at the wrong time. Approximately in two years after start of the plant in Russia, from the third quarter 2012, falling of the PC market in Russia which in the first quarter reached 2015 record values began. According to IDC, in January-March about 1 million PCs were delivered that is 43.6% less, than the previous year. HP took the second place on the supply rate (16.8%), Lenovo (22%) was the leader. IDC explained market reduction with change of consumer demand: buyers began to give preference to tablets. Besides, the current vector on import substitution plays not advantage of foreign PC makers, the senior vice president of Kraftway Renat Yusupov said.

In 2015 the import customs duty on ready PCs equals to zero. At the same time before accession of Russia to the WTO rates of the import customs duty concerning processors (electronic integrated circuits) made from 0% to 10% of customs value, the senior lawyer of Goltsblat BLP Vladislav Safonov notes. After accession to the WTO the corridor of rates concerning processors was narrowed from 0% to 6.7%, and in the middle of 2015 the maximum rate of the import customs duty on processors is 3.3%. Therefore in terms of duties import of ready computers to the Russian Federation is still more profitable than import of components and assembly of the PC in the country.

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Основная статья: HP ServiceOne Partner Network

Notes