Khrunichev State Scientific Research Center

The Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev" is one of the leading enterprises of the Russian rocket and space industry. The main products are launch vehicles (RN) of the JSC «Proton» family and acceleration units for them. The development of a promising family of RN "Angara" is underway.

Enterprise structure

In 2012, the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khronichev includes:

• rocket and space plant,
• design bureau "Salyut,"
• plant for the operation of rocket and space technology,
• medical equipment plant and
• 9 branches located in 6 constituent entities of the Russian Federation - Moscow, Moscow region, Vladimir region, Omsk region, Voronezh region, Arkhangelsk region, as well as in Ukraine (boarding house "Planet").

History

2023: Building an ultralight rocket

JSC "State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khronichev" has created an ultralight launch vehicle. The press service of Roscosmos announced this on August 10, 2023.

Two stages on fuel components kerosene and liquid oxygen, without the use of an upper stage, the duration of launching a payload into orbit - up to two hours, the mass of the payload into a solar-synchronous orbit - up to 600 kilograms, - noted in Roskosmos.

Khrunichev Center introduced an ultralight launch vehicle

They clarified that the prerequisite for the creation of such a rocket is a promising direction for the deployment of multi-satellite systems based on small spacecraft.

A public demonstration of the rocket will take place at the Army-2023 forum. There, the Khrunichev Center will show at the forum mock-ups of the Angara-1.2, Angara-A3, Angara-A5 missiles and its modifications for Vostochny, Proton-M and Rokot-M, Briz-M upper stages and KVTK.

People put all spacecraft into orbit with launch vehicles. These are large technical devices whose job is to accelerate the cargo to a given orbital speed. They create movement - a speed boom with a given value, direction in space, height, geographical point and time. With the accuracy of the parameters of the received motion within the specified values.

Launch vehicles have many characteristics, the main of which is the mass of the payload. This is the largest mass of cargo that a rocket is able to put into low (about 200 kilometers) Earth orbit with an inclination of the first tens of degrees, or the maximum estimated payload when launching a rocket from its southernmost launch. The rocket's fuel consumption for launch depends on the altitude and inclination of the orbit. Sometimes you have to give up some of the cargo to take more fuel. Therefore, for different heights or characteristic orbits (for polar orbits, for geostationary), a different payload is given. The masses of payloads form a wide range, differing by about 600 thousand times at its edges.^[1]

2022: Joining CAD/CAE Consortium

On July 5, 2022, Rosatom announced the signing of an agreement on the entry of another 15 participants into the CAD/CAE consortium, including JSC GKNPC named after M.V. Khrunichev. Read more here.

2019: Moscow City-sized space center to be built on site of rocket plant in capital

A business center, comparable in size to Moscow City, will be built on the site of the abandoned buildings of the M.V. Khrunichev State Space Research and Production Center (GKNPC), the Vedomosti newspaper writes in June 2019 on Wednesday.

The total area of ​ ​ the space center near Filevsky Park is about 150 hectares. It took several years to develop, at first it was proposed to build about 1 million square meters of housing, but the Moscow mayor's office rejected the proposal. In January 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin instructed to create a National Space Center (NCC) and a research and production cluster on the territory of the plant.

"Now it has been decided that Mosinzhproekt, a company owned by the capital's government, will build up the territory of the GKNPCs<…>. Instead of abandoned buildings, a NCC and a business center with technology parks with a total area of ​ ​ about 2.89 million square meters will be built there, "the article says.

In terms of building volumes, the project is comparable to the Moscow City business center, where about 2.5 million square meters of real estate have already been built.

The project is planned to be implemented in two stages. First, a NCC will be built on an area of ​ ​ 10 hectares. To do this, the Moscow mayor's office will contribute about 25 billion rubles to the authorized capital of Mosinzhproekt, and Roskosmos will contribute a land plot. They plan to complete the construction in 2022. The head units of almost two dozen enterprises of the rocket and space industry, now located in Moscow and the region, will move to the new complex.

"It is assumed that about 20 thousand employees of Roscosmos will work there, and the annual savings for the state corporation will amount to 607 million rubles," the article says.

At the second stage, an industrial and public complex will be built, another 4 hectares will be allocated for the construction of housing for renovation.

According to the Deputy Mayor of Moscow for Economic Policy and Property and Land Relations Vladimir Efimov, the territory can receive the status of a special economic zone, exempting from taxes on property, land, added value on the import of goods. In addition, it is expected to reduce income tax on a cumulative basis. This will create new jobs for young professionals, as well as support the GKNPC enterprise, which is in a difficult financial situation.

The project is planned to be implemented until 2023-2025. According to Efimov, the project needs to build a transport infrastructure - an additional bridge across the Moscow River, a pedestrian bridge for communication with the Mnevnikovskaya floodplain, where there will be two metro stations. The amount of investment in transport and engineering infrastructure is approximately 8.5 billion rubles. The total size of investments is still difficult to assess, since the exact parameters of the development have not yet been determined.

Construction work may begin this year. According to Efimov, in 2019, 8 billion rubles were allocated for the project in the Moscow budget, in 2020 and 2021 - 8 and 9 billion.

"Colliers International partner Vladimir Sergunin estimates the investment at 150-170 billion rubles," the article adds.

2015

Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation opened a criminal case on embezzlement against the center named after Khrunichev

At the end of May 2015, the main Investigative Department of the RF IC thing opened a criminal case against the heads of the Rocket and Space Plant in Fili, which is part of the Khrunichev Center and is its main production unit, regarding waste in procurement activities, Khrunichev News^[2]

We are talking about signs of crimes provided for in Part 4 of Article 160 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The former director of the plant Vladimir Petrik, deputy director for economics Yuri Yakovlev and head of the RKZ department Viktor Larin came under investigation.

According to Izvestia, the listed persons are accused of illegally choosing contractors for the supply of black and non-ferrous metal, as well as cable products for the manufacture of Proton-M and Angara launch vehicles in 2013. Then, without competitive procedures and other proper conditions, an agreement in the amount of over 292 million rubles was concluded with MetalResource.

In the future, the situation worsened - Vladimir Petrik issued an order according to which MetalResource was appointed the only supplier of aluminum rolled metal, titanium and other products for RKZ for the period from 2013 to 2014. As it turned out in the pre-investigation investigation, the choice of the plant was based on the million kickbacks that the RKZ management received through one-day firms.

It is worth noting that at the moment the cooperation of the plant with MetalResource has been completed, and that two defendants in the criminal case - Vladimir Petrik and Yuri Yakovlev - no longer work at the plant, while the third - Viktor Larin - holds the former post of head of the department.

Khrunichev Center begins large-scale staff reductions

The leadership of the Khrunichev Space Center, which manufactures JSC «Proton» launch vehicles, begins large-scale staff reductions, the Izvestia newspaper The^[3].

Khrunichev Center is undergoing reform, involving, among other things, a reduction in administrative personnel. In the central office, we have already parted with 600 managers, which is half of the managers who worked in the fall of 2014. And now we continue to reduce the number of administrative and managerial personnel and employees of auxiliary industries. We invite people to leave, including by agreement of the parties, "- said the general director of the enterprise Andrei Kalinovsky

He added that the decrease in the number of managers made it possible in 2014 to increase the salary of basic workers by 10%, and in 2015, employees of the Rocket and Space Plant in Fili by 23%, and employees of the Salyut design bureau - by 25%.

Kalinovsky did not specify the scale of layoffs in the units. However, the Izvestia source clarifies that the largest reductions are coming to the RKZ, where they plan to part with 2 thousand employees - now about 7 thousand people work there. The staff of the Salyut design bureau can be reduced by 20-25%.

The announcement published by the newspaper (apparently, for internal use at the RKZ) says: "In connection with the preparation of measures to optimize the number of RKZ employees in order to reduce overhead costs, the RKZ management decided to allow dismissal by agreement of the parties with the payment of three average monthly earnings until 21.12.2015.<…> This decision was made to reduce tension during the upcoming dismissal procedure to reduce the number of personnel. "

2012

On August 31, 2012 Russia Vladimir Putin , by his order, the President dismissed the Director General of the Center, Vladimir Nesterov, granting the resignation of the latter. The new head of the main space center will be appointed in Roscosmos. At that time, the following persons were included in the management of the enterprise:

• Vladimir Evgenievich Nesterov - General Director.
• Vasily Nikolaevich Sychev - First Deputy General Director.
• Sergey Viktorovich Anisimov - Deputy General Director for External and Economic Relations
• Antakov Stanislav Ivanovich - Deputy General Director for Security.
• Arzumanov Yuri Leonovich - Deputy General Director, Director of KB "Reinforcement."
• Bakhvalov Yuri Olegovich - First Deputy General Designer, Head of the Design Bureau "Salyut"
• Koptev Ivan Tikhonovich - Deputy General Director - General Director of VMZ.
• Igor Solomonovich Dodin - Deputy General Director.
• Ivanov Vladimir Leontyevich - Deputy General Director.
• Ivanov Vyacheslav Nikolaevich - Deputy General Director for Development Work.
• Karachenkov Evgeny Mikhailovich - Deputy General Director for Personnel.
• Anatoly Ivanovich Kuzin - Deputy General Director for Strategic Research and Development Planning of the RKT.
• Alexander Ivanovich Kobzar - Deputy General Director for Quality.
• Gleb Markovich Mitinsky - Deputy General Director for Social Affairs.
• Murakhovsky Grigory Moiseevich - Deputy General Director, General Director of PO Polet.
• Alexander Ilyich Ostroverkh - Deputy General Director for Economics.
• Petrik Vladimir Andreevich - Deputy General Director, General Director of KBKM named after A.M. Isaeva.
• Seliverstov Alexander Ivanovich - Deputy General Director, Director of the Rocket and Space Plant.
• Glazkova Inessa Anatolyevna - Deputy General Director for Information Systems.
• Makarov Mikhail Ivanovich - Director of the Research Institute of the Constitutional Court named after A.A. Maksimova.
• Petukhov Andrey Petrovich - Director of Khrunichev Telecom.
• Ivanov Vyacheslav Yakovlevich - Deputy General Director of FSUE GKNPC named after M.V. Khrunichev, Director of ZERKT.

1993-2009.

On June 7, 1993, on the basis of the M.V. Khrunichev Machine-Building Plant and the Salyut Design Bureau, the M.V. Khrunichev State Space Research and Production Center was formed.

Since 1995, participates (together with Lockheed Martin) in the International Launch Services (ILS) project. In September 2006, Lockheed Martin sold its ownership interest in joint ventures between International Launch Services (ILS) and Lockheed-Khrunichev-Energia (LKE). The owners of ILS became Space Transport Inc. (Delaware, USA) and the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev with RSC Energia named after S.P. Korolev.

Since 2006, collaborates with the South Korean Space Center Naro. By analogy with the development of the State Research and Production Center named after Khrunichev by the Angara launch vehicle, the first acceleration stage for the KSLV-1 launch vehicle was produced. On August 25, 2009, the first launch by South Korea KSLV-1 (Korea Space Launch Vehicle-1) took place.

On February 3, 2007, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin signed a decree on the creation of a vertically integrated structure for the production of rocket and space and aviation equipment on the basis of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "GKNPC named after M.V. Khrunichev," in accordance with which 4 enterprises of the rocket and space industry, Russia including the Omsk production association, joined the Center. "Flight

At the end of May 2008, the M.V. Khrunichev State Research and Production Center became the owner of a controlling stake in International Launch Services (ILS). International Launch Services retained the exclusive right to market the JSC «Proton» rocket and the promising Russian Angara launch vehicle on the world market.

In August 2009, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, the State Space Research and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev began to manage shares of the KBHA.

On September 7, 2011, near Yaroslavl, a Yak-42D plane crashed, leased by Yak-Service at the Khrunichev Center.

1960-1993.

At the end of 1959, the plant reoriented to rocket topics, and therefore, work on new large aviation and aerospace projects was discontinued.

Among the discontinued developments is the Buran projectile aircraft with a supersonic flight speed. The Buran was equipped with a ramjet engine, and its start was carried out using four starting accelerators.

The first practical task in the field of rocket technology was to develop the control system of the UR-200 universal combat missile, which was developed on the basis of a rocket R-14 the design of M.K. Yangel.

Since 1962, the creation of a family of second-generation intercontinental ballistic missiles of the UR-100 type, intended for placement in mine launchers, began.

Since 1962, the design of a powerful launch vehicle (RN) for space purposes was launched. To speed up the start of flights, the rocket was initially launched in a two-stage version.

On July 16, 1965, with its help, the scientific satellite JSC «Proton» was launched into low Earth orbit, the name of which was subsequently assigned to the launch vehicle.

Since 1967, rocket launches began in its modern form - in 3- and 4-stage versions. These launches marked the beginning of the use of the JSC «Proton» launch vehicle in the program for the study of near-Earth space, the Moon, Mars and Venus.

With the help of the JSC «Proton» launch vehicle, the Cosmos, Ekran, Rainbow, Horizon satellites, satellites for exploring the Moon, Mars, Venus, Halley comets, orbital stations of the Salyut, Almaz, Mir series, etc. were launched into space.

The relative simplicity of the device, high production stability and extensive flight experience made the JSC «Proton» rocket one of the most reliable carriers in the world.

In the workshops of the State Space Scientific and Production Center named after M.V. Khrunichev, all Russian orbital stations were manufactured: Salyut, Mir and Almaz, all heavy modules mating with orbital stations in orbit, as well as triple return vehicles.

The first generation orbital stations, which include Salyut, Salyut-2, Salyut-3, Salyut-4, Salyut-5, had only one docking point, which significantly limited the capabilities of manned flight.

The second generation orbital stations (Salyut-6, Salyut-7) already had two docking points, which ensured the constant presence of replacement crews on board and significantly expanded their participation in the research program.

For the delivery of goods, transport supply ships (TKS) of the Cosmos series were used.

Four flight vehicles were manufactured at the enterprise: Cosmos-929, Cosmos-1267, Cosmos-1443, Cosmos-1686.

An important step in the development of spacecraft was the creation of Almaz automatic unmanned orbital stations. The first of them, designated Cosmos-1870, operated in orbit from July 25, 1987 to July 30, 1989. High-quality radar images of the earth's surface obtained from the station were used in the interests of the country's defense and national economy.

From March 31, 1991 to October 17, 1992, the Almaz-1 station operated in orbit with an upgraded radar, which made it possible to receive an image of the Earth with high resolution.

The experimental apparatus "Polyus" of the 100-ton class was developed on the basis of a functional cargo unit according to the modular principle. It served as a payload in the first launch of the Energia launch vehicle on 15 May 1987.

The multi-purpose, constantly operating Mir orbital complex was intended for the implementation of the Russian national space program, as well as for joint work on international cooperation programs.

The launch of the base block of the Mir complex - the Mir orbital station - was carried out on February 20, 1986. The station had two nodes to which the spacecraft Union"" could dock for delivery and crew changes, as well as unmanned modules for various purposes and cargo ships. "Progress

The astrophysical module "Quantum" was launched into orbit on March 31, 1987. The module housed astrophysical instruments, an electrophoretic installation for obtaining ultrapure biologically active substances in weightlessness, equipment for visual observations of the earth's surface, service and experimental equipment.

In December 1989, the Kvant-2 module was included in the station, which was designed to equip the complex with cosmonaut life support systems and increase its energy armament. The module was equipped with motion control systems using power gyroscopes, power supply systems, new installations for obtaining oxygen and water regeneration, and household appliances.

In July 1990, the Crystal module was docked to the complex, designed to develop new technologies for producing structural materials, semiconductors and biologics with improved properties in zero gravity conditions. The androgynous docking unit on the Crystal module was designed to dock with reusable ships of the Buran and Shuttle types.

1916-1960

In April 1916, the Board of the Russian-Baltic Joint Stock Company acquired a large land plot on the outskirts of Moscow, where the construction of a large plant began, which in 1917 received the name "Second Automobile Plant" Russo-Balt. " Five years later, in 1922, the plant produced the first five Russo-Balt cars.

In 1923, it was decided to transfer the plant to a concession for 30 years to the German aircraft building company Junkers to create all-metal aircraft and engines for them, after which the first 50 Yu-20 aircraft and 100 Yu-21 aircraft were manufactured at the plant until 1925.

In the mid-1920s, the plant began production of Russian aviation equipment.

In 1927 - the plane of the R-3 (ANT-3) aircraft designer A.N. Tupolev.

TB-1 (ANT-4) - an all-metal heavy twin-engine bomber became the prototype of multi-engine bombers of the cantilever monoplane scheme and was in service until 1936.

In September 1929, a fantastic flight on the Moscow-New York route was made by TB-1 (ANT-4).

TB-3 (ANT-6) - the world's first heavy all-metal four-engine bomber - a cantilever monoplane, in various modifications was mass-produced at the plant until 1935. This aircraft flew Moscow - Paris - Moscow in 1935.

Simultaneously with the production of aircraft, the TB-3 plant manufactured 45 R-6 aircraft (ANT-7), which were used as multi-purpose reconnaissance aircraft, long-range escort fighters and torpedo bombers.

In 1936-1938 at the plant began production of the first domestic high-speed bomber SB, the speed of which reached 480 km/h, which significantly exceeded the characteristics of foreign serial fighters.

The Pe-2 dive bomber designed by V.M. Petlyakov began to be mass-produced in 1940. In terms of speed, the Pe-2 was almost not inferior to the fighters and exceeded the German He-111 and Yu-88 bombers.

During World War II, the plant reoriented to producing long-range bombers, such as the Il-4 and Tu-2, capable of carrying a significant bomb load.

Tu-2 exceeded in its characteristics all the front-line bombers that existed at that time.

After the war, in 1947-1949, in parallel with the production of the Tu-2 bomber, the plant began production of the Tu-12 experimental jet bomber. The flight characteristics of the car were somewhat better than those of the Tu-2 aircraft, but they no longer met modern requirements. Therefore, in 1948, the Tu-14 jet bomber was tested, which differed from the Tu-12 in the presence of a third engine in the tail of the fuselage, but was not put into mass production.

In mid-1949, the plant began mass production of the Tu-4 heavy four-engine bomber. The development of its production made it possible to quickly reach the world level of development of automation and onboard electronic systems, as well as to begin production of aircraft with a significantly higher take-off weight.

The Tu-4 had powerful weapons with remote fire control, was equipped with modern radar equipment and therefore remained the main long-range aircraft for a long time.

In 1951, a design bureau was formed under the leadership of V.M. Myasishchev. In the period from 1951 to 1960, it created several heavy strategic bombers - M-4 and 3M, better known in the world as the "Bison."

During their creation, the problems of ensuring the dynamic characteristics of an aircraft with a flexible swept wing, high aerodynamic quality, take-off and landing of an aircraft weighing about 200 tons, etc. were solved. Many design solutions were significantly ahead of the world level.

In April 1951, the design of the M-4 aircraft began, and on January 20, 1953, the first flight was made. The M-4 strategic jet bomber was significantly superior in its characteristics to the aircraft then in service: 1.5-2 times in altitude and range, 3-4 times in takeoff weight.

In early 1955, he made his first flight and soon a new 3M aircraft was put into mass production, on which refueling in flight was first carried out.

In the mid-50s, the development of the M-50 long-range supersonic strategic bomber began. The aircraft was made according to the classic scheme with a triangular wing and a swept tail. A distinctive feature of the M-50 was the ability to maintain the cruising mode at supersonic speed, while in foreign aircraft it was possible to fly in supersonic modes only for a short time. Such capabilities were achieved by using a fuel transfer system to change alignment in flight and a fully swivel horizontal fin.

M-50 had an original power plant with turbo generators. The front landing gear automatically brought the aircraft to the take-off angle when a certain speed is reached. This take-off method was first used in world practice.

A type of M-50 was the M-52 aircraft - a missile carrier with an external suspension under the fuselage of a long-range projectile aircraft. M-50 (M-52) aircraft were not launched into mass production due to the reorientation of Russia's defense strategy to missile weapons.

In 1960-1961 The factory mass-produced a helicopter MI-6 aircraft designer M.L. Mile.

Notes